Appella E, Weber IT, Blasi F (1988) Structure and function of epidermal growth factor-like regions in proteins. FEBS Lett 231:1–4
Berteaux D, Réale D, McAdam AG, Boutin S (2004) Keeping pace with fast climate change: can arctic life count on evolution? Integr Comp Biol 44:140–151
Bi K, Linderoth T, Singhal S, Vanderpool D, Patton JL, Nielsen R et al. (2019) Temporal genomic contrasts reveal rapid evolutionary responses in an alpine mammal during recent climate change. PLoS Genet 15:e1008119
Bivand R, Piras G (2015) Comparing implementations of estimation methods for spatial econometrics. J Stat Softw 63:1–36
Brauer CJ, Hammer MP, Beheregaray LB (2016) Riverscape genomics of a threatened fish across a hydroclimatically heterogeneous river basin. Mol Ecol 25:5093–5113
Braun CE, Hoffman RW, Rogers GE (1976) Wintering areas and winter ecology of white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, CO, USA. Special Report 38
Braun CE, Taylor WP, Ebbert SE, Kaler RSA, Sandercock BK (2011) Protocols for successful translocation of ptarmigan. In: Watson RT, Cade TJ, Fuller M, Hunt G, Potapov E (eds) Gyrfalcons and ptarmigan in a changing world. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID, USA, p 339–348
Braun CE, Williams III SO (2015) History and status of the white-tailed ptarmigan in New Mexico. West Birds 46:233–243
Brown RD, Brasnett B (2010) Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) Daily Snow Depth Analysis Data, version 1. Colorado USA NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center, Distributed Active Archive Center, Boulder, CO, USA
Browning SR, Browning BL (2007) Rapid and accurate haplotype phasing and missing data inference for whole genome association studies by use of localized haplotype clustering. Am J Hum Genet 81:1084–1097
Bryant JP, Kuropat PJ (1980) Selection of winter forage by subarctic browsing vertebrates: the role of plant chemistry. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 11:261–285
Capblancq T, Luu K, Blum MGB, Bazin E (2018a) How to make use of ordination methods to identify local adaptation: a comparison of genome scans based on PCA and RDA. bioRxiv: 258988v2
Capblancq T, Luu K, Blum MGB, Bazin E (2018b) Evaluation of redundancy analysis to identify signatures of local adaptation. Mol Ecol Resour 18:1223–1233
Carey C, Martin K (1997) Physiological ecology of incubation of ptarmigan eggs at high and low altitudes. Wildlife Biol 3:211–218
Charmantier A, McCleery RH, Cole LR, Perrins C, Kruuk LEB, Sheldon BC (2008) Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population. Science 320:800–803
Cingolani P, Platts A, Wang LL, Coon M, Nguyen T, Wang L et al. (2012) A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3. Fly 6:80–92
Clarke JA, Johnson RE (1992) The influence of spring snow depth on white-tailed ptarmigan breeding success in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 94:622–627
Coop G, Witonsky D, Di Rienzo A, Pritchard JK (2010) Using environmental correlations to identify loci underlying local adaptation. Genetics 185:1411–23
Dalloul RA, Long JA, Zimin AV, Aslam L, Beal K, Blomberg LA et al. (2010) Multi-platform next-generation sequencing of the domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): genome assembly and analysis. PLoS Biol 8:e1000475
Danecek P, Auton A, Abecasis G, Albers CA, Banks E, DePristo MA et al. (2011) The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics 27:2156–2158
Dragon S, Carey C, Martin K, Baumann R (1999) Effect of high altitude and in vivo adenosine/beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on ATP and 2,3BPG concentrations in red blood cells of avian embryos. J Exp Biol 202:2787–2795
Dray S, Blanchet D, Borcard D, Clappe S, Guenard G, Jombart T et al. (2019) Adespatial: multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. R package version 0.3-4. http://cran.r-project.org/package=adespatial
Erikstad KE, Andersen R (1983) The effect of weather on survival, growth rate, and feeding time in different sized willow grouse broods. Ornis Scand 14:249–252
Fabian DK, Kapun M, Nolte V, Kofler R, Schmidt PS, Schlötterer C et al. (2012) Genome-wide patterns of latitudinal differentiation among populations of Drosophila melanogaster from North America. Mol Ecol 21:4748–4769
Fedy BC, Martin K (2011) The influence of fine-scale habitat features on regional variation in population performance of alpine white-tailed ptarmigan. Condor 113:306–315
Fedy BC, Martin K, Ritland C, Young J (2008) Genetic and ecological data provide incongruent interpretations of population structure and dispersal in naturally subdivided populations of white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura). Mol Ecol 17:1905–1917
Fick SE, Hijmans RJ (2017) Worldclim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 37:4302–4315
Forester BR, Lasky JR, Wagner HH, Urban DL (2018) Comparing methods for detecting multilocus adaptation with multivariate genotype-environment associations. Mol Ecol 27:2215–2233
Forester BR, Jones MR, Joost S, Landguth EL, Lasky JR (2016) Detecting spatial genetic signatures of local adaptation in heterogenous landscapes. Mol Ecol 24:104–120
Frederick GP, Gutiérrez RJ (1992) Habitat use and population characteristics of the white-tailed ptarmigan in the Sierra Nevada, California. Condor 94:889–902
Freeman BG, Lee-Yaw JA, Sunday JM, Hargreaves AL (2018) Expanding, shifting and shrinking: the impact of global warming on species’ elevational distributions. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 27:1268–1276
Friedl MA, Gray J, Sulla-Menashe D (2009) MCD12Q2 MODIS/Terra+Aqua Land Cover Dynamics Yearly L3 Global 500m SIN Grid V005 [2000–2010]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Sioux Falls, SD, USA
García-González R, Aldezabal A, Laskurain NA, Margalida A, Novoa C (2016) Influence of snowmelt timing on the diet quality of pyrenean rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta pyrenaica): implications for reproductive success. PLoS ONE 11:1–21
Giesen KM, Braun CE, May TA (1980) Reproduction and nest-site selection by white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. Wilson Bull 92:188–199
Hakkarainen H, Virtanen R, Honkanen JO, Roininen H (2007) Willow bud and shoot foraging by ptarmigan in relation to snow level in NW Finnish Lapland. Polar Biol 30:619–624
Hall D, Salomonson V, Riggs G (2006) MODIS/Terra Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500m Grid, Version 5. NASA Natl Snow Ice Data Cent Distrib Act Arch Center Boulder, CO, USA
Hannon SJ, Eason PK, Martin K (1998) Willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), version 2.0. In: Poole AF, Gill FB (eds) The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, NY, USA
Henry P, Sim Z, Russello MA (2012) Genetic evidence for restricted dispersal along continuous altitudinal gradients in a climate change-sensitive mammal: The American Pika. PLoS ONE 7:1–10
Hoffman RW, Braun CE (1975) Migration of a wintering population of white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. J Wildl Manage 39:485–490
Hoffmann AA, Sgró CM (2011) Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 470:479–485
Holsinger LM, Parks SA, Parisien M-A, Miller C, Batllori E, Moritz MA (2019) Climate change likely to reshape vegetation in North America’s largest protected areas. Conserv Sci Pract 1:e50
Höst P (1942) Effect of light on the moults and sequences of plumage in the willow ptarmigan. Auk 59:388–403
Huang DW, Sherman BT, Tan Q, Kir J, Liu D, Bryant D et al. (2007) DAVID bioinformatics resources: expanded annotation database and novel algorithms to better extract biology from large gene lists. Nucleic Acids Res 35:169–175
Imperio S, Bionda R, Viterbi R, Provenzale A (2013) Climate change and human disturbance can lead to local extinction of alpine rock ptarmigan: new insight from the Western Italian Alps. PLoS ONE 8:e81598
Jacobsen EE, White CM, Emison WB (2007) Molting adaptations of rock ptarmigan on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Condor 85:420
Kawecki T, Ebert D (2004) Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecology Letters 7:1225–1241
Ke J, Wang L, Xiao D (2017) Cardiovascular adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. In: Zheng J, Zhou C (eds) Hypoxia and human diseases. IntechOpen Limited, London, UK, p 117–134
Klanderud K, Birks HJB (2003) Recent increases in species richness and shifts in altitudinal distributions of Norwegian mountain plants. Holocene 13:1–6
Kohl KD, Varner J, Wilkening JL, Dearing MD (2018) Gut microbial communities of American pikas (Ochotona princeps): evidence for phylosymbiosis and adaptations to novel diets. J Anim Ecol 87:323–330
Kozma R, Rödin-Mörch P, Höglund J (2019) Genomic regions of speciation and adaptation among three species of grouse. Sci Rep 9:1–8
Laiolo P, Obeso JR (2017) Life-history responses to the altitudinal gradient. In: Catalan J (ed) High mountain conservation in a changing world, Advances in Global Change Research, Vol 62, p. 3–36. Springer, Cham
Langin KM, Aldridge CL, Fike JA, Cornman RS, Martin K, Wann GT et al. (2018) Characterizing range-wide divergence in an alpine-endemic bird: a comparison of genetic and genomic approaches. Conserv Genet 19:1471–1485
Latifovic R, Pouliot D, Olthof I (2017) Circa 2010 land cover of Canada: local optimization methodology and product development. Remote Sens 9:1098
Legendre P, Legendre L (2012) Numerical Ecology, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mangin B, Siberchicot A, Nicolas S, Doligez A, This P, Cierco-Ayrolles C (2012) Novel measures of linkage disequilibrium that correct the bias due to population structure and relatedness. Heredity 108:285–291
Martin K, Brown GA, Young JR (2004) The historic and current distribution of the Vancouver Island white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus saxatilis). J F Ornithol 75:239–256
Martin K, Robb LA, Wilson S, Braun CE (2015) White-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura), version 2.0. In: Rodewald PG (ed) The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, NY, USA
Martin K, Wiebe KL (2004) Coping mechanisms of alpine and arctic breeding birds: extreme weather and limitations to reproductive resilience. Integr Comp Biol 44:177–185
May TA, Braun CE (1972) Seasonal foods of adult white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. J Wildl Manage 36:1180–1186
McKinnon L, Picotin M, Bolduc E, Juillet C, Bêty J (2012) Timing of breeding, peak food availability, and effects of mismatch on chick growth in birds nesting in the High Arctic. Can J Zool 90:961–971
Mills LS, Bragina EV, Kumar AV, Zimova M, Lafferty DJR, Feltner J et al. (2018) Winter color polymorphisms identify global hot spots for evolutionary rescue from climate change. Science 359:1033–1036
Montgomerie R, Holder K (2008) Rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), version 2.0. In: Poole AF (ed) The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, NY, USA
Morgulis A, Coulouris G, Raytselis Y, Madden TL, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA (2008) Database indexing for production MegaBLAST searches. Bioinformatics 24:1757–1764
Moss R (1973) The digestion and intake of winter foods by wild ptarmigan in Alaska. Condor 75:293–300
Moss R (1974) Winter diets, gut lengths, and interspecific competition in Alaskan ptarmigan. Auk 91:737–746
Moss R (1983) Gut size, body weight, and digestion of winter foods by grouse and ptarmigan. Condor 85:185–193
Nei M, Kumar S (2000) Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (2016) White-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucura) recovery plan. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Wildlife Management Division, Santa Fe, NM, USA
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (2018) NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis montly zonal and meridional winds at standard pressure levels on a 2.5 lat/lon grid. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), College Park, MD, USA
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D et al. (2017) vegan: community ecology package version 2.4-3. https://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan
Oyler-McCance SJ, Langin KM, Cornman RS, Fike J, Aldridge CL, Martin KM et al. (2018) Sample collection information, single nucleotide polymorphism, and microsatellite data for white-tailed ptarmigan across the species range generated in the Molecular Ecology Lab during 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7GM86GZ
Palo RT (1984) Distribution of birch (Betula spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and poplar (Populus spp.) secondary metabolites and their potential role as chemical defense against herbivores. J Chem Ecol 10:499–520
Paradis E, Schlier K (2018) ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 35:526–528
Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change. Nature 421:37–42
Pedersen S, Odden M, Pedersen HC (2017) Climate change induced molting mismatch? Mountain hare abundance reduced by duration of snow cover and predator abundance. Ecosphere 8:e01722
Pepin N, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, Baraer M, Caceres EB, Forsythe N et al. (2015) Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world. Nat Clim Chang 5:424–430
Persons NW, Hosner PA, Meiklejohn KA, Braun EL, Kimball RT (2016) Sorting out relationships among the grouse and ptarmigan using intron, mitochondrial, and ultra-conserved element sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 98:123–132
Peterson BK, Weber JN, Kay EH, Fisher HS, Hoekstra HE (2012) Double digest RADseq: an inexpensive method for de novo SNP discovery and genotyping in model and non-model species. PLoS ONE 7:e37135
Pörtner HO (2002) Climate variations and the physiological basis of temperature dependent biogeography: systemic to molecular hierarchy of thermal tolerance in animals. Comp Biochem Physiol part A 132:739–761
Price N, Lopez L, Platts AE, Lasky JR (2020) In the presence of population structure: from genomics to candidate genes underlying local adaptation. Ecol Evol 10:1889–1904
Pyle P (2007) Revision of molt and plumage terminology in ptarmigan (Phasianidae: Lagopus spp.) based on evolutionary considerations. Auk 124:508
Rellstab C, Gugerli F, Eckert AJ, Hancock AM, Holderegger R (2015) A practical guide to environmental association analysis in landscape genomics. Mol Ecol 24:4348–4370
Resano-Mayor J, Korner-Nievergelt F, Vignali S, Horrenberger N, Barras AG, Braunisch V et al. (2019) Snow cover phenology is the main driver of foraging habitat selection for a high-alpine passerine during breeding: implications for species persistence in the face of climate change. Biodivers Conserv 28:2669
Rolando A, Laiolo P, Formica M (1997) A comparative analysis of the foraging behaviour of the chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and the Alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus coexisting in the Alps. Ibis 139:461–467
Rundel PW, Millar CI (2016) Alpine Ecosystems. In: Zavaleta E, Mooney H (eds) Ecosystems of California. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, p 613–634
Salomonsen F (1936) On a new race of willow grouse. Bull Br Ornithol Club 56:99–100
Singh CP (2008) Alpine ecosystems in relation to climate change. ISG Newsl 14:54–55
Slatkin M (2008) Linkage disequilibrium: understanding the genetic past and mapping the medical future. Nat Rev Genet 9:477–485
Somero G (2010) The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine ‘winners’ and ‘losers. J Exp Biol 213:912–920
Spear SL, Aldridge CL, Wann GT, Braun CE (2019) Fine-scale habitat selection by breeding white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. J Wildl Manage 84:172–184
Stokken K-A (1993) Energetics and adaptations to cold in ptarmigan in winter. Ornis Scand 23:366–370
Storz JF (2005) Using genome scans of DNA polymorphism to infer adaptive population divergence. Mol Ecol 14:671–688
Swanson DL, King MO, Harmon E (2014) Seasonal variation in pectoralis muscle and heart myostatin and tolloid-like proteinases in small birds: a regulatory role for seasonal phenotypic flexibility? J Comp Physiol B 184:249–258
Thornton PE, Running SW, White MA (1997) Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain. J Hydrol 190:214–251
Thornton PE, Thornton MM, Mayer BW, Wei Y, Devarakonda R, Vose RS et al. (2018) Daymet: daily surface weather data on a 1-km grid for North America, version 3. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
Thuiller W (2004) Patterns and uncertainties of species’ range shifts under climate change. Glob Change Biol 10:2020–2027
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2012) Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; 90-day finding on a petition to list the southern white-tailed ptarmigan and the Mt. Rainier white-tailed ptarmigan as threatened with critical habitat. Fed Regist 77:33143–33155
United States Geological Survey EROS Center (2007) North American elevation 1-kilometer resolution, 3rd edn. National Atlas of the US, Reston, VA
Vos PG, Paulo MJ, Voorrips RE, Visser RGF, van Eck HJ, van Eeuwijk FA (2017) Evaluation of LD decay and various LD‑decay estimators in simulated and SNP‑array data of tetraploid potato. Theor Appl Genet 130:123–135
Walker WP, Aradhya S, Hu C-L, Shen S, Zhang W, Azarani A et al. (2007) Genetic analysis of attractin homologs. Genesis 45:744–756
Walker WP, Gunn TM (2010) Shades of meaning: the pigment-type switching system as a tool for discovery. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 23:485–495
Wang G, Hobbs NT, Galbraith H, Giesen KM (2002a) Signatures of large-scale and local climates on the demography of white-tailed ptarmigan in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Int J Biometeorol 46:197–201
Wang G, Hobbs NT, Giesen KM, Galbraith H, Ojima DS, Braun CE (2002b) Relationships between climate and population dynamics of white-tailed ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Clim Res 23:81–87
Wann GT, Aldridge CL, Braun CE (2014) Estimates of annual survival, growth, and recruitment of a white-tailed ptarmigan population in Colorado over 43 years. Popul Ecol 56:555–567
Wann GT, Aldridge CL, Braun CE (2016) Effects of seasonal weather on breeding phenology and reproductive success of alpine ptarmigan in Colorado. PLoS ONE 11:e0158913
Wann GT, Aldridge CL, Seglund AE, Oyler‐McCance SJ, Kondratieff BC, Braun CE (2019) Mismatches between breeding phenology and resource abundance of resident alpine ptarmigan negatively affect chick survival. Ecol Evol 9:7200–7212
Weeden RB (1967) Seasonal and geographic variation in the foods of adult white-tailed ptarmigan. Condor 69:303–309
Werhahn G, Liu Y, Meng Y, Cheng C, Lu Z, Atzeni L et al. (2020) Himalayan wolf distribution and admixture based on multiple genetic markers J Biogeogr https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13824
Wiebe KL, Martin K (1998) Costs and benefits of nest cover for ptarmigan: changes within and between years. Anim Behav 56:1137–1144
Wilson S, Martin K (2008) Breeding habitat selection of sympatric white-tailed, rock and willow ptarmigan in the southern Yukon Territory, Canada. J Ornithol 149:629–637
Wilson S, Martin K (2011) Life-history and demographic variation in an alpine specialist at the latitudinal extremes of the range. Popul Ecol 53:459–471
Xin J-W, Chai Z-X, Zhang C-F, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Cao H-W et al. (2019) Transcriptome profiles revealed the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of yak to high-altitude environments. Sci Rep 9:7558
Zimova M, Hackländer K, Good JM, Melo-Ferreira J, Alves PC, Mills LS (2018) Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a warming world? Biol Rev 93:1478–1498
Source: Ecology - nature.com