Pierce, R. H. & Henry, M. S. Harmful algal toxins of the Florida red tide (Karenia brevis): Natural chemical stressors in South Florida coastal ecosystems. Ecotoxicology 17, 623–631 (2008).
Fauquier, D. A. et al. Brevetoxicosis in seabirds naturally exposed to Karenia brevis blooms along the central west coast of Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 49, 246–260 (2013).
Fire, S. E. et al. Brevetoxin-associated mass mortality event of bottlenose dolphins and manatees along the east coast of Florida USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 526, 241–251 (2015).
Foley, A. M. et al. Assessing Karenia brevis red tide as a mortality factor of sea turtles in Florida USA. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 132, 109–124 (2019).
Gannon, D. P. et al. Effects of Karenia brevis harmful algal blooms on nearshore fish communities in southwest Florida. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 378, 171–186 (2009).
Backer, L. C. et al. Occupational exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins during Florida red tide events: Effects on a healthy worker population. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 644–649 (2005).
Fleming, L. E. et al. Aerosolized red-tide toxins (Brevetoxins) and asthma. Chest 131, 187–194 (2007).
Hoagland, P., Anderson, D. M., Kaoru, Y. & White, A. W. The economic effects of harmful algal blooms in the United States: Estimates, assessment issues, and information needs. Estuaries 25, 819–837 (2002).
Gilbert, P. M., Anderson, D. M., Genstien, P., Granéli, E. & Sellner, K. G. The global, complex phenomena of harmful algal blooms. Oceanography 18, 136–147 (2005).
Hallegraeff, G. M. Harmful algal blooms: A global overview. in Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology 25–49 (IOC-UNE-SCO, 2003).
Vargo, G. A. A brief summary of the physiology and ecology of Karenia brevis Davis (G. Hansen and Moestrup comb. nov.) red tides on the West Florida Shelf and of hypotheses posed for their initiation, growth, maintenance, and termination. Harmful Algae 8, 573–584 (2009).
Heil, C. A. et al. Blooms of Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Ø. Moestrup on the West Florida shelf: Nutrient sources and potential management strategies based on a multi-year regional study. Harmful Algae 38, 127–140 (2014).
Stumpf, R. P. et al. Monitoring Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico using satellite ocean color imagery and other data. Harmful Algae 2, 147–160 (2003).
Flagherty, K. E. & Landsberg, J. H. Effects of a persistent red tide (Karenia brevis) bloom on community structure and species-specific relative abundance of nekton in a Gulf of Mexico estuary. Estuaries Coasts 34, 417–439 (2011).
McHugh, K. A., Allen, J. B., Barleycorn, A. A. & Wells, R. S. Severe Karenia brevis red tides influence juvenile bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behavior in Sarasota Bay Florida. Mar. Mammal Sci. 27, 622–643 (2011).
Deutsch, C. J. et al. Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Wildl. Monogr. 2, 1–77 (2003).
Gannon, J. G., Scolardi, K. M., Reynolds, J. E. III., Koelsch, J. K. & Kessenich, T. J. Habitat selection by manatees in Sarasota Bay Florida. Mar. Mammal Sci. 23, 133–143 (2007).
Garrott, R. A. et al. Trends in counts of Florida manatees at winter aggregation sites. J. Wildl. Manag. 58, 642 (1994).
Semeyn, D. J. et al. Aerial surveys of manatees (Trichechus manatus) in Lee County, Florida, provide insights regarding manatee abundance and real time information for managers and enforcement officers. J. Coast. Conserv. 15, 573–583 (2011).
Wells, R. S. et al. Bottlenose dolphins as marine ecosystem sentinels: Developing a health monitoring system. EcoHealth 1, 246–254 (2004).
Fire, S. E. et al. Brevetoxin exposure in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) associated with Karenia brevis blooms in Sarasota Bay Florida. Mar. Biol. 152, 827–834 (2007).
Sadchatheeswaran, S., Belanger, M. & Wittnich, C. A comparison of published brevetoxin tissue levels in West Indian manatee, bottlenose dolphin and double-crested cormorants in southwest Florida. 5, 8 (2012).
Monczak, A. et al. Sound patterns of snapping shrimp, fish, and dolphins in an estuarine soundscape of the southeastern USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 609, 49–68 (2019).
Walters, S., Lowerre-Barbieri, S., Bickford, J. & Mann, D. Using a passive acoustic survey to identify spotted seatrout spawning sites and associated habitat in Tampa Bay Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 138, 88–98 (2009).
Mann, D. A. Remote sensing of fish using passive acoustic monitoring. Acoust. Today 8, 8 (2012).
Harris, S. A., Shears, N. T. & Radford, C. A. Ecoacoustic indices as proxies for biodiversity on temperate reefs. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 713–724 (2016).
Parks, S. E., Miksis-Olds, J. L. & Denes, S. L. Assessing marine ecosystem acoustic diversity across ocean basins. Ecol. Inform. 21, 81–88 (2014).
Parsons, M. J. G., Salgado-Kent, C. P., Marley, S. A., Gavrilov, A. N. & McCauley, R. D. Characterizing diversity and variation in fish choruses in Darwin Harbour. ICES J. Mar. Sci. J. Cons. 73, 2058–2074 (2016).
Hildebrand, J. Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 395, 5–20 (2009).
Quick, J. A. & Henderson, G. E. Effects of Gymnodinium breve red tide on fishes and birds: A preliminary report on behavior, anatomy, hematology, and histopathology. Proc. Gulf Coast Region. Symp. Dis. Aquat. Anim. 2, 85–113 (1982).
Landsberg, J. H. & Steidinger, K. A. A historical review of Gymnodinium breve red tides implicated in mass mortalities of the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Florida, USA. in In: Reguera B, Blanco J, Fernandez ML, Wyatt T (eds) (UNESCO, 1998).
Walters, S., Lowerre-Barbieri, S., Bickford, J., Tustison, J. & Landsberg, J. Effects of Karenia brevis red tide on the spatial distribution of spawning aggregations of sand seatrout Cynoscion arenarius in Tampa Bay Florida. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 479, 191–202 (2013).
FWC. Fish Kill Database. https://public.myfwc.com/fwri/FishKillReport.
Baden, D. G. & Mende, T. Toxicity of two toxins from the Florida red tide marine dinoflagellate Ptychdiscus brevis. Toxicon 20, 457–461 (1982).
Steidinger, K. A., Burklew, M. & Ingle, R. The effects of Gymnodinium breve toxin on estuarine animals. In Marine pharmacognosy: action of marine toxins at the cellular level 179–202 (Academic Press, New York, 1973).
Landsberg, J. H. The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Rev. Fish. Sci. 10, 113–390 (2002).
Fire, S. E. et al. Prevalence of brevetoxins in prey fish of bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay Florida. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 368, 283–294 (2008).
Flewelling, L. J. et al. Red tides and marine mammal mortalities: Brevetoxicosis. Nature 435, 755–756 (2005).
Naar, J. P. et al. Brevetoxins, like ciguatoxins, are potent ichthyotoxic neurotoxins that accumulate in fish. Toxicon 50, 707–723 (2007).
The Manatee County Water Atlas. https://manatee.wateratlas.usf.edu/ (2020).
Caldwell, M. C. & Caldwell, D. K. Individualized whistle contours in bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Nature 207, 434–435 (1965).
O’Shea, T. J. & Poché, L. B. Aspects of underwater sound communication in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). J. Mammal. 87, 1061–1071 (2006).
Fisheries, N. 2018–2019 Bottlenose dolphin unusual mortality event Southwest Florida | NOAA Fisheries. /southeast/marine-life-distress/2018–2019-bottlenose-dolphin-unusual-mortality-event-southwest (2019).
Red Tide Manatee Mortalities. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. https://myfwc.com/research/manatee/rescue-mortality-response/statistics/mortality/red-tide/.
Montie, E. W. et al. Acoustic monitoring indicates a correlation between calling and spawning in captive spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus). PeerJ 5, e2944 (2017).
Myrberg, A. A., Ha, S. J. & Shamblott, M. J. The sounds of bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus): Predictors of body size and a spectral basis for individual recognition and assessment. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 3067–3070 (1993).
Tyson, R. B. & Wells, R. S. Sarasota Bay/Little Sarasota Bay Bottlenose Dolphin Abundance Estimates: 2015. 22 http://doi.org/10.7289/V5/RD-PRBD-2016-02 (2016).
Lund, J., Kipling, C. & LeCren, E. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations of counting. Hydrobiology 2, 143–170 (1958).
Sournia, A. Phytoplankton Manual. in Monographs on oceanographic methodology vol. 6 (UNESCO, 1978).
Sellner, K., Doucette, G. & Kirkpatrick, G. Harmful algal blooms: Causes, impacts, and detection. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30, 383–406 (2003).
Sprague, M. W. & Luczkovich, J. J. Measurement of an individual silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura sound pressure level in a field recording. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 3186–3191 (2004).
Breder, C. M. Jr. Seasonal and diurnal occurrences of fish sounds in a small Florida bay. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 138, 325–378 (1968).
Fish, M. P. & Mowbray, W. H. Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1970).
NOAA Solar Calculator. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/.
Wilke, C. O. cowplot: Streamlined plot theme and plot annotations for ‘ggplot2’. (2019).
Grolemund & Wickham. lubridate. https://lubridate.tidyverse.org/ (2011).
South, A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rnaturalearth (2017).
Pebesma. sf. https://github.com/r-spatial/sf/ (2018).
Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 2 (2019).
Garnier. viridis. https://cran.r-project.org/package=viridis (2018).
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission GIS & Mapping Data Downloads. https://geodata.myfwc.com/.
R Core Team. https://www.R-project.org/ (2019).
Bauer, D. F. Constructing confidence sets using rank statistics. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 67, 687–690 (1972).
Hollander, M. & Wolfe, D. A. Nonparametric Statistical Methods 27–33 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973).
Hollander, M. & Wolfe, D. A. Nonparametric Statistical Methods 68–75 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973).
Source: Ecology - nature.com