Zanne, A. E. et al. Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments. Nature 506, 89 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K. et al. Functional distinctiveness of major plant lineages. J. Ecol. 102, 345–356 (2014).
Google Scholar
Díaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature 529, 167 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kunstler, G. et al. Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition. Nature 529, 204 (2016).
Google Scholar
Chapin, F. S. III, Autumn, K. & Pugnaire, F. Evolution of suites of traits in response to environmental stress. Am. Nat. 142, S78–S92 (1993).
Google Scholar
Adler, P. B. et al. Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 740–745 (2014).
Google Scholar
Diaz, S., Cabido, M. & Casanoves, F. Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale. J. Veg. Sci. 9, 113–122 (1998).
Google Scholar
Violle, C. et al. Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116, 882–892 (2007).
Google Scholar
Westoby, M. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecol. Strategy scheme. Plant Soil 199, 213–227 (1998).
Google Scholar
Funk, J. L. et al. Revisiting the holy grail: Using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes. Biol. Rev. 92, 1156–1173 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kattge, J. et al. TRY a global database of plant traits. Glob. Chang. Biol. 17, 2905–2935 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kattge, J. et al. TRY plant trait database enhanced coverage and open access. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 119–188 (2020).
Google Scholar
CHAH. Australian Plant Census, Centre of Australian National Biodiversity Research. https://id.biodiversity.org.au/tree/51354547 (2020).
Kissling, W. D. et al. Towards global data products of Essential Biodiversity Variables on species traits. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1531–1540 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. V. et al. Open Science principles for accelerating trait-based science across the Tree of Life. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 294–303 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chapman, A. D. et al. Numbers of living species in Australia and the world. (Australian Government, 2009).
Hopper, S. D. & Gioia, P. The Southwest Australian Floristic Region: Evolution and conservation of a global hot spot of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35, 623–650 (2004).
Google Scholar
Madin, J. et al. An ontology for describing and synthesizing ecological observation data. Ecol. Inform. 2, 279–296 (2007).
Google Scholar
Garnier, E. et al. Towards a thesaurus of plant characteristics: An ecological contribution. J. Ecol. 105, 298–309 (2017).
Google Scholar
Adams, M. A. M, P. & Attiwill. Role of Acacia spp. in nutrient balance and cycling in regenerating Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. forests. I. Temporal changes in biomass and nutrient content. Aust. J. Bot. 32, 205–215 (1984).
Google Scholar
Ahrens, C. W. et al. Plant functional traits differ in adaptability and are predicted to be differentially affected by climate change. Ecol. Evo. 10, 232–248 (2019).
Google Scholar
Australian National Botanic Gardens. The National Seed Bank. http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/seedbank/ (2018).
Angevin, T. Species richness and functional trait diversity response to land use in a temperate eucalypt woodland community. (La Trobe University, 2011).
Apgaua, D. M. G. et al. Functional traits and water transport strategies in lowland tropical rainforest trees. PLoS One 10, e0130799 (2015).
Google Scholar
Apgaua, D. M. G. et al. Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy. Funct. Ecol. 31, 582–591 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ashton, D. H. Studies of litter in Eucalyptus regnans forests. Aust. J. Bot. 23, 413–433 (1975).
Google Scholar
Ashton, D. H. Phosphorus in forest ecosystems at Beenak, Victoria. The J. Ecol. 64, 171–186 (1976).
Google Scholar
Attiwill, P. M. Nutrient cycling in a Eucalyptus obliqua (L’Herit.) forest IV: Nutrient uptake and nutrient return. Aust. J. Bot. 28, 199–222 (1980).
Google Scholar
Barlow, B. A., Clifford, H. T., George, A. S. & McCusker, A. K. A. Flora of Australia. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/ (1981).
Bean, A. R. A revision of Baeckea (Myrtaceae) in eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia. Telopea 7, 245–268 (1997).
Google Scholar
Bell, L.C. Nutrient requirements for the establishment of native flora at Weipa. (Comalco Aluminium Ltd., 1985).
Bennett, L. T. & Attiwill, P. M. The nutritional status of healthy and declining stands of Banksia integrifolia on the Yanakie Isthmus, Victoria. Aust. J. Bot. 45, 15–30 (1997).
Google Scholar
Bevege, D. I. Biomass and nutrient distribution in indigenous forest ecosystems. vol. 6 20 (Queensland Department of Forestry, 1978).
Birk, E. M. & Turner, J. Response of flooded gum (E. grandis) to intensive cultural treatments: biomass and nutrient content of eucalypt plantations and native forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 47, 1–28 (1992).
Google Scholar
Blackman, C. J., Brodribb, T. J. & Jordan, G. J. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability is related to conduit dimensions and drought resistance across a diverse range of woody angiosperms. New Phytol. 188, 1113–1123 (2010).
Google Scholar
Blackman, C. J. et al. Leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought is linked to site water availability across a broad range of species and climates. Ann. Bot. 114, 435–440 (2014).
Google Scholar
Blackman, C. J. et al. The links between leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought and key aspects of leaf venation and xylem anatomy among 26 Australian woody angiosperms from contrasting climates. Ann. Bot. 122, 59–67 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bloomfield, K. J. et al. A continental-scale assessment of variability in leaf traits: Within species, across sites and between seasons. Funct. Ecol. 32, 1492–1506 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bolza, E. Properties and uses of 175 timber species from Papua New Guinea and West Irian. (Victoria (Australia) CSIRO, Div. of Building Research, 1975).
Bragg, J. G. & Westoby, M. Leaf size and foraging for light in a sclerophyll woodland. Funct. Ecol. 16, 633–639 (2002).
Google Scholar
Brisbane Rainforest Action and Information Network. Trait measurements for Australian rainforest species. http://www.brisrain.org.au/ (2016).
Briggs, A. L. & Morgan, J. W. Seed characteristics and soil surface patch type interact to affect germination of semi-arid woodland species. Plant Ecol. 212, 91–103 (2010).
Google Scholar
Brock, J. & Dunlop, A. Native plants of northern Australia. (Reed New Holland, 1993).
Brodribb, T. J. & Cochard, H. Hydraulic failure defines the recovery and point of death in water-stressed conifers. Plant Physiol. 149, 575–584 (2009).
Google Scholar
Buckton, G. et al. Functional traits of lianas in an Australian lowland rainforest align with post-disturbance rather than dry season advantage. Austral Ecol. 44, 983–994 (2019).
Google Scholar
Burgess, S. S. O. & Dawson, T. E. Predicting the limits to tree height using statistical regressions of leaf traits. New Phytol. 174, 626–636 (2007).
Google Scholar
Burrows, G. E. Comparative anatomy of the photosynthetic organs of 39 xeromorphic species from subhumid New South Wales, Australia. Int. J. Plant Sci. 162, 411–430 (2001).
Google Scholar
Butler, D. W., Gleason, S. M., Davidson, I., Onoda, Y. & Westoby, M. Safety and streamlining of woody shoots in wind: an empirical study across 39 species in tropical Australia. New Phytol. 193, 137–149 (2011).
Google Scholar
CAB International. Forestry Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/fc/ (2009).
Caldwell, E., Read, J. & Sanson, G. D. Which leaf mechanical traits correlate with insect herbivory among feeding guilds? Ann. Bot. 117, 349–361 (2015).
Google Scholar
Canham, C. A., Froend, R. H. & Stock, W. D. Water stress vulnerability of four Banksia species in contrasting ecohydrological habitats on the Gnangara Mound. Western Australia. Plant Cell Envrion. 32, 64–72 (2009).
Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. J. Cuticular morphology and aspects of the ecology and fossil history of North Queensland rainforest Proteaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 116, 249–303 (1994).
Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. J., Hill, R. S. & Jordan, G. J. Leaf Cuticular Morphology Links Platanaceae and Proteaceae. Int. J. Plant Sci. 166, 843–855 (2005).
Google Scholar
Catford, J. A., Downes, B. J., Gippel, C. J. & Vesk, P. A. Flow regulation reduces native plant cover and facilitates exotic invasion in riparian wetlands. J. Appl. Ecol. 48, 432–442 (2011).
Google Scholar
Catford, J. A., Morris, W. K., Vesk, P. A., Gippel, C. J. & Downes, B. J. Species and environmental characteristics point to flow regulation and drought as drivers of riparian plant invasion. Divers. Distrib. 20, 1084–1096 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cernusak, L. A., Hutley, L. B., Beringer, J. & Tapper, N. J. Stem and leaf gas exchange and their responses to fire in a north Australian tropical savanna. Plant Cell Envrion. 29, 632–646 (2006).
Google Scholar
Cernusak, L. A., Hutley, L. B., Beringer, J., Holtum, J. A. M. & Turner, B. L. Photosynthetic physiology of eucalypts along a sub-continental rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151, 1462–1470 (2011).
Google Scholar
Chandler, G. T., Crisp, M. D., Cayzer, L. W. & Bayer, R. J. Monograph of Gastrolobium (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 15, 619–739 (2002).
Google Scholar
Chave, J. et al. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol. Lett. 12, 351–366 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cheal, D. Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Victoria’s native vegetation data sets. (Victorian Government Department of Sustainability; Environment Melbourne, 2010).
Cheesman, A. W., Duff, H., Hill, K., Cernusak, L. A. & McInerney, F. A. Isotopic and morphologic proxies for reconstructing light environment and leaf function of fossil leaves: A modern calibration in the Daintree Rainforest, Australia. Am. J. Bot. 107, 1165–1176 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chen et al. Plants show more flesh in the tropics: Variation in fruit type along latitudinal and climatic gradients. Ecography 40, 531–538 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chinnock, R. J. Eremophila and allied genera: A monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae. (Rosenberg, 2007).
Choat, B., Ball, M. C., Luly, J. G. & Holtum, J. A. M. Hydraulic architecture of deciduous and evergreen dry rainforest tree species from north-eastern Australia. Trees 19, 305–311 (2005).
Google Scholar
Choat, B., Ball, M. C., Luly, J. G., Donnelly, C. F. & Holtum, J. A. M. Seasonal patterns of leaf gas exchange and water relations in dry rain forest trees of contrasting leaf phenology. Tree Physiol. 26, 657–664 (2006).
Google Scholar
Choat, B. et al. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491, 752–755 (2012).
Google Scholar
Chudnoff, M. Tropical timbers of the world. 472 (US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1984).
The French agricultural research and international cooperation organization (CIRAD). Wood density data. http://www.cirad.fr/ (2009).
Clarke, P. J. et al. A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 534, 31–42 (2015).
Google Scholar
Cooper, W. & Cooper, W. T. Fruits of the Australian tropical rainforest. (Nokomis Editions, 2004).
Cooper, W. & Cooper, W. T. Australian rainforest fruits. 272 (CSIRO Publishing, 2013).
Cornwell, W. K. Causes and consequences of functional trait diversity: plant community assembly and leaf decomposition. (Stanford University, California, 2006).
Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. EUCLID 2.0: Eucalypts of Australia. http://apps.lucidcentral.org/euclid/text/intro/index.html (2002).
Craven, L. A., A taxonomic revision of Calytrix Labill. (Myrtaceae). Brunonia 10, 1–138 (1987).
Google Scholar
Craven, L. A., Lepschi, B. J. & Cowley, K. J. Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) of Western Australia: Five new species, three new combinations, one new name and a new state record. Nuytsia 20, 27–36 (2010).
Crisp, M. D., Cayzer, L., Chandler, G. T. & Cook, L. G. A monograph of Daviesia (Mirbelieae, Faboideae, Fabaceae). Phytotaxa 300, 1–308 (2017).
Google Scholar
Cromer, R. N., Raupach, M., Clarke, A. R. P. & Cameron, J. N. Eucalypt plantations in Australia – the potential for intensive production and utilization. Appita J. 29, 165–173 (1975).
Cross, E. The characteristics of natives and invaders: A trait-based investigation into the theory of limiting similarity. (La Trobe University, 2009).
Crous, K. Y. et al. Photosynthesis of temperate Eucalyptus globulus trees outside their native range has limited adjustment to elevated CO2 and climate warming. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19, 3790–3807 (2013).
Google Scholar
Crous, K. Y., Wujeska-Klause, A., Jiang, M., Medlyn, B. E. & Ellsworth, D. S. Nitrogen and phosphorus retranslocation of leaves and stemwood in a mature Eucalyptus forest exposed to 5 years of elevated CO2. Front. Plant. Sci. 10, art664 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cunningham, S. A., Summerhayes, B. & Westoby, M. Evolutionary divergences in leaf structure and chemistry, comparing rainfall and soil nutrient gradients. Ecol. Monogr. 69, 569–588 (1999).
Google Scholar
Curran, T. J., Clarke, P. J. & Warwick, N. W. M. Water relations of woody plants on contrasting soils during drought: does edaphic compensation account for dry rainforest distribution? Aust. J. Bot. 57, 629–639 (2009).
Google Scholar
Curtis, E. M., Leigh, A. & Rayburg, S. Relationships among leaf traits of Australian arid zone plants: alternative modes of thermal protection. Aust. J. Bot. 60, 471–483 (2012).
Google Scholar
Denton, M. D., Veneklaas, E. J., Freimoser, F. M. & Lambers, H. Banksia species (Proteaceae) from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils exhibit extreme efficiency in the use and re-mobilization of phosphorus. Plant Cell Envrion. 30, 1557–1565 (2007).
Google Scholar
Desch, H. E. & Dinwoodie, J. M. Timber structure, properties, conversion and use. (Palgrave Macmillan, 1996).
de Tombeur, F. et al. A shift from phenol to silica-based leaf defenses during long-term soil and ecosystem development. Ecol. Lett. 24, 984–995 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dong, N. et al. Leaf nitrogen from first principles: field evidence for adaptive variation with climate. Biogeosciences 14, 481–495 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dong, N. et al. Components of leaf-trait variation along environmental gradients. New Phytol. 228, 82–94 (2020).
Google Scholar
Du, P., Arndt, S. K. & Farrell, C. Relationships between plant drought response, traits, and climate of origin for green roof plant selection. Ecol. Appl. 28, 1752–1761 (2018).
Google Scholar
Du, P., Arndt, S. K. & Farrell, C. Can the turgor loss point be used to assess drought response to select plants for green roofs in hot and dry climates? Plant Soil 441, 399–408 (2019).
Google Scholar
Duan, H. et al. Drought responses of two gymnosperm species with contrasting stomatal regulation strategies under elevated [CO2] and temperature. Tree Physiol. 35, 756–770 (2015).
Google Scholar
Duncan, R. P. et al. Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities. Glob. Ecol. Biog. 20, 509–519 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dwyer, J. M. & Laughlin, D. C. Constraints on trait combinations explain climatic drivers of biodiversity: The importance of trait covariance in community assembly. Ecol. Lett. 20, 872–882 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dwyer, J. M. & Mason, R. Plant community responses to thinning in densely regenerating Acacia harpophylla forest. Restor. Ecol. 26, 97–105 (2018).
Google Scholar
Eamus, D. & Prichard, H. A cost-benefit analysis of leaves of four Australian savanna species. Tree Physiol. 18, 537–545 (1998).
Google Scholar
Eamus, D., Myers, B., Duff, G. & Williams, D. Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of eight savanna tree species. Tree Physiol. 19, 665–671 (1999).
Google Scholar
Myers, B., E., D. & Duff, G. A cost-benefit analysis of leaves of eight Australian savanna tree species of differing life-span. Photosynthetica 36, 575–586 (1999).
Google Scholar
Edwards, C., Read, J. & Sanson, G. D. Characterising sclerophylly: some mechanical properties of leaves from heath and forest. Oecologia 123, 158–167 (2000).
Google Scholar
Edwards, C., Sanson, G. D., Aranwela, N. & Read, J. Relationships between sclerophylly, leaf biomechanical properties and leaf anatomy in some Australian heath and forest species. Plant Biosyst. 134, 261–277 (2000).
Google Scholar
Schöenenberger, J. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of fossil flowers using an angiosperm-wide data set: proof-of-concept and challenges ahead. Am. J. Bot. 107, 1433–1448 (2020).
Google Scholar
Esperon-Rodriguez, M. et al. Functional adaptations and trait plasticity of urban trees along a climatic gradient. Urban For. Urban Green. 54, art126771 (2020).
Google Scholar
Everingham, S. E., Offord, C. A., Sabot, M. E. B. & Moles, A. T. Time travelling seeds reveal that plant regeneration and growth traits are responding to climate change. Ecology 102, e03272 (2020).
Falster, D. S. & Westoby, M. Leaf size and angle vary widely across species: what consequences for light interception? New Phytol. 158, 509–525 (2003).
Google Scholar
Falster, D. S. & Westoby, M. Alternative height strategies among 45 dicot rain forest species from tropical Queensland, Australia. J. Ecol. 93, 521–535 (2005).
Google Scholar
Falster, D. S. & Westoby, M. Tradeoffs between height growth rate, stem persistence and maximum height among plant species in a post-fire succession. Oikos 111, 57–66 (2005).
Google Scholar
Farrell, C., Mitchell, R. E., Szota, C., Rayner, J. P. & Williams, N. S. G. Green roofs for hot and dry climates: Interacting effects of plant water use, succulence and substrate. Ecol. Eng. 49, 270–276 (2012).
Google Scholar
Farrell, C., Szota, C., Williams, N. S. G. & Arndt, S. K. High water users can be drought tolerant: using physiological traits for green roof plant selection. Plant Soil 372, 177–193 (2013).
Google Scholar
Farrell, C., Szota, C. & Arndt, S. K. Does the turgor loss point characterize drought response in dryland plants? Plant Cell Envrion. 40, 1500–1511 (2017).
Google Scholar
Feller, M. C. Biomass and nutrient distribution in two eucalypt forest ecosystems. Austral Ecol. 5, 309–333 (1980).
Google Scholar
Firn, J. et al. Leaf nutrients, not specific leaf area, are consistent indicators of elevated nutrient inputs. Nature Ecol. Evo. 3, 400–406 (2019).
Google Scholar
Flynn, J. H. & Holder, C. D. A guide to useful woods of the world. (Forest Products Society, 2001).
Fonseca, C. R., Overton, J. M. C., Collins, B. & Westoby, M. Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients. J. Ecol. 88, 964–977 (2000).
Google Scholar
McDonald, P. G., Fonseca, C. R., Overton, J. M. C. & Westoby, M. Leaf-size divergence along rainfall and soil-nutrient gradients: is the method of size reduction common among clades? Funct. Ecol. 17, 50–57 (2003).
Google Scholar
Forster, P. I. A taxonomic revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae) in Australia. Aust. Syst. Bot. 5, 547–580 (1992).
Google Scholar
Forster, P. I. New names and combinations in Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae) from Asia and Malesia (excluding Papusia). Aust. Syst. Bot. 8, 691–701 (1995).
Google Scholar
French, B. J., Prior, L. D., Williamson, G. J. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. Cause and effects of a megafire in sedge-heathland in the Tasmanian temperate wilderness. Aust. J. Bot. 64, 513–525 (2016).
Google Scholar
Froend, R. H. & Drake, P. L. Defining phreatophyte response to reduced water availability: preliminary investigations on the use of xylem cavitation vulnerability in Banksia woodland species. Aust. J. Bot. 54, 173–179 (2006).
Google Scholar
Funk, J. L., Standish, R. J., Stock, W. D. & Valladares, F. Plant functional traits of dominant native and invasive species in mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Ecology 97, 75–83 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. V. et al. Invasiveness in introduced Australian acacias: The role of species traits and genome size. Divers. Distrib. 17, 884–897 (2011).
Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. V. & Leishman, M. R. A global analysis of trait variation and evolution in climbing plants. J. Biogeogr. 39, 1757–1771 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gardiner, R., Shoo, L. P. & Dwyer John. M. Look to seedling heights, rather than functional traits, to explain survival during extreme heat stress in the early stages of subtropical rainforest restoration. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 2687–2697 (2019).
Google Scholar
Geange, S. R. et al. Phenotypic plasticity and water availability: responses of alpine herb species along an elevation gradient. Clim. Change Responses 4, 1–12 (2017).
Google Scholar
Geange, S. R., Holloway-Phillips, M.-M., Briceno, V. F. & Nicotra, A. B. Aciphylla glacialis mortality, growth and frost resistance: a field warming experiment. Aust. J. Bot. 67, 599–609 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ghannoum, O. et al. Exposure to preindustrial, current and future atmospheric CO2 and temperature differentially affects growth and photosynthesis in Eucalyptus. Glob. Chang. Biol. 16, 303–319 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gleason, S. M., Butler, D. W., Zieminska, K., Waryszak, P. & Westoby, M. Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species. Funct. Ecol. 26, 343–352 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gleason, S. M., Butler, D. W. & Waryszak, P. Shifts in leaf and stem hydraulic traits across aridity gradients in eastern Australia. Int. J. Plant Sci. 174, 1292–1301 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gleason, S. M., Blackman, C. J., Cook, A. M., Laws, C. A. & Westoby, M. Whole-plant capacitance, embolism resistance and slow transpiration rates all contribute to longer desiccation times in woody angiosperms from arid and wet habitats. Tree Physiol. 34, 275–284 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gleason, S. M. et al. Vessel scaling in evergreen angiosperm leaves conforms with Murray’s law and area-filling assumptions: implications for plant size, leaf size and cold tolerance. New Phytol. 218, 1360–1370 (2018).
Google Scholar
Goble-Garratt, E., Bell, D. & Loneragan, W. Floristic and leaf structure patterns along a shallow elevational gradient. Aust. J. Bot. 29, 329–347 (1981).
Google Scholar
Gosper, C. R. Fruit characteristics of invasive bitou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Asteraceae), and a comparison with co-occurring native plant species. Aust. J. Bot. 52, 223–230 (2004).
Google Scholar
Gosper, C. R., Yates, C. J. & Prober, S. M. Changes in plant species and functional composition with time since fire in two mediterranean climate plant communities. J. Veg. Sci. 23, 1071–1081 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gosper, C. R., Prober, S. M. & Yates, C. J. Estimating fire interval bounds using vital attributes: implications of uncertainty and among-population variability. Ecol. Appl. 23, 924–935 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gosper, C. R., Yates, C. J. & Prober, S. M. Floristic diversity in fire-sensitive eucalypt woodlands shows a “U”-shaped relationship with time since fire. J. Appl. Ecol. 50, 1187–1196 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gosper, C. R. et al. A conceptual model of vegetation dynamics for the unique obligate-seeder eucalypt woodlands of south-western Australia. Austral Ecol. 43, 681–695 (2018).
Google Scholar
Clayton, W. D., Vorontsova, M. S., Harman, K. T. & Williamson, H. GrassBase – The online world grass flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html (2006).
Gray, E. F. et al. Leaf:wood allometry and functional traits together explain substantial growth rate variation in rainforest trees. AoB Plants 11, 1–11 (2019).
Google Scholar
Groom, P. K. & Lamont, B. B. Reproductive ecology of non-sprouting and re-sprouting Hakea species (Proteaceae) in southwestern Australia. In Gondwanan heritage (eds. S.D. Hopper M. Harvey, J. C. & George, A. S.) (Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, 1996).
Groom, P. K. & Lamont, B. B. Fruit-seed relations in Hakea: serotinous species invest more dry matter in predispersal seed protection. Austral Ecol. 22, 352–355 (1997).
Google Scholar
Groom, P. K. & Lamont, B. B. Phosphorus accumulation in Proteaceae seeds: A synthesis. Plant Soil 334, 61–72 (2010).
Google Scholar
Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., van Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H. C. & Cornwell, W. K. Burn or rot: leaf traits explain why flammability and decomposability are decoupled across species. Funct. Ecol. 29, 1486–1497 (2015).
Google Scholar
Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., van Bodegom, P. M., Cornelissen, J. H. C. & Shaw, V. Bark traits, decomposition and flammability of Australian forest trees. Aust. J. Bot. 65, 327 (2017).
Google Scholar
Grootemaat, S., Wright, I. J., van Bodegom, P. M. & Cornelissen, J. H. C. Scaling up flammability from individual leaves to fuel beds. Oikos 126, 1428–1438 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gross, C. L. The reproductive ecology of Canavalia rosea (Fabaceae) on Anak Krakatau. Indonesia. Aust. J. Bot. 41, 591–599 (1993).
Google Scholar
Gross, C. L. A comparison of the sexual systems in the trees from the Australian tropics with other tropical biomes–more monoecy but why? Am. J. Bot. 92, 907–919 (2005).
Google Scholar
Grubb, P. J. & Metcalfe, D. J. Adaptation and inertia in the Australian tropical lowland rain-forest flora: Contradictory trends in intergeneric and intrageneric comparisons of seed size in relation to light demand. Funct. Ecol. 10, 512–520 (1996).
Google Scholar
Grubb, P. J. et al. Monocot leaves are eaten less than dicot leaves in tropical lowland rain forests: Correlations with toughness and leaf presentation. Ann. Bot. 101, 1379–1389 (2008).
Google Scholar
Guilherme Pereira, C., Clode, P. L., Oliveira, R. S. & Lambers, H. Eudicots from severely phosphorus-impoverished environments preferentially allocate phosphorus to their mesophyll. New Phytol. 218, 959–973 (2018).
Google Scholar
Guilherme Pereira, C. et al. Trait convergence in photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency along a 2-million year dune chronosequence in a global biodiversity hotspot. J. Ecol. 107, 2006–2023 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hacke, U. G. et al. Water transport in vesselless Angiosperms: Conducting efficiency and cavitation safety. Int. J. Plant Sci. 168, 1113–1126 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hall, T. J. The nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of some pasture species in the Dichanthium-Eulalia Grasslands of North-West Queensland. Rangeland J. 3, 67–73 (1981).
Google Scholar
Harrison, M. T., Edwards, E. J., Farquhar, G. D., Nicotra, A. B. & Evans, J. R. Nitrogen in cell walls of sclerophyllous leaves accounts for little of the variation in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. Plant Cell Envrion. 32, 259–270 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hassiotou, F., Evans, J. R., Ludwig, M. & Veneklaas, E. J. Stomatal crypts may facilitate diffusion of CO2 to adaxial mesophyll cells in thick sclerophylls. Plant Cell Envrion. 32, 1596–1611 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hatch, A. B. Influence of plant litter on the Jarrah forest soils of the Dwellingup region. West. Aust. For. Timber Bur. Leaflet 18 (1955).
Hayes, P., Turner, B. L., Lambers, H. & Laliberte, E. Foliar nutrient concentrations and resorption efficiency in plants of contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies along a 2-million-year dune chronosequence. J. Ecol. 102, 396–410 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hayes, P. E., Clode, P. L., Oliveira, R. S. & Lambers, H. Proteaceae from phosphorus-impoverished habitats preferentially allocate phosphorus to photosynthetic cells: an adaptation improving phosphorus-use efficiency. Plant Cell Envrion. 41, 605–619 (2018).
Google Scholar
Henery, M. L. & Westoby, M. Seed mass and seed nutrient content as predictors of seed output variation between species. Oikos 92, 479–490 (2001).
Google Scholar
Hocking, P. J. The nutrition of fruits of two proteaceous shrubs, Grevillea wilsonii and Hakea undulata, from south-western Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 30, 219–230 (1982).
Google Scholar
Hocking, P. J. Mineral nutrient composition of leaves and fruits of selected species of Grevillea from southwestern Australia, with special reference to Grevillea leucopteris Meissn. Aust. J. Bot. 34, 155–164 (1986).
Google Scholar
Hong, L. T. et al. Plant resources of south east Asia: Timber trees. World biodiversity Database CD rom series (Springer-Verlag Berlin; Heidelberg GmbH; Co. KG, 1999).
Hopmans, P., Stewart, H. T. L. & Flinn, D. W. Impacts of harvesting on nutrients in a eucalypt ecosystem in southeastern Australia. For. Ecol. Manage. 59, 29–51 (1993).
Google Scholar
Huang, G., Rymer, P. D., Duan, H., Smith, R. A. & Tissue, D. T. Elevated temperature is more effective than elevated CO2 in exposing genotypic variation in Telopea speciosissima growth plasticity: implications for woody plant populations under climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 3800–3813 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hyland, B. P. M., Whiffin, T., Christophel, D., Gray, B. & Elick, R. W. Australian tropical rain forest plants trees, shrubs and vines. (CSIRO Publishing, 2003).
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). The wood density database. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/output/wood-density-database (2009).
Ilic, J., Boland, D., McDonald, M., G., D. & Blakemore, P. Woody density phase 1 – State of knowledge. National Carbon Accounting System. Technical Report 18. (Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra, Australia, 2000).
Islam, M., Turner, D. W. & Adams, M. A. Phosphorus availability and the growth, mineral composition and nutritive value of ephemeral forbs and associated perennials from the Pilbara, Western Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39, 149–159 (1999).
Google Scholar
Islam, M. & Adams, M. A. Mineral content and nutritive value of native grasses and the response to added phosphorus in a Pilbara rangeland. Trop. Grassl. 33, 193–200 (1999).
Jordan, G. J. An investigation of long-distance dispersal based on species native to both Tasmania and New Zealand. Aust. J. Bot. 49, 333–340 (2001).
Google Scholar
Jordan, G. J., Weston, P. H., Carpenter, R. J., Dillon, R. A. & Brodribb, T. J. The evolutionary relations of sunken, covered, and encrypted stomata to dry habitats in Proteaceae. Am. J. Bot. 95, 521–530 (2008).
Google Scholar
Jordan, G. J., Carpenter, R. J., Koutoulis, A., Price, A. & Brodribb, T. J. Environmental adaptation in stomatal size independent of the effects of genome size. New Phytol. 205, 608–617 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jordan, G. J. et al. Links between environment and stomatal size through evolutionary time in Proteaceae. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 287, 20192876 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jurado, E. Diaspore weight, dispersal, growth form and perenniality of central Australian plants. J. Ecol. 79, 811–828 (1991).
Google Scholar
Jurado, E. & Westoby, M. Germination biology of selected central Australian plants. Austral Ecol. 17, 341–348 (1992).
Google Scholar
Kanowski, J. Ecological determinants of the distribution and abundance of the folivorous marsupials endemic to the rainforests of the Atherton uplands, north Queensland. (James Cook University, Townsville, 1999).
Keighery, G. Taxonomy of the Calytrix ecalycata complex (Myrtaceae). Nuytsia 15, 261–268 (2004).
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. http://data.kew.org/sid/ (2019).
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed protein data from Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. http://data.kew.org/sid/ (2019).
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Oil content data from Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. http://data.kew.org/sid/ (2019).
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed dispersal data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. http://data.kew.org/sid/ (2019).
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Germination data from the Seed Information Database (SID) and Seed Bank Database. http://data.kew.org/sid/ (2019).
Knox, K. J. E. & Clarke, P. J. Fire severity and nutrient availability do not constrain resprouting in forest shrubs. Plant Ecol. 212, 1967–1978 (2011).
Google Scholar
Körner, C. & Cochrane, P. M. Stomatal responses and water relations of Eucalyptus pauciflora in summer along an elevational gradient. Oecologia 66, 443–455 (1985).
Google Scholar
Kooyman, R., Rossetto, M., Cornwell, W. & Westoby, M. Phylogenetic tests of community assembly across regional to continental scales in tropical and subtropical rain forests. Glob. Ecol. Biog. 20, 707–716 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kotowska, M. M., Wright, I. J. & Westoby, M. Parenchyma abundance in wood of evergreen trees varies independently of nutrients. Front. Plant. Sci. 11, art86 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kuo, J., Hocking, P. & Pate, J. Nutrient reserves in seeds of selected Proteaceous species from South-western Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 30, 231–249 (1982).
Google Scholar
Laliberté, E. et al. Experimental assessment of nutrient limitation along a 2-million-year dune chronosequence in the south-western Australia biodiversity hotspot. J. Ecol. 100, 631–642 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lambert, M. J. Sulphur relationships of native and exotic tree species. (Macquarie University, Sydney, 1979).
Lamont, B. B., Groom, P. K. & Cowling, R. M. High leaf mass per area of related species assemblages may reflect low rainfall and carbon isotope discrimination rather than low phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. Funct. Ecol. 16, 403–412 (2002).
Google Scholar
Lamont, B. B., Groom, P. K., Williams, M. & He, T. LMA, density and thickness: recognizing different leaf shapes and correcting for their nonlaminarity. New Phytol. 207, 942–947 (2015).
Google Scholar
Landsberg, J. Dieback of rural eucalypts: response of foliar dietary quality and herbivory to defoliation. Austral Ecol. 15, 89–96 (1990).
Google Scholar
Landsberg, J. & Gillieson, D. S. Regional and local variation in insect herbivory, vegetation and soils of eucalypt associations in contrasted landscape positions along a climatic gradient. Aust. J. Ecol. 20, 299–315 (1995).
Google Scholar
Lawes, M. J., Adie, H., Russell-Smith, J., Murphy, B. & Midgley, J. J. How do small savanna trees avoid stem mortality by fire? The roles of stem diameter, height and bark thickness. Ecosphere 2, 1–13 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lawes, M. J., Richards, A., Dathe, J. & Midgley, J. J. Bark thickness determines fire resistance of selected tree species from fire-prone tropical savanna in north Australia. Plant Ecol. 212, 2057–2069 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lawes, M. J., Midgley, J. J. & Clarke, P. J. Costs and benefits of relative bark thickness in relation to fire damage: A savanna/forest contrast. J. Ecol. 101, 517–524 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lawson, J. R., Fryirs, K. A. & Leishman, M. R. Data from: Hydrological conditions explain wood density in riparian plants of south-eastern Australia. Dryad Digital Repository https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.72h45 (2015).
Laxton, E. Relationship between leaf traits, insect communities and resource availability. (Macquarie University, 2005).
Lee, M. R. et al. Good neighbors aplenty: fungal endophytes rarely exhibit competitive exclusion patterns across a span of woody habitats. Ecology 100, e02790 (2019).
Google Scholar
Leigh, A. & Nicotra, A. B. Sexual dimorphism in reproductive allocation and water use efficiency in Maireana pyramidata (Chenopodiaceae), a dioecious, semi-arid shrub. Aust. J. Bot. 51, 509–514 (2003).
Google Scholar
Leigh, A., Cosgrove, M. J. & Nicotra, A. B. Reproductive allocation in a gender dimorphic shrub: anomalous female investment in Gynatrix pulchella? J. Ecol. 94, 1261–1271 (2006).
Google Scholar
Leishman, M. R. & Westoby, M. Classifying plants into groups on the basis of associations of individual traits–Evidence from Australian semi-arid woodlands. J. Ecol. 80, 417–424 (1992).
Google Scholar
Leishman, M. R., Westoby, M. & Jurado, E. Correlates of seed size variation: A comparison among five temperate floras. J. Ecol. 83, 517–529 (1995).
Google Scholar
Leishman, M. R., Haslehurst, T., Ares, A. & Baruch, Z. Leaf trait relationships of native and invasive plants: community- and global-scale comparisons. New Phytol. 176, 635–643 (2007).
Google Scholar
Lemmens, R. H. M. J. & Soerjanegara, I. Prosea, Volume 5/1: Timber Trees – Major Commercial Timbers. (Pudoc/Prosea, 1993).
Lenz, T. I., Wright, I. J. & Westoby, M. Interrelations among pressure-volume curve traits across species and water availability gradients. Physiol. Plant. 127, 423–433 (2006).
Google Scholar
Leuning, R., Cromer, R. N. & Rance, S. Spatial distributions of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus in crowns of Eucalyptus grandis. Oecologia 88, 504–510 (1991).
Google Scholar
Lewis, J. D. et al. Rising temperature may negate the stimulatory effect of rising CO2 on growth and physiology of Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). Funct. Plant. Bio. 42, 836–850 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lim, F. K. S., Pollock, L. J. & Vesk, P. A. The role of plant functional traits in shrub distribution around alpine frost hollows. J. Veg. Sci. 28, 585–594 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lord, J. et al. Larger seeds in tropical floras: Consistent patterns independent of growth form and dispersal mode. J. Biogeogr. 24, 205–211 (1997).
Google Scholar
Lusk, C. H., Onoda, Y., Kooyman, R. & Gutiurrez-Giron, A. Reconciling species-level vs plastic responses of evergreen leaf structure to light gradients: shade leaves punch above their weight. New Phytol. 186, 429–438 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lusk, C. H., Kelly, J. W. G. & Gleason, S. M. Light requirements of Australian tropical vs. cool-temperate rainforest tree species show different relationships with seedling growth and functional traits. Ann. Bot. 111, 479–488 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lusk, C. H., Sendall, K. M. & Clarke, P. J. Seedling growth rates and light requirements of subtropical rainforest trees associated with basaltic and rhyolitic soils. Aust. J. Bot. 62, 48–55 (2014).
Google Scholar
Macinnis-Ng, C., McClenahan, K. & Eamus, D. Convergence in hydraulic architecture, water relations and primary productivity amongst habitats and across seasons in Sydney. Funct. Plant. Bio. 31, 429–439 (2004).
Google Scholar
Macinnis-Ng, C. M. O., Zeppel, M. J. B., Palmer, A. R. & Eamus, D. Seasonal variations in tree water use and physiology correlate with soil salinity and soil water content in remnant woodlands on saline soils. J. Arid Environ. 129, 102–110 (2016).
Google Scholar
Marsh, N. R. & Adams, M. A. Decline of Eucalyptus tereticornis near Bairnsdale, Victoria: insect herbivory and nitrogen fractions in sap and foliage. Aust. J. Bot. 43, 39–49 (1995).
Google Scholar
Maslin, B. WATTLE, Interactive Identification of Australian Acacia. Version 2. (Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, 2014).
McCarthy, J. K., Dwyer, J. M. & Mokany, K. A regional-scale assessment of using metabolic scaling theory to predict ecosystem properties. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20192221 (2019).
McClenahan, K., Macinnis-Ng, C. & Eamus, D. Hydraulic architecture and water relations of several species at diverse sites around Sydney. Aust. J. Bot. 52, 509–518 (2004).
Google Scholar
McGlone, M. S., Richardson, S. J. & Jordan, G. J. Comparative biogeography of New Zealand trees: Species richness, height, leaf traits and range sizes. New Zealand J. Ecol. 34, 137–151 (2010).
McGlone, M. S., Richardson, S. J., Jordan, G. J. & Perry, G. L. W. Is there a “suboptimal” woody species height? A response to Scheffer et al. Trends in Ecol. Evo. 30, 4–5 (2015).
Google Scholar
McIntyre, S., Lavorel, S. & Tremont, R. M. Plant life-history attributes: Their relationship to disturbance response in herbaceous vegetation. The J. Ecol. 83, 31–44 (1995).
Google Scholar
Meers, T. Role of plant functional traits in determining the response of vegetation to land use change on the Delatite Peninsula, Victoria. (University of Melbourne, 2007).
Meers, T. L., Bell, T. L., Enright, N. J. & Kasel, S. Role of plant functional traits in determining vegetation composition of abandoned grazing land in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. J. Veg. Sci. 19, 515–524 (2008).
Google Scholar
Meers, T. L., Bell, T. L., Enright, N. J. & Kasel, S. Do generalisations of global trade-offs in plant design apply to an Australian sclerophyllous flora? Aust. J. Bot. 58, 257–270 (2010).
Google Scholar
Meers, T. L., Kasel, S., Bell, T. L. & Enright, N. J. Conversion of native forest to exotic Pinus radiata plantation: response of understorey plant composition using a plant functional trait approach. For. Ecol. Manage. 259, 399–409 (2010).
Google Scholar
Meier, E. The wood database. http://www.wood-database.com/ (2007).
Laliberté, E. et al. Land-use intensification reduces functional redundancy and response diversity in plant communities. Ecol. Lett. 13, 76–86 (2010).
Google Scholar
Milberg, P. & Lamont, B. B. Seed/cotyledon size and nutrient content play a major role in early performance of species on nutrient-poor soils. New Phytol. 137, 665–672 (1997).
Google Scholar
Milberg, P., Pérez-Fernández, M. A. & Lamont, B. B. Seedling growth response to added nutrients depends on seed size in three woody genera. J. Ecol. 86, 624–632 (1998).
Google Scholar
Mokany, K. & Ash, J. Are traits measured on pot grown plants representative of those in natural communities? J. Veg. Sci. 19, 119–126 (2008).
Google Scholar
Mokany, K., Thomson, J. J., Lynch, A. J. J., Jordan, G. J. & Ferrier, S. Linking changes in community composition and function under climate change. Ecol. Appl. 25, 2132–2141 (2015).
Google Scholar
Moles, A. T. & Westoby, M. Do small leaves expand faster than large leaves, and do shorter expansion times reduce herbivore damage? Oikos 90, 517–524 (2000).
Google Scholar
Moles, A. T., Warton, D. I. & Westoby, M. Seed size and survival in the soil in arid Australia. Austral Ecol. 28, 575–585 (2003).
Google Scholar
Moles, A. T. et al. Putting plant resistance traits on the map: A test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes. New Phytol. 191, 777–788 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mooney, H. A., Ferrar, P. J. & Slatyer, R. O. Photosynthetic capacity and carbon allocation patterns in diverse growth forms of Eucalyptus. Oecologia 36, 103–111 (1978).
Google Scholar
Moore, A. W., Russell, J. S. & Coaldrake, J. E. Dry matter and nutrient content of a subtropical semiarid forest of Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. (Brigalow). Aust. J. Bot. 15, 11–24 (1967).
Google Scholar
Moore, N. A., Camac, J. S. & Morgan, J. W. Effects of drought and fire on resprouting capacity of 52 temperate Australian perennial native grasses. New Phytol. 221, 1424–1433 (2018).
Google Scholar
Morgan, H. Root system architecture, water use and rainfall responses of perennial species. (Macquarie University, 2005).
Muir, A. M., Vesk, P. A. & Hepworth, G. Reproductive trajectories over decadal time-spans after fire for eight obligate-seeder shrub species in south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 62, 369–379 (2014).
Google Scholar
Munroe, S. E. M. et al. The photosynthetic pathways of plant species surveyed in Australia’s national terrestrial monitoring network. Scientific Data 8, 97 (2021).
Google Scholar
National Herbarium of NSW. Trait measurements for NSW rainforest species from PLantNET. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ (2016).
Nicholson, A., Prior, L. D., Perry, G. L. W. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. High post-fire mortality of resprouting woody plants in Tasmanian Mediterranean-type vegetation. Int. J. Wildland Fire 26, 532–537 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nicolle, D. A classification and census of regenerative strategies in the eucalypts (Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus – Myrtaceae), with special reference to the obligate seeders. Aust. J. Bot. 54, 391–407 (2006).
Google Scholar
Nicolle, D. Classification of the Eucalypts (Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus) Version 3. (Currency Creek Arboretum Eucalypt Research, 2018).
Niinemets, U., Wright, I. J. & Evans, J. R. Leaf mesophyll diffusion conductance in 35 Australian sclerophylls covering a broad range of foliage structural and physiological variation. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 2433–2449 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kenny, B., Orscheg, C., Tasker, E., Gill, M. A. & Bradstock, R. NSW Flora Fire Response Database, v2.1. (NSW Department of Planning Industry; Environment, 2014).
Northern Territory Herbarium. Flora of the Darwin Region Online. http://www.lrm.nt.gov.au/plants-and-animals/herbarium/darwin_flora_online (2014).
Onoda, Y., Richards, A. E. & Westoby, M. The relationship between stem biomechanics and wood density is modified by rainfall in 32 Australian woody plant species. New Phytol. 185, 493–501 (2009).
Google Scholar
O’Reilly-Nugent, A. et al. Measuring competitive impact: Joint‐species modelling of invaded plant communities. J. Ecol. 108, 449–459 (2018).
Google Scholar
Osborne, C. P. et al. A global database of C4 photosynthesis in grasses. New Phytol. 204, 441–446 (2014).
Google Scholar
Paczkowska G. & Chapman, A.R. The Western Australian flora: A descriptive catalogue. 652 (CALM, Kings Park; Botanic Gardens; Wildflower Society of Western Australia, 2000).
Palma, E. et al. Functional trait changes in the floras of 11 cities across the globe in response to urbanization. Ecography 40, 875–886 (2017).
Google Scholar
Pate, J. S., Rasins, E., Rullo, J. & Kuo, J. Seed nutrient reserves of Proteaceae with special reference to protein bodies and their inclusions. Ann. Bot. 57, 747–770 (1986).
Google Scholar
Pearcy, R. W. Photosynthetic gas exchange responses of Australian tropical forest trees in canopy, gap and understory micro-environments. Funct. Ecol. 1, 169–178 (1987).
Google Scholar
Peeters, P. J. Correlations between leaf structural traits and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 77, 43–65 (2002).
Google Scholar
Pekin, B. K., Wittkuhn, R. S., Boer, M. M., Macfarlane, C. & Grierson, P. F. Plant functional traits along environmental gradients in seasonally dry and fire-prone ecosystem. J. Veg. Sci. 22, 1009–1020 (2011).
Google Scholar
Pickering, C., Green, K., Barros, A. A. & Venn, S. A resurvey of late-lying snowpatches reveals changes in both species and functional composition across snowmelt zones. Alp. Bot. 124, 93–103 (2014).
Google Scholar
Pickup, M., Westoby, M. & Basden, A. Dry mass costs of deploying leaf area in relation to leaf size. Funct. Ecol. 19, 88–97 (2005).
Google Scholar
Pollock, L. J., Morris, W. K. & Vesk, P. A. The role of functional traits in species distributions revealed through a hierarchical model. Ecography 35, 716–725 (2011).
Google Scholar
Pollock, L. J. et al. Combining functional traits, the environment and multiple surveys to understand semi-arid tree distributions. J. Veg. Sci. 29, 967–977 (2018).
Google Scholar
Prior, L. D., Eamus, D. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. Leaf attributes in the seasonally dry tropics: A comparison of four habitats in northern Australia. Funct. Ecol. 17, 504–515 (2003).
Google Scholar
Prior, L. D., Bowman, D. M. J. S. & Eamus, D. Seasonal differences in leaf attributes in Australian tropical tree species: family and habitat comparisons. Funct. Ecol. 18, 707–718 (2004).
Google Scholar
Prior, L. D., Williamson, G. J. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. Impact of high-severity fire in a Tasmainian dry eucalypt forest. Aust. J. Bot. 64, 193–205 (2016).
Google Scholar
Oxford Forestry Institute. Prospect: The wood database. http://dps.plants.ox.ac.uk/ofi/prospect/index.htm (2009).
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed Information Database (SID). http://data.kew.org/sid/ (2014).
Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/simple.htm (2014).
Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. PLantNET: NSW flora online. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ (2014).
Read, J. & Sanson, G. D. Characterizing sclerophylly: the mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types. New Phytol. 160, 81–99 (2003).
Google Scholar
Read, J., Sanson, G. D. & Lamont, B. B. Leaf mechanical properties in sclerophyll woodland and shrubland on contrasting soils. Plant Soil 276, 95–113 (2005).
Google Scholar
Reid, J. B., Hill, R., Brown, M. & and M. Hovenden. Vegetation of Tasmania. 456 (1999).
Reynolds, V. A., Anderegg, L. D. L., Loy, X., HilleRisLambers, J. & Mayfield, M. M. Unexpected drought resistance strategies in seedlings of four Brachychiton species. Tree Physiol. 38, 664–677 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rice, K. J., Matzner, S. L., Byer, W. & Brown, J. R. Patterns of tree dieback in Queensland, Australia: The importance of drought stress and the role of resistance to cavitation. Oecologia 139, 190–198 (2004).
Google Scholar
Richards, A. E. et al. Physiological profiles of restricted endemic plants and their widespread congenors in the North Queensland wet tropics, Australia. Biol. Conserv. 111, 41–52 (2003).
Google Scholar
Roderick, M. L., Berry, S. L. & Noble, I. R. The relationship between leaf composition and morphology at elevated CO2 concentrations. New Phytol. 143, 63–72 (1999).
Google Scholar
Roderick, M. L. & Cochrane, M. J. On the conservative nature of the leaf mass-area relationship. Ann. Bot. 89, 537–542 (2002).
Google Scholar
Rosell, J. A., Gleason, S., Mendez-Alonzo, R., Chang, Y. & Westoby, M. Bark functional ecology: Evidence for tradeoffs, functional coordination, and environment producing bark diversity. New Phytol. 201, 486–497 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rye, B. L. A revision of south-western Australian species of Micromyrtus (Myrtaceae) with five antisepalous ribs on the hypanthium. Nuytsia 15, 101–122 (2002).
Rye, B. L. A partial revision of the south-western Australian species of Micromyrtus (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae). Nuytsia 16, 117–147 (2006).
Rye, B. L. Reinstatement of the Western Australian genus Oxymyrrhine (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae) with three new species. Nuytsia 19, 149–165 (2009).
Rye, B. L. A revision of the Micromyrtus racemosa complex (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae) of south-western Australia. Nuytsia 20, 37–56 (2010).
Rye, B. L., Wilson, P. G. & Keighery, G. J. A revision of the species of Hypocalymma (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae) with smooth or colliculate seeds. Nuytsia 23, 283–312 (2013).
Rye, B. L. An update to the taxonomy of some western Australian genera of Myrtaceae tribe Chamelaucieae. 1. Calytrix. Nuytsia 23, 483–501 (2013).
Rye, B. L. A revision of the south-western Australian genus Babingtonia (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae). Nuytsia 25, 219–250 (2015).
Jessop, J. P. & Toelken, H. R. Flora of South Australia, 4th edition, 4 vols. (Government Printer, Adelaide, 1986).
Sams, M. A. et al. Landscape context explains changes in the functional diversity of regenerating forests better than climate or species richness. Glob. Ecol. Biog. 26, 1165–1176 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sauquet, H. et al. The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–10 (2017).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, S. & Stewart, G. R. Waterlogging and fire impacts on nitrogen availability and utilization in a subtropical wet heathland (wallum). Plant Cell Envrion. 20, 1231–1241 (1997).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, S. & Stewart, G. R. d15N values of tropical savanna and monsoon forest species reflect root specialisations and soil nitrogen status. Oecologia 134, 569–577 (2003).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, S., Lamble, R. E., Fensham, R. J. & Siddique, I. Effect of woody vegetation clearing on nutrient and carbon relations of semi-arid dystrophic savanna. Plant Soil 331, 79–90 (2009).
Google Scholar
Schulze, E., Kelliher, F. M., Körner, C., Lloyd, J. & Leuning, R. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: A global ecology scaling exercise. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 629–662 (1994).
Google Scholar
Schulze, E.-D. et al. Carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and nitrogen nutrition of trees along a rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Aust. J. Plant. Physiol. 25, 413–425 (1998).
Schulze, E.-D., Turner, N. C., Nicolle, D. & Schumacher, J. Species differences in carbon isotope ratios, specific leaf area and nitrogen concentrations in leaves of Eucalyptus growing in a common garden compared with along an aridity gradient. Physiol. Plant. 127, 434–444 (2006).
Google Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Turner, N. C., Nicolle, D. & Schumacher, J. Leaf and wood carbon isotope ratios, specific leaf areas and wood growth of Eucalyptus species across a rainfall gradient in Australia. Tree Physiol. 26, 479–492 (2006).
Google Scholar
Turner, N. C., Schulze, E.-D., Nicolle, D., Schumacher, J. & Kuhlmann, I. Annual rainfall does not directly determine the carbon isotope ratio of leaves of Eucalyptus species. Physiol. Plant. 132, 440–445 (2008).
Google Scholar
Schulze, E. D. et al. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of Eucalyptus and Acacia species along a seasonal rainfall gradient in Western Australia. Trees 28, 1125–1135 (2014).
Google Scholar
Scott, A. J. Vegetation recovery and recruitment processes in south-eastern Australian semi-arid old fields. (La Trobe University, 2010).
Sendall, K. M., Lusk, C. H. & Reich, P. B. Trade-offs in juvenile growth potential vs. shade tolerance among subtropical rain forest trees on soils of contrasting fertility. Funct. Ecol. 30, 845–855 (2015).
Google Scholar
Seng, O. D. Specific gravity of Indonesian Woods and its significance for practical use. (FPRDC Forestry Department, Bogor, Indonesia, 1951).
Sjöström, A. & Gross, C. L. Life-history characters and phylogeny are correlated with extinction risk in the Australian angiosperms. J. Biogeogr. 33, 271–290 (2006).
Google Scholar
Smith, B. Community-level Convergence and Community Structure of temperate Nothofagus forests. (University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1996).
Smith, R. A., Lewis, J. D., Ghannoum, O. & Tissue, D. T. Leaf structural responses to pre-industrial, current and elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature affect leaf function in Eucalyptus sideroxylon. Funct. Plant. Bio. 39, 285–296 (2012).
Google Scholar
Soliveres, S., Eldridge, D. J., Hemmings, F. & Maestre, F. T. Nurse plant effects on plant species richness in drylands: The role of grazing, rainfall and species specificity. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Systs. 14, 402–410 (2012).
Google Scholar
Soper, F. M. et al. Natural abundance (delta15N) indicates shifts in nitrogen relations of woody taxa along a savanna-woodland continental rainfall gradient. Oecologia 178, 297–308 (2014).
Google Scholar
Specht, R. L. et al. Mediterranean-type ecosystems: A data source book. 248 (Springer, 1988).
Specht, R. L. & Rundel, P. W. Sclerophylly and foliar nutrient status of Mediterranean-climate plant communities in southern Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 38, 459–474 (1990).
Google Scholar
Sperry, J. S., Hacke, U. G., Feild, T. S., Sano, Y. & Sikkema, E. H. Hydraulic consequences of vessel evolution in Angiosperms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 168, 1127–1139 (2007).
Google Scholar
Staples, T., Dwyer, J. M., England, J. R. & Mayfield, M. M. Productivity does not correlate with species and functional diversity in Australian reforestation plantings across a wide climate gradient. Glob. Ecol. Biog. 28, 1417–1429 (2019).
Google Scholar
Stewart, G., Turnbull, M., Schmidt, S. & Erskine, P. 13C natural abundance in plant communities along a rainfall gradient: a biological integrator of water availability. Funct. Plant. Bio. 22, 51–55 (1995).
Google Scholar
Stock, W. D., Pate, J. S. & Rasins, E. Seed developmental patterns in Banksia attenuata R. Br. and B. laricina C. Gardner in relation to mechanical defence costs. New Phytol. 117, 109–114 (1991).
Google Scholar
Tait, C. J., Daniels, C. B. & Hill, R. S. Changes in species assemblages within the Adelaide metropolitan area, Australia, 1836–2002. Ecol. Appl. 15, 346–359 (2005).
Google Scholar
Taseski, G., Keith, D. A., Dalrymple, R. L. & Cornwell, W. K. Shifts in fine root traits within and among species along a small-scale hydrological gradient. (University of New South Wales, 2017).
Taylor, D. & Eamus, D. Coordinating leaf functional traits with branch hydraulic conductivity: Resource substitution and implications for carbon gain. Tree Physiol. 28, 1169–1177 (2008).
Google Scholar
Thomas, F. M. & Vesk, P. A. Growth races in The Mallee: Height growth in woody plants examined with a trait-based model. Austral Ecol. 42, 790–800 (2017).
Google Scholar
Thomas, F. M. & Vesk, P. A. Are trait-growth models transferable? Predicting multi-species growth trajectories between ecosystems using plant functional traits. PLoS One 12, e0176959 (2017).
Google Scholar
Thompson, I. R. Morphometric analysis and revision of eastern Australian Hovea (Brongniartieae-Fabaceae). Aust. Syst. Bot. 14, 1–99 (2001).
Google Scholar
Tasmanian Herbarium. Flora of Tasmania Online. http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania (2009).
Tng, D. Y. P., Jordan, G. J. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. Plant traits demonstrate that temperate and tropical giant Eucalypt forests are ecologically convergent with rainforest not savanna. PLoS One 8, e84378 (2013).
Google Scholar
Toelken, H. R. A revision of the genus Kunzea (Myrtaceae) I. The western Australian section Zeanuk. J. Adel. Bot. Gard. 17, 29–106 (1996).
Tomlinson, K. W. et al. Biomass partitioning and root morphology of savanna trees across a water gradient. J. Ecol. 100, 1113–1121 (2012).
Google Scholar
Tomlinson, K. W. et al. Leaf adaptations of evergreen and deciduous trees of semi-arid and humid savannas on three continents. J. Ecol. 101, 430–440 (2013).
Google Scholar
Tomlinson, K. W. et al. Seedling growth of savanna tree species from three continents under grass competition and nutrient limitation in a greenhouse experiment. J. Ecol. 107, 1051–1066 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tremont, R. M. Life-history attributes of plants in grazed and ungrazed grasslands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Aust. J. Bot. 42, 511–530 (1994).
Google Scholar
Trudgen, M. E. & Rye, B. L. Astus, a new western Australian genus of Myrtaceae with heterocarpidic fruits. Nuytsia 14, 495–512 (2005).
Trudgen, M. E. & Rye, B. L. An update to the taxonomy of some western Australian genera of Myrtaceae tribe Chamelaucieae. 2. Cyathostemon. Nuytsia 24, 7–16 (2014).
Turner, J. & Lambert, M. J. Nutrient cycling within a 27-year-old Eucalyptus grandis plantation in New South Wales. For. Ecol. Manage. 6, 155–168 (1983).
Google Scholar
Turner, N. C., Schulze, E.-D., Nicolle, D. & Kuhlmann, I. Growth in two common gardens reveals species by environment interaction in carbon isotope discrimination of Eucalyptus. Tree Physiol. 30, 741–747 (2010).
Google Scholar
Veneklaas, E. J. & Poot, P. Seasonal patterns in water use and leaf turnover of different plant functional types in a species-rich woodland, south-western Australia. Plant Soil 257, 295–304 (2003).
Google Scholar
Venn, S. E., Green, K., Pickering, C. M. & Morgan, J. W. Using plant functional traits to explain community composition across a strong environmental filter in Australian alpine snowpatches. Plant Ecol. 212, 1491–1499 (2011).
Google Scholar
Venn, S., Pickering, C. & Green, K. Spatial and temporal functional changes in alpine summit vegetation are driven by increases in shrubs and graminoids. AoB Plants 6, plu008 (2014).
Google Scholar
Vesk, P. A., Leishman, M. R. & Westoby, M. Simple traits do not predict grazing response in Australian dry shrublands and woodlands. J. Appl. Ecol. 41, 22–31 (2004).
Google Scholar
Vesk, P. A. & Yen, J. D. L. Plant resprouting: How many sprouts and how deep? Flexible modelling of multispecies experimental disturbances. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Systs. 41, 125497 (2019).
Google Scholar
Vlasveld, C., O’Leary, B., Udovicic, F. & Burd, M. Leaf heteroblasty in eucalypts: biogeographic evidence of ecological function. Aust. J. Bot. 66, 191–201 (2018).
Google Scholar
Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au (1998).
Western Australian Herbarium. FloraBase: The Western Australian flora. http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/ (2016).
Warren, C. R., Tausz, M. & Adams, M. A. Does rainfall explain variation in leaf morphology and physiology among populations of red ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon subsp. tricarpa) grown in a common garden? Tree Physiol. 25, 1369–1378 (2005).
Google Scholar
Warren, C. R., Dreyer, E., Tausz, M. & Adams, M. A. Ecotype adaptation and acclimation of leaf traits to rainfall in 29 species of 16-year-old Eucalyptus at two common gardens. Funct. Ecol. 20, 929–940 (2006).
Google Scholar
Weerasinghe, L. K. et al. Canopy position affects the relationships between leaf respiration and associated traits in a tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland. Tree Physiol. 34, 564–584 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wells, J. A. Phylogeny and inter-relations of ecological traits and seed dispersal in rainforest plants: Exploring aspects of functional diversity in primary and secondary rainforests in Australia’s Wet Tropics. (University of Queensland, 2012).
Westman, W. E. & Roggers, R. V. Nutrient stocks in a subtropical eucalypt forest, North Stradbroke Island. Austral Ecol. 2, 447–460 (1977).
Google Scholar
Westoby, M. et al. Seed size and plant growth form as factors in dispersal spectra. Ecology 71, 1307–1315 (1990).
Google Scholar
Westoby, M. & Wright, I. J. The leaf size – twig size spectrum and its relationship to other important spectra of variation among species. Oecologia 135, 621–628 (2003).
Google Scholar
Wheeler, J. R., Marchant, N. G. & Lewington, M. Flora of the south west: Bunbury, Augusta, Denmark. (Australian Biological Resources Study; University of Western Australia Press, 2002).
White, M., Sinclair, S. & Frood, D. Victorian Vital Attributes Database. (Department of Environment, Land, Water; Planning, Victoria, 2020).
Williams, N. S. G., Morgan, J. W., McDonnell, M. J. & McCarthy, M. A. Plant traits and local extinctions in natural grasslands along an urban-rural gradient. J. Ecol. 93, 1203–1213 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wills, J. et al. Tree leaf trade-offs are stronger for sub-canopy trees: leaf traits reveal little about growth rates in canopy trees. Ecol. Appl. 28, 1116–1125 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wilson, P. G. & Rowe, R. A revision of the Indigofereae (Fabaceae) in Australia. 2. Indigofera species with trifoliolate and alternately pinnate leaves. Telopea 12, 293–307 (2008).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J. et al. A survey of seed and seedling characters in 1744 Australian dicotyledon species: Cross-species trait correlations and correlated trait-shifts within evolutionary lineages. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 69, 521–547 (2000).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J., Reich, P. B. & Westoby, M. Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high- and low-rainfall and high- and low-nutrient habitats. Funct. Ecol. 15, 423–434 (2001).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J. & Westoby, M. Leaves at low versus high rainfall: Coordination of structure, lifespan and physiology. New Phytol. 155, 403–416 (2002).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J., Westoby, M. & Reich, P. B. Convergence towards higher leaf mass per area in dry and nutrient-poor habitats has different consequences for leaf life span. J. Ecol. 90, 534–543 (2002).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J., Falster, D. S., Pickup, M. & Westoby, M. Cross-species patterns in the coordination between leaf and stem traits, and their implications for plant hydraulics. Physiol. Plant. 127, 445–456 (2006).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J. et al. Stem diameter growth rates in a fire-prone savanna correlate with photosynthetic rate and branch-scale biomass allocation, but not specific leaf area. Austral Ecol. 44, 339–350 (2018).
Google Scholar
Yates, C. J. et al. Mallee woodlands and shrublands: the mallee, muruk/muert and maalok vegetation of Southern Australia. in Australian Vegetation (Cambridge University Press, 2017).
Zanne, A. E. et al. Data from: Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Dryad https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234 (2009).
Zieminska, K., Butler, D. W., Gleason, S. M., Wright, I. J. & Westoby, M. Fibre wall and lumen fractions drive wood density variation across 24 Australian angiosperms. AoB Plants 5, plt046 (2013).
Google Scholar
Zieminska, K., Westoby, M. & Wright, I. J. Broad anatomical variation within a narrow wood density range – A study of twig wood across 69 Australian Angiosperms. PLoS One 10, e0124892 (2015).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software 4, 1686 (2019).
Google Scholar
Stephens, J. Yaml: Methods to convert r data to YAML and back (r package version 2.1. 13). (2014).
FitzJohn, R. Remake: Make-like build management. R package version 0.2.0. (2016).
Xie, Y. Dynamic documents with R and Knitr. (2015).
Allaire, J. et al. Rmarkdown: Dynamic documents for R. R package version 0.5.1. (2015).
CHAH. Australian Plant Name Index (continuously updated), Centre of Australian National Biodiversity Research. (https://www.biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apni (14/05/2020), 2020).
Chamberlain, S. A. & Szöcs, E. Taxize: Taxonomic search and retrieval in R. F1000Res. 2, 191 (2013).
Google Scholar
Falster, D. et al. AusTraits: a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3568417 (2021).
Wilkinson, M. D. et al. The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci. Data 3 (2016).
Falster, D. S., FitzJohn, R. G., Pennell, M. W. & Cornwell, W. K. Datastorr: A workflow and package for delivering successive versions of ‘evolving data’ directly into R. GigaScience 8, giz035 (2019).
Google Scholar
Smith, S. A. & Brown, J. W. Constructing a broadly inclusive seed plant phylogeny. Am. J. Bot. 105, 302–314 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jin, Y. V.PhyloMaker: Make phylogenetic hypotheses for vascular plants, etc.. R package version 0.1.0. (2020).
Yu, G., Smith, D. K., Zhu, H., Guan, Y. & Lam, T. T.-Y. Gtree: An r package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data. Methods in Ecol. Evo. 8, 28–36 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stefan, V. & Levin, S. Plotbiomes: Plot Whittaker biomes with ggplot2. R package version 0.0.0.9001. (2020).
Whittaker, R. H. Communities and ecosystems. (MacMillan Publishers, 1975).
Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4302–4315 (2017).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
