
Che, S. G. et al. Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China. J. Integr. Agric. 14, 2456–2466 (2015).
Wang, S. et al. Improving grain yield and reducing N loss using polymer-coated urea in southeast China. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35, 1103–1115 (2015).
Ding, W. et al. Improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency through alternative fertilization options for rice in China: A meta-analysis. Field Crop. Res. 227, 11–18 (2018).
Peng, S. et al. Strategies for overcoming low agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice systems in China. Field Crop. Res. 96, 37–47 (2006).
Li, G. et al. Fate of basal-N under split fertilization in rice with 15N isotope tracer. Pedosphere 28, 135–143 (2018).
National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). China Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing. (In Chinese) (2017).
Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Li, Y. C., Fan, X. & Geng, Y. Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency, activities of leaf enzymes, and rice yield. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 2307–2317 (2012).
Zhang, M. et al. Integration of urea deep placement and organic addition for improving yield and soil properties and decreasing N loss in paddy field. Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 247, 236–245 (2017).
Zhang, F. S. et al. Integrated nutrient management for food security and environmental quality in China. Adv. Agron. 116, 1–40 (2012).
Yao, Y. et al. Urea deep placement for minimizing NH3 loss in an intensive rice cropping system. Field Crop. Res. 218, 254–266 (2018).
Zhu, Z. L. & Chen, D. L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in China – Contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys 63, 117–127 (2002).
Ji, Y. et al. Effect of controlled-release fertilizer on mitigation of N2O emission from paddy field in South China: a multi-year field observation. Plant. Soil. 371, 473–486 (2013).
Gaihre, Y. K. et al. Impacts of urea deep placement on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from rice fields in Bangladesh. Geoderma 259-260, 370–379 (2015).
Zhang, D. et al. Nitrogen application rates need to be reduced for half of the rice paddy fields in China. Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 265, 8–14 (2018).
Bandaogo, A. et al. Effect of fertilizer deep placement with urea supergranule on nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in Sourou Valley (Burkina Faso). Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys 102, 79–89 (2015).
Chen, Y. et al. Crop management based on multi-split topdressing enhances grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice in China. Field Crop. Res. 184, 50–57 (2015).
Xu, H. et al. Effect of nitrogen management during the panicle stage in rice on the nitrogen utilization of rice and succeeding wheat crops. Eur. J. Agron. 70, 41–47 (2015).
Chalk, P. M., Craswell, E. T., Polidoro, J. C. & Chen, D. Fate and efficiency of 15N-labelled slow- and controlled-release fertilizers. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys 102, 167–178 (2015).
Ke, J. et al. Effects of different controlled-release nitrogen fertilisers on ammonia volatilisation, nitrogen use efficiency and yield of blanket-seedling machine-transplanted rice. Field Crop. Res. 205, 147–156 (2017).
Li, P. et al. Reducing nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization and surface runoff to improve apparent nitrogen recovery of double cropping of late rice using controlled release urea. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 11722–11733 (2017).
Kiran, J. K., Khanif, Y. M., Amminuddin, H. & Anua, R. A. R. Effects of controlled release urea on the yield and nitrogennutrition of flooded rice. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plan. 41, 811–819 (2010).
Geng, J. et al. Long-term effects of controlled release urea application on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-oilseed rape rotation system. Field Crop. Res. 184, 65–73 (2015).
Li, P. et al. Nitrogen losses, use efficiency, and productivity of early rice under controlled-release urea. Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 251, 78–87 (2018).
Ji, Y., Liu, G., Ma, J., Zhang, G. B. & Xu, H. Effects of urea and controlled release urea fertilizers on methane emission from paddy fields: A multi-year field study. Pedosphere 24, 662–673 (2014).
Gao., X., Deng, O., Ling, J., Zeng, M. & Lan, T. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions during wheat-growing season: field and pot experiments. Paddy Water Env. 16, 99–108 (2018).
Guo, C. et al. Application of controlled-release urea in rice: Reducing environmental risk while increasing grain yield and improving nitrogen use efficiency. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plan. 47, 1176–1183 (2016).
Dubey, A. & Mailapalli, D. R. Development of control release urea fertilizer model for water and nitrogen movement in flooded rice. Paddy Water Env. 16, 1–13 (2017).
Chen, Z. et al. Spatial and temporal nitrogen applications for winter wheat in a loamy soil in south-eastern China. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys 109, 43–55 (2017).
Grant, C. A. et al. Crop yield and nitrogen concentration with controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared to non-coated urea applied at seeding. Field Crop. Res. 127, 170–180 (2012).
Huang, M., Jiang, L., Zou, Y., Xu, S. & Deng, G. Changes in soil microbial properties with no-tillage in Chinese cropping systems. Biol. Fert. Soils 49, 373–377 (2013).
Zhang, W. et al. Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers. Nature 537, 671–674 (2016).
Ke, J. et al. Combined controlled-released nitrogen fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching, rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice. Agric. Ecosyst. Env. 265, 402–412 (2018).
Xu, G., Fan, X. & Miller, A. J. Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 63, 153–182 (2012).
Dobermann, A. Nutrient use efficiency–measurement and management. Fertilizer best management practices 1 (2007).
Azeem, B., KuShaari, K., Man, Z. B., Basit, A. & Thanh, T. H. Review on materials & methods to produce controlled release coated urea fertilizer. J. Control. Rel. 181, 11–21 (2014).
Xue, Y. et al. An improved crop management increases grain yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency in rice. Crop. Sci. 53, 271–284 (2013).
Liu, X. et al. Effect of continuous reduction of nitrogen application to a rice-wheat rotation system in the middle-lower Yangtze River region (2013–2015). Field Crop. Res. 196, 348–356 (2016).
Chen, S. et al. Seasonal differences in the rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency response to seedling establishment methods in the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Field Crop. Res. 205, 157–169 (2017).
Wu, L., Chen, X., Cui, Z., Wang, G. & Zhang, W. Improving nitrogen management via a regional management plan for Chinese rice production. Env. Res. Lett. 10, 095011 (2015).
Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Li, Y., Fan, X. & Geng, Y. Controlled-release urea commingled with rice seeds reduced emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide in rice paddy soil. J. Env. Qual. 42, 1661–1673 (2013).
Miao, X. et al. Yield and nitrogen uptake of bowl-seedling machine-transplanted rice with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. Agron. J. 108, 313–320 (2016).
Zhang, S. et al. Controlled-release urea reduced nitrogen leaching and improved nitrogen use efficiency and yield of direct-seeded rice. J. Env. Manage 220, 191–197 (2018).
Chu, H. Y., Hosen, Y., Yagi, K., Okada, K. & Ito, O. Soil microbial biomass and activities in a Japanese Andisol as affected by controlled release and application depth of urea. Biol. Fert. Soils 42, 89–96 (2005).
Zheng, W. et al. Combining controlled-release urea and normal urea to improve the nitrogen use efficiency and yield under wheat-maize double cropping system. Field Crop. Res. 197, 52–62 (2016).
Xue, L., Yu, Y. & Yang, L. Maintaining yields and reducing nitrogen loss in rice–wheat rotation system in Taihu Lake region with proper fertilizer management. Env. Res. Lett. 9(11), 115010 (2014).
Mi, W. et al. Medium-term effects of different types of N fertilizer on yield, apparent N recovery, and soil chemical properties of a double rice cropping system. Field Crop. Res. 234, 87–94 (2019).
Lu, L.K. Analytical Methods of Soil and Agricutural Chemistry. Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing (in Chinese) (1999).
Roberts, T. L., Ross, W. J., Norman, R. J., Slaton, N. A. & Wilson, C. E. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer needs for rice in arkansas using alkaline hydrolyzable-nitrogen. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 1161–1171 (2011).
Olsen, S. & Sommers, L. Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., Miller, R. H. & Keeney, D. R. (Eds.),Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, Second ed.SSSA, Madison (1982).
Pan, S. et al. Benefits of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in direct-seeded rice in South China. Field Crop. Res. 203, 139–149 (2017).
Source: Ecology - nature.com