Kinoshita, S., Structural Colors in the Realm of Nature (World Scientific, 2008).
Sun, J., Bhushan, B. & Tong, J. Structural coloration in nature. RSC Adv. 3, 14862–14889 (2013).
Google Scholar
Whitney, H. M. et al. Floral iridescence, produced by diffractive optics, acts as a cue for animal pollinators. Science 323, 130–133 (2009).
Google Scholar
Whitney, H. M., Kolle, M., Alvarez-Fernandez, R., Steiner, U. & Glover, B. J. Contributions of iridescence to floral patterning. Commun. Integr. Biol. 2, 230–232 (2009).
Google Scholar
Moyroud, E. et al. Disorder in convergent floral nanostructures enhances signalling to bees. Nature 550, 469–474 (2017).
Google Scholar
Mason, C. W. Structural colors in feathers. II. J. Phys. Chem. 27, 401–448 (2005).
Mason, C. W. Structural colors in insects. III. J. Phys. Chem. 31, 1856–1872 (2005).
Roberts, N. W., Marshall, N. J. & Cronin, T. W. High levels of reflectivity and pointillist structural color in fish, cephalopods, and beetles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, E3387–E3387 (2012).
Google Scholar
Zi, J. et al. Coloration strategies in peacock feathers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 12576–12578 (2003).
Google Scholar
McCoy, D. E., Feo, T., Harvey, T. A. & Prum, R. O. Structural absorption by barbule microstructures of super black bird of paradise feathers. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–8 (2018).
Google Scholar
Teyssier, J., Saenko, S. V., Van Der Marel, D. & Milinkovitch, M. C. Photonic crystals cause active colour change in chameleons. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–7 (2015).
Cooper, K. M., Hanlon, R. T. & Budelmann, B. U. Physiological color change in squid iridophores. Cell Tissue Res. 259, 15–24 (1990).
Google Scholar
Glover, B. J. & Whitney, H. M. Structural colour and iridescence in plants: The poorly studied relations of pigment colour. Ann. Bot. 105, 505–511 (2010).
Google Scholar
Shi, N. N. et al. Keeping cool: Enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation in Saharan silver ants. Science 349, 298–301 (2015).
Google Scholar
Preciado, J. A. et al. Radiative properties of polar bear hair. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Bioeng. Div. 54, 57–58 (2002).
Bosi, S. G., Hayes, J., Large, M. C. J. & Poladian, L. Color, iridescence, and thermoregulation in Lepidoptera. Appl. Opt. 47, 5235–5241 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kinoshita, S., Yoshioka, S., Fujii, Y. & Okamoto, N. Photophysics of structural color in the Morpho butterflies. Forma-Tokyo 17, 103–121 (2002).
Tabata, H., Kumazawa, K., Funakawa, M., Takimoto, J. I. & Akimoto, M. Microstructures and optical properties of scales of butterfly wings. Opt. Rev. 3, 139–145 (1996).
Krishna, A. et al. Infrared optical and thermal properties of microstructures in butterfly wings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 1566–1572 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tsai, C. C. et al. Physical and behavioral adaptations to prevent overheating of the living wings of butterflies. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–14 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wilts, B. D., Vey, A. J. M., Briscoe, A. D. & Stavenga, D. G. Longwing (Heliconius) butterflies combine a restricted set of pigmentary and structural coloration mechanisms. BMC Evol. Biol. 17, 1–12 (2017).
Berthier, S. Thermoregulation and spectral selectivity of the tropical butterfly Prepona meander: A remarkable example of temperature auto-regulation. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 80, 1397–1400 (2005).
Google Scholar
Vukusic, P. & Sambles, J. R. Photonic structures in biology. Nature 424, 852–855 (2003).
Google Scholar
Siddique, R. H., Diewald, S., Leuthold, J. & Hölscher, H. Theoretical and experimental analysis of the structural pattern responsible for the iridescence of Morpho butterflies. Opt. Express 21, 14351–14361 (2013).
Google Scholar
Steindorfer, M. A., Schmidt, V., Belegratis, M., Stadlober, B. & Krenn, J. R. Detailed simulation of structural color generation inspired by the Morpho butterfly. Opt. Express 20, 21485–21494 (2012).
Google Scholar
Munro, J. T. et al. Climate is a strong predictor of near-infrared reflectance but a poor predictor of colour in butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20190234 (2019).
Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L. & Lavine, A. S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (Wiley, 2006).
DeWitt, D. P., Incropera, F. P. “Physics of thermal radiation” in Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry, (1988), pp. 19–89.
Howell, J. R., Menguc, M. P., Siegel, R. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer (CRC Press, 2016).
Lord, S. D. A new software tool for computing earth’s atmospheric transmission of near- and far-infrared radiation. NASA Tech. Memo. 103957 (1992).
Raman, A. P., Anoma, M. A., Zhu, L., Rephaeli, E. & Fan, S. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight. Nature 515, 540–544 (2014).
Google Scholar
Krishna, A. & Lee, J. Morphology-driven emissivity of microscale tree-like structures for radiative thermal management. Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys. Eng. 22, 124–136 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhai, Y. et al. Scalable-manufactured randomized glass-polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling. Science 355, 1062–1066 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. A. et al. Dynamic gating of infrared radiation in a textile. Science 623, 1–15 (2019).
Xu, C., Stiubianu, G. T. & Gorodetsky, A. A. Adaptive infrared-reflecting systems inspired by cephalopods. Science 359, 1495–1500 (2018).
Google Scholar
Xie, D. et al. Broadband omnidirectional light reflection and radiative heat dissipation in white beetles: Goliathus goliatus. Soft Matter 15, 4294–4300 (2019).
Google Scholar
Heinrich, B. Thermoregulation in endothermic insects. Science 185, 747–756 (1974).
Google Scholar
Kingsolver, J. G. Thermoregulation and flight in Colias butterflies: elevational patterns and mechanistic limitations. Ecology 64, 534–545 (1983).
Rawlins, J. E. Thermoregulation by the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Ecology 61, 345–357 (1980).
Clench, H. K. Behavioral thermoregulation in butterflies. Ecology 47, 1021–1034 (1966).
Bonebrake, T. C., Boggs, C. L., Stamberger, J. A., Deutsch, C. A. & Ehrlich, P. R. From global change to a butterfly flapping: Biophysics and behaviour affect tropical climate change impacts. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20141264 (2014).
Nève, G. & Hall, C. Variation of thorax flight temperature among twenty Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 113, 571–578 (2016).
MacLean, H. J., Higgins, J. K., Buckley, L. B. & Kingsolver, J. G. Morphological and physiological determinants of local adaptation to climate in Rocky Mountain butterflies. Conserv. Physiol. 4, 1 (2016).
Tsai, C. C., et al., Butterflies regulate wing temperatures using radiative cooling in 2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), (IEEE, 2017), p. 9.
Watanabe, K., Hoshino, T., Kanda, K., Haruyama, Y. & Matsui, S. Brilliant blue observation from a Morpho-butterfly-scale quasi-structure. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, L48–L50 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wilts, B. D., Giraldo, M. A. & Stavenga, D. G. Unique wing scale photonics of male Rajah Brooke’s birdwing butterflies. Front. Zool. 13, 1–12 (2016).
De Keyser, R., Breuker, C. J., Hails, R. S., Dennis, R. L. H. & Shreeve, T. G. Why small is beautiful: Wing colour is free from thermoregulatory constraint in the small lycaenid butterfly, Polyommatus icarus. PLoS One 10, e0122663 (2015).
Biró, L. P. et al., Role of photonic-crystal-type structures in the thermal regulation of a lycaenid butterfly sister species pair. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, Relat. Interdiscip. Top. 67, 7 (2003).
Sala-Casanovas, M., Krishna, A., Yu, Z. & Lee, J. Bio-inspired stretchable selective emitters based on corrugated nickel for personal thermal management. Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys. Eng. 23, 173–187 (2019).
Google Scholar
Phan, L. et al. Reconfigurable infrared camouflage coatings from a cephalopod protein. Adv. Mater. 25, 5621–5625 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pris, A. D. et al. Towards high-speed imaging of infrared photons with bio-inspired nanoarchitectures. Nat. Photonics 6, 564–564 (2012).
Google Scholar
Krishna, A. et al. Ultraviolet to mid-infrared emissivity control by mechanically reconfigurable graphene. Nano Lett. 19, 5086–5092 (2019).
Google Scholar
Moharam, M. G. & Gaylord, T. K. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of planar-grating diffraction. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 811 (1981).
Google Scholar
Moharam, M. G. Coupled-wave analysis of two-dimensional dielectric gratings in Holographic Optics: Design and Applications, (1988), p. 8.
Peng, S. & Morris, G. M. Efficient implementation of rigorous coupled-wave analysis for surface-relief gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 1087 (1995).
Google Scholar
Moharam, M. G., Gaylord, T. K., Grann, E. B. & Pommet, D. A. Formulation for stable and efficient implementation of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis of binary gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 1068 (1995).
Google Scholar
Taflove, A., Hagness, S. C. Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (Artech House, 2005).
Fang, J. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production on three-dimensional gold butterfly wing scales/CdS nanoparticles. Appl. Surf. Sci. 427, 807–812 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wilts, B. D., Leertouwer, H. L. & Stavenga, D. G. Imaging scatterometry and microspectrophotometry of lycaenid butterfly wing scales with perforated multilayers. J. R. Soc. Interface 6, S185–S192 (2009).
Google Scholar
Aideo, S. N., Mohanta, D. Investigation of manifestation of optical properties of butterfly wings with nanoscale zinc oxide incorporation. J. Phys: Confer. Ser. 765, 012019 (2016).
Guan, Y. et al. Ordering of hollow Ag-Au nanospheres with butterfly wings as a biotemplate. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–7 (2018).
Simonsen, T. J. et al. Phylogenetics and divergence times of Papilioninae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to the enigmatic genera Teinopalpus and Meandrusa. Cladistics 27, 113–137 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wilts, B. D., Pirih, P., Arikawa, K. & Stavenga, D. G. Shiny wing scales cause spec(tac)ular camouflage of the angled sunbeam butterfly, Curetis acuta. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 109, 279–289 (2013).
Wu, L., Han, Z., Qiu, Z., Guan, H. & Ren, L. The microstructures of butterfly wing scales in northeast of China. J. Bionic Eng. 4, 47–52 (2007).
Google Scholar
Azofeifa, D. E., Arguedas, H. J. & Vargas, W. E. Optical properties of chitin and chitosan biopolymers with application to structural color analysis. Opt. Mater. (Amst) 35, 175–183 (2012).
Google Scholar
Vargas, W. E., Azofeifa, D. E. & Arguedas, H. J. Índices de refracción de la quitina, el quitosano y el ácido úrico con aplicación en análisis de color estructural. Opt. Pura y Apl. 46, 55–72 (2013).
Herman, A., Vandenbem, C., Deparis, O., Simonis, P. & Vigneron, J. P. Nanoarchitecture in the black wings of Troides magellanus : A natural case of absorption enhancement in photonic materials. Nanophotonic Mater. VIII 8094, 80940H (2011).
Yoshioka, S. & Kinoshita, S. Wavelength-selective and anisotropic light-diffusing scale on the wing of the Morpho butterfly. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, 581–587 (2004).
Google Scholar
Catalanotti, S. et al. The radiative cooling of selective surfaces. Sol. Energy 17, 83–89 (1975).
Google Scholar
Long Kou, J., Jurado, Z., Chen, Z., Fan, S. & Minnich, A. J. Daytime radiative cooling using near-black infrared emitters. ACS Photonics 4, 626–630 (2017).
Wasserthal, L. T. The role of butterfly wings in regulation of body temperature. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1921–1930 (1975).
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L. & McMahon, T. A. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 1633–1644 (2007).
Google Scholar
New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. & Makin, I. A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Clim. Res. 21, 1–25 (2002).
Weather Spark Weather Data. https://weatherspark.com (July 10, 2019).
Weather Underground Historical Weather. https://www.wunderground.com/history/ (August 2, 2018).
Liu, F. et al. Replication of homologous optical and hydrophobic features by templating wings of butterflies Morpho menelaus. Opt. Commun. 284, 2376–2381 (2011).
Google Scholar
Chen, T., Cong, Q., Qi, Y., Jin, J. & Choy, K. L. Hydrophobic durability characteristics of butterfly wing surface after freezing cycles towards the design of nature inspired anti-icing surfaces. PLoS ONE 13, e0188775 (2018).
Google Scholar
Fang, Y., Sun, G., Wang, T. Q., Cong, Q. & Ren, L. Q. Hydrophobicity mechanism of non-smooth pattern on surface of butterfly wing. Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 711–716 (2007).
Garland, T., Harvey, P. H. & Ives, A. R. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41, 18–32 (1992).
Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1–15 (1985).
Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and quantitative characters. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 445–471 (1988).
Espeland, M. et al. A comprehensive and dated phylogenomic analysis of butterflies. Curr. Biol. 28, 770–778.e5 (2018).
Google Scholar
Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. 2010. Version 2, 73 (2008).
Cai, W., Shalaev, V. M. Optical Metamaterials, 10th Ed. (Springer, 2010).
Zheludev, N. I. & Kivshar, Y. S. From metamaterials to metadevices. Nat. Mater. 11, 917–924 (2012).
Google Scholar
Chen, Z., Zhu, L., Raman, A. & Fan, S. Radiative cooling to deep sub-freezing temperatures through a 24-h day-night cycle. Nat. Commun. 7, 1–5 (2016).
Mandal, J. et al. Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling. Science 362, 315–319 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lenert, A. et al. A nanophotonic solar thermophotovoltaic device. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 126–130 (2014).
Google Scholar
Quintiere, J. Radiative characteristics of fire fighters’ coat fabrics. Fire Technol. 10, 153–161 (1974).
Google Scholar
Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). Global Solar Atlas 2.1: Technical Report. https://globalsolaratlas.info (World Bank, December 2019).
Yoshioka, S. & Kinoshita, S. Direct determination of the refractive index of natural multilayer systems. Phys. Rev. E 83, 051917 (2011).
Google Scholar
Leertouwer, H. L., Wilts, B. D. & Stavenga, D. G. Refractive index and dispersion of butterfly chitin and bird keratin measured by polarizing interference microscopy. Opt. Express 19, 24061–24066 (2011).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
