Bronstein, J., Dieckmann, U. & Ferrière, R. In Evolutionary Conservation Biology (eds Ferrière, R., Dieckmann, U., & Couvet, D.) (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Bronstein, J. L. Mutualism (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015).
Herrera, C. M. Variation in mutualisms: the spatiotemporal mosaic of a pollinator assemblage. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 35, 95–125 (1988).
Billick, I. & Tonkel, K. The relative importance of spatial vs. temporal variability in generating a conditional mutualism. Ecology 84, 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0289:Triosv]2.0.Co;2 (2003).
Hoeksema, J. & Bruna, E. In Mutualism (ed Bronstein, J. L.) 181–202 (Oxford University Press, 2015).
Chamberlain, S. A., Bronstein, J. L. & Rudgers, J. A. How context dependent are species interactions?. Ecol. Lett. 17, 881–890 (2014).
Hoeksema, J. D. et al. A meta-analysis of context-dependency in plant response to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. Ecol. Lett. 13, 394–407 (2010).
Chomicki, G., Weber, M., Antonelli, A., Bascompte, J. & Kiers, E. T. The impact of mutualisms on species richness. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 34, 698–711 (2019).
Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the anthropocene. Science 345, 401–406 (2014).
Holland, J. N., Ness, J. H., Boyle, A. & Bronstein, J. L. In Ecology of Predator–Prey Interactions (eds Barbosa, P. & Castellanos, I.) 17–33 (Oxford University Press, 2005).
Landry, C. Mighty Mutualisms: the nature of plant-pollinator interactions. Nat. Educ. Knowl. 3, 37 (2012).
Arnal, C., Côté, I. M. & Morand, S. Why clean and be cleaned? The importance of client ectoparasites and mucus in a marine cleaning symbiosis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 51, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650100407 (2001).
Breton, L. M. & Addicott, J. F. Density-dependent mutualism in an aphid-ant interaction. Ecology 73, 2175–2180 (1992).
Sazima, C., Guimarães, P. R., Dos Reis, S. F. & Sazima, I. What makes a species central in a cleaning mutualism network?. Oikos 119, 1319–1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18222.x (2010).
Noë, R. In Economics in Nature: Social Dilemmas, Mate Choice and Biological Markets (eds Noë, R. & Hammerstein, P.) 93–118 (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Palmer, T., Pringle, E., Stier, A. & Holt, R. In Mutualism Vol. 159 (ed Bronstein, J. L.) 159–180 (Oxford University Press, 2015).
Bronstein, J. L. Our current understanding of mutualism. Q. Rev. Biol. 69, 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/418432 (1994).
Dunkley, K., Ioannou, C. C., Whittey, K. E., Cable, J. & Perkins, S. E. Cleaner personality and client identity have joint consequences on cleaning interaction dynamics. Behav. Ecol. 30, 703–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz007 (2019).
Feder, H. M. Cleaning symbiosis in the marine environment. Symbiosis 1, 327–380 (1966).
Dunkley, K. et al. Long-term cleaning patterns of the sharknose goby (Elacatinus evelynae). Coral Reefs 38, 1–10 (2019).
Floeter, S. R., Vazquez, D. P. & Grutter, A. S. The macroecology of marine cleaning mutualisms. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01178.x (2007).
Whiteman, E. A. & Côté, I. M. Cleaning activity of two Caribbean cleaning gobies: intra- and interspecific comparisons. J. Fish Biol. 60, 1443–1458. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2002.1947 (2002).
Côté, I. M., Arnal, C. & Reynolds, J. D. Variation in posing behaviour among fish species visiting cleaning stations. J. Fish Biol. 53, 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb01031.x (1998).
Bshary, R. & Schäffer, D. Choosy reef fish select cleaner fish that provide high-quality service. Anim. Behav. 63, 557–564. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1923 (2002).
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, 1390–1396 (1981).
Bronstein, J. L. The exploitation of mutualisms. Ecol. Lett. 4, 277–287 (2001).
Eckes, M., Dove, S., Siebeck, U. E. & Grutter, A. S. Fish mucus versus parasitic gnathiid isopods as sources of energy and sunscreens for a cleaner fish. Coral Reefs 34, 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1313-z (2015).
Gonzalez-Teuber, M. & Heil, M. The role of extrafloral nectar amino acids for the preferences of facultative and obligate ant mutualists. J. Chem. Ecol. 35, 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9618-4 (2009).
Grutter, A. S. Spatial and temporal variations of the ectoparasites of seven reef fish species from Lizard Island and Heron Island, Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 115, 21–30 (1994).
Poulin, R. & Rohde, K. Comparing the richness of metazoan ectoparasite communities of marine fishes: controlling for host phylogeny. Oecologia 110, 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050160 (1997).
Patterson, J. E. & Ruckstuhl, K. E. Parasite infection and host group size: a meta-analytical review. Parasitology 140, 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182012002259 (2013).
Bronstein, J. L. & Barbosa, P. In Multitrophic level interactions (eds Tscharntke, T. & Hawkins, B. A.) 44–65 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Hoeksema, J. D. & Bruna, E. M. Pursuing the big questions about interspecific mutualism: a review of theoretical approaches. Oecologia 125, 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000496 (2000).
Waser, N. M., Chittka, L., Price, M. V., Williams, N. M. & Ollerton, J. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology 77, 1043–1060 (1996).
Arnal, C., Côté, I. M., Sasal, P. & Morand, S. Cleaner-client interactions on a Caribbean reef: influence of correlates of parasitism. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47, 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650050676 (2000).
Wilson, A. D. M., Krause, J., Herbert-Read, J. E. & Ward, A. J. W. The personality behind cheating: behavioural types and the feeding ecology of cleaner fish. Ethology 120, 904–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12262 (2014).
Dunkley, K., Cable, J. & Perkins, S. E. The selective cleaning behaviour of juvenile blue-headed wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) in the Caribbean. Behav. Process. 147, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2017.12.005 (2018).
Triki, Z. et al. Biological market effects predict cleaner fish strategic sophistication. Behav. Ecol. 30, 1548–1557 (2019).
Cheney, K. L. & Côté, I. M. Do ectoparasites determine cleaner fish abundance? Evidence on two spatial scales. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 263, 189–196 (2003).
Lo, C. M., Morand, S. & Galzin, R. Parasite diversityhost age and size relationship in three coral-reef fishes from French Polynesia. Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 1695–1708 (1998).
Palmer, T. M. et al. Breakdown of an ant-plant mutualism follows the loss of large herbivores from an African savanna. Science 319, 192–195. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151579 (2008).
Toby, K. E., Palmer, T. M., Ives, A. R., Bruno, J. F. & Bronstein, J. L. Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1459–1474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01538.x (2010).
Chomicki, G. & Renner, S. S. Partner abundance controls mutualism stability and the pace of morphological change over geologic time. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 3951–3956. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616837114 (2017).
Werner, E. E. Individual behavior and higher-order species interactions. Am. Nat. 140, S5–S32. https://doi.org/10.1086/285395 (1992).
Chamberlain, S. A. & Holland, J. N. Quantitative synthesis of context dependency in ant–plant protection mutualisms. Ecology 90, 2384–2392 (2009).
Bartomeus, I. Understanding linkage rules in plant-pollinator networks by using hierarchical models that incorporate pollinator detectability and plant traits. PLoS ONE 8, e69200 (2013).
Heath, K. D. & Stinchcombe, J. R. Explaining mutualism variation: a new evolutionary paradox?. Evolution 68, 309–317 (2014).
Lester, R. J. & McVinish, R. Does moving up a food chain increase aggregation in parasites?. J. R. Soc. Interface 13, 20160102. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0102 (2016).
Blanchet, S., Rey, O. & Loot, G. Evidence for host variation in parasite tolerance in a wild fish population. Evol. Ecol. 24, 1129–1139 (2010).
Rohde, K., Hayward, C. & Heap, M. Aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes. Int. J. Parasitol. 25, 945–970 (1995).
Toscano, B. J., Gownaris, N. J., Heerhartz, S. M. & Monaco, C. J. Personality, foraging behavior and specialization: integrating behavioral and food web ecology at the individual level. Oecologia 182, 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3648-8 (2016).
Batstone, R. T., Carscadden, K. A., Afkhami, M. E. & Frederickson, M. E. Using niche breadth theory to explain generalization in mutualisms. Ecology 99, 1039–1050 (2018).
White, J. W., Grigsby, C. J. & Warner, R. R. Cleaning behavior is riskier and less profitable than an alternative strategy for a facultative cleaner fish. Coral Reefs 26, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-006-0161-2 (2007).
Barker, J. L. & Bronstein, J. L. Temporal structure in cooperative interactions: what does the timing of exploitation tell us about its cost?. PLoS Biol. 14, e1002371 (2016).
Vannette, R. L., Gauthier, M.-P.L. & Fukami, T. Nectar bacteria, but not yeast, weaken a plant–pollinator mutualism. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20122601 (2013).
Strauss, S. Y. Floral characters link herbivores, pollinators, and plant fitness. Ecology 78, 1640–1645 (1997).
Heath, K. D. & Lau, J. A. Herbivores alter the fitness benefits of a plant–rhizobium mutualism. Acta Oecol. 37, 87–92 (2011).
Ferrari, R. et al. Habitat structural complexity metrics improve predictions of fish abundance and distribution. Ecography 41, 1077–1091 (2018).
Ferreira, C. E., Goncçalves, J. E. & Coutinho, R. Community structure of fishes and habitat complexity on a tropical rocky shore. Environ. Biol. Fish 61, 353–369 (2001).
Humann, P. & Deloach, N. Reef Fish Identification (New World Publications, Jacksonville, 2014).
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. FishBase. www.fishbase.org (2018).
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.8637/jss.v067.i01 (2015).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org (2017).
Harrison, X. A. et al. A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. PeerJ 6, e4794 (2018).
Bolker, B. M. et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 24, 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008 (2009).
Zuur, A., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A. & Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (Springer, Berlin, 2009).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
