in

Green gravel: a novel restoration tool to combat kelp forest decline

  • 1.

    Wernberg, T., Krumhansl, K.A., Filbee-Dexter, K. & Pedersen, M.F. Status and trends for the world’s kelp forests. In World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, Vol III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts (ed. Sheppard, C.), pp. 57–78 (Academic Press, 2019).

  • 2.

    Waycott, M. et al. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 12377–12381 (2009).

  • 3.

    Gedan, K. B., Silliman, B. R. & Bertness, M. D. Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci 1, 117–141 (2009).

  • 4.

    Wernberg, T. & Filbee-Dexter, K. Missing the marine forest for the trees. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 612, 209–215 (2019).

  • 5.

    Abdullah, M. I. & Fredriksen, S. Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 84, 887–894 (2004).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 6.

    Norderhaug, K. M. & Christie, H. Secondary production in a Laminaria hyperborea kelp forest and variation according to wave exposure. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 95, 135–144 (2011).

  • 7.

    Christie, H., Norderhaug, K. M. & Fredriksen, S. Macrophytes as habitat for fauna. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 396, 221–234 (2009).

  • 8.

    Teagle, H. A., Hawkins, S. J., Moore, P. & Smale, D. A. The role of kelp species as biogenic habitat formers in coastal marine ecosystems. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol 492, 81–98 (2017).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 9.

    Norderhaug, K. M., Christie, H., Fosså, J. H. & Fredriksen, S. Fish-macrofauna interactions in a kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) forest. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 85, 1279–1286 (2005).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 10.

    Costanza, R. et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Chang 26, 152–158 (2014).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 11.

    Filbee-Dexter, K. & Wernberg, T. Rise of turfs: a new battlefront for globally declining kelp forests. Bioscience 68, 64–76 (2018).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 12.

    Krumhansl, K. A. et al. Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113, 13785–13790 (2016).

  • 13.

    Martínez, B. et al. Distribution models predict large contractions of habitat-forming seaweeds in response to ocean warming. Divers. Distrib. 24, 1350–1366 (2018).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 14.

    Wood, G. et al. Restoring subtidal marine macrophytes in the Anthropocene: trajectories and future-proofing. Mar. Freshw. Res 70, 936 (2019).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 15.

    Layton, C. et al. Kelp forest restoration in Australia. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 74 (2020).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 16.

    Estes, J. A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M. & Doak, D. F. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282, 473–476 (1998).

  • 17.

    Shears, N. T. & Babcock, R. C. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132, 131–142 (2002).

  • 18.

    Sunnset, B. H., Strand, H. & Moy, F. Treatment may help kelp to recover. Mar. Res. News 4, 1–2 (2010).

    • Google Scholar
  • 19.

    Bernstein, B. & Welsford, R. An assessment of feasibility of using high-calcium quicklime as an experimental tool for research into kelp bed/sea urchin ecosystems in Nova Scotia. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 968, pp. 51 (1982).

    • Google Scholar
  • 20.

    Sanderson, J. C., Ling, S. D., Dominguez, J. G. & Johnson, C. R. Limited effectiveness of divers to mitigate ‘barrens’ formation by culling sea urchins while fishing for abalone. Mar. Freshw. Res 67, 84 (2016).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 21.

    Wilson, K. C. & North, W. J. A review of kelp bed management in southern California. J. World Maric. Soc 14, 345–359 (2009).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 22.

    Deysher, L., Dean, T. A., Grove, R. S. & Jahn, A. Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Southern California. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59, S201–S207 (2002).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 23.

    Falace, A., Kaleb, S., De La Fuente, G., Asnaghi, V. & Chiantore, M. Ex situ cultivation protocol for Cystoseira amentacea var. stricta (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from a restoration perspective. PLoS One 13, e0193011 (2018).

  • 24.

    Gorman, D. & Connell, S. D. Recovering subtidal forests in human-dominated landscapes. J. Appl. Ecol 46, 1258–1265 (2009).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 25.

    Verdura, J., Sales, M., Ballesteros, E., Cefalì, M. E. & Cebrian, E. Restoration of a canopy-forming alga based on recruitment enhancement: methods and longterm success assessment. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1832 (2018).

  • 26.

    Falace, A., Zanelli, E. & Bressan, G. Algal transplantation as a potential tool for artificial reef management and environmental mitigation. Bull. Mar. Sci. 78, 161–166 (2006).

    • Google Scholar
  • 27.

    Coleman, M. A. & Kelaher, B. P. Connectivity among fragmented populations of a habitat-forming alga, Phyllospora comosa (Phaeophyceae, Fucales) on an urbanised coast. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 381, 63–70 (2009).

  • 28.

    Coleman, M. A., Kelaher, B. P., Steinberg, P. D. & Millar, A. J. K. Absence of a large brown macroalga on urbanized rocky reefs around Sydney, Australia, and evidence for historical decline. J. Phycol 44, 897–901 (2008).

  • 29.

    Campbell, A. H., Marzinelli, E. M., Vergés, A., Coleman, M. A. & Steinberg, P. D. Towards restoration of missing underwater forests. PLoS One 9, e84106 (2014).

  • 30.

    Wernberg, T. et al. Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem. Science 353, 169–72 (2016).

  • 31.

    Airoldi, L., Balata, D. & Beck, M. W. The gray zone: relationships between habitat loss and marine diversity and their applications in conservation. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 366, 8–15 (2008).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 32.

    Gorgula, S. & Connell, S. Expansive covers of turf-forming algae on human-dominated coast: the relative effects of increasing nutrient and sediment loads. Mar. Biol. 145, 613–619 (2004).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 33.

    Burek, K., O’Brien, J. & Scheibling, R. Wasted effort: recruitment and persistence of kelp on algal turf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 600, 3–19 (2018).

  • 34.

    Carney, L. T. Restoration of the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 302, 49–61 (2005).

  • 35.

    Tracey, S. et al. Trial of an industry implemented, spatially discrete eradication/control program for Centrostephanus rodgersii in Tasmania. Fisheries Research and Development Coorporation project no. 2011/087 (2014).

  • 36.

    Hobbs, R. J. Grieving for the past and hoping for the future: balancing polarizing perspectives in conservation and restoration. Restor. Ecol. 21, 145–148 (2013).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 37.

    Jump, A. S. & Penuelas, J. Running to stand still: adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change. Ecol. Lett. 8, 1010–1020 (2005).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 38.

    Deutsch, C., Ferrel, A., Seibel, B., Pörtner, H.-O. & Huey, R. B. Ecophysiology. Climate change tightens a metabolic constraint on marine habitats. Science 348, 1132–5 (2015).

  • 39.

    Filbee-Dexter, K. & Smajdor, A. Ethics of assisted evolution in marine conservation. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 20 (2019).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 40.

    Coleman, M. & Gould, H. Synthetic kelp forest conservation. J. Phycol. 55, 745–751 (2019).

  • 41.

    Aitken, S. N. & Whitlock, M. C. Assisted gene flow to facilitate local adaptation to climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44, 367–388 (2013).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 42.

    van Oppen, M. J. H., Oliver, J. K., Putnam, H. M. & Gates, R. D. Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 2307–13 (2015).

  • 43.

    Wernberg, T. et al. Genetic diversity and kelp forest vulnerability to climatic stress. Sci. Rep 8, 1851 (2018).

  • 44.

    Filbee-Dexter, K. et al. Ecological surprise: concept, synthesis, and social dimensions. Ecosphere 8 (2017).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 45.

    Alsuwaiyan, N. et al. Protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores. Ecol. Evol. 9, 8387–8398 (2019).

  • 46.

    Steen, H., Bodvin, T. & Moy, F. Revitalisering av sukkertare langs Skagerrakkysten – Utprøving av en enkel praktisk orientert metode. Final report from the Institute of Marine Research, Norway pp. 1–26 (2009).

  • 47.

    Moy, F. E. & Christie, H. Large-scale shift from sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) to ephemeral algae along the south and west coast of Norway. Mar. Biol. Res. 8, 309–321 (2012).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 48.

    Filbee-Dexter, K. & Scheibling, R. E. Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 495, 1–25 (2014).

  • 49.

    Claisse, J. T. et al. Kelp forest habitat restoration has the potential to increase sea urchin gonad biomass. Ecosphere 4, 1–19 (2013).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 50.

    Tracey, S. R. et al. Systematic culling controls a climate driven, habitat modifying invader. Biol. Inv. 17, 1885–1896 (2015).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar
  • 51.

    Estes, J. A. & Duggins, D. O. Sea otters and kelp forests in alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecol. Monogr 65, 75–100 (1995).

    • Article
    • Google Scholar

  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    The shape of a defense-growth trade-off governs seasonal trait dynamics in natural phytoplankton

    Ecological Risks Arising from the Impact of Large-scale Afforestation on the Regional Water Supply Balance in Southwest China