Giles-Corti, B. et al. City planning and population health: a global challenge. Lancet 388, 2912–2924 (2016).
Google Scholar
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision ST/ESA/SER.A/420 (UN DESA, 2019).
Okkels, N., Kristiansen, C. B., Munk-Jørgensen, P. & Sartorius, N. Urban mental health. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 31, 258–264 (2018).
Google Scholar
Robbins, R. N., Scott, T., Joska, J. A. & Gouse, H. Impact of urbanization on cognitive disorders. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 32, 210–217 (2019).
Google Scholar
Sarkar, C., Webster, C. & Gallacher, J. Residential greenness and prevalence of major depressive disorders: a cross-sectional, observational, associational study of 94 879 adult UK Biobank participants. Lancet Planet. Health 2, e162–e173 (2018).
Google Scholar
Engemann, K. et al. Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1807504116 (2019).
Dadvand, P. et al. Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 7937–7942 (2015).
Google Scholar
Franco, L. S., Shanahan, D. F. & Fuller, R. A. A review of the benefits of nature experiences: more than meets the eye. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14, 864 (2017).
Google Scholar
Cox, D. T. C. et al. Skewed contributions of individual trees to indirect nature experiences. Landsc. Urban Plan. 185, 28–34 (2019).
Google Scholar
Irvine, K. N. et al. Green space, soundscape and urban sustainability: an interdisciplinary, empirical study. Local Environ. 14, 155–172 (2009).
Google Scholar
Weber, S. T. & Heuberger, E. The impact of natural odors on affective states in humans. Chem. Senses 33, 441–447 (2008).
Google Scholar
Li, Q. Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 15, 9–17 (2010).
Google Scholar
Rook, G. A., Raison, C. L. & Lowry, C. A. Can we vaccinate against depression? Drug Discov. Today 17, 451–458 (2012).
Google Scholar
Markevych, I. et al. Access to urban green spaces and behavioural problems in children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies. Environ. Int. 71, 29–35 (2014).
Google Scholar
Taylor, M. S., Wheeler, B. W., White, M. P., Economou, T. & Osborne, N. J. Research note: urban street tree density and antidepressant prescription rates—a cross-sectional study in London, UK. Landsc. Urban Plan. 136, 174–179 (2015).
Akpinar, A., Barbosa-Leiker, C. & Brooks, K. R. Does green space matter? Exploring relationships between green space type and health indicators. Urban For. Urban Green. 20, 407–418 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cox, D. T. C., Shanahan, D. F., Hudson, H. L., Fuller, R. A. & Gaston, K. J. The impact of urbanisation on nature dose and the implications for human health. Landsc. Urban Plan. 179, 72–80 (2018).
Google Scholar
Amoly, E. et al. Green and blue spaces and behavioral development in Barcelona schoolchildren: the BREATHE Project. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 1351–1358 (2014).
Google Scholar
Astell-Burt, T. & Feng, X. Association of urban green space with mental health and general health among adults in Australia. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e198209 (2019).
Google Scholar
Barton, J. & Pretty, J. What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? A multi-study analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 3947–3955 (2010).
Google Scholar
Gascon, M. et al. Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12, 4354–4379 (2015).
Google Scholar
The Mental Health of Children and Young People in London (PHE, 2016).
Bijnens, E. M., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Weyers, S. & Nawrot, T. S. Residential green space and child intelligence and behavior across urban, suburban, and rural areas in Belgium: a longitudinal birth cohort study of twins. PLoS Med. 17, e1003213 (2020).
Google Scholar
Milligan, C. & Bingley, A. Restorative places or scary spaces? The impact of woodland on the mental well-being of young adults. Health Place 13, 799–811 (2007).
Google Scholar
Toledano, M. B. et al. Cohort profile: the study of cognition, adolescents and mobile phones (SCAMP). Int. J. Epidemiol. 48, 25–26l (2018).
Google Scholar
Afifi, M. Gender differences in mental health. Singapore Med. J. 48, 385–391 (2007).
Google Scholar
Guhn, M., Emerson, S. D., Mahdaviani, D. & Gadermann, A. M. Associations of birth factors and socio-economic status with indicators of early emotional development and mental health in childhood: a population-based linkage study. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 51, 80–93 (2020).
Google Scholar
Morita, E. et al. Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction. Public Health 121, 54–63 (2007).
Google Scholar
Thompson, C. W. et al. Health impacts of environmental and social interventions designed to increase deprived communities’ access to urban woodlands: a mixed-methods study. Public Health Res. 27, 1–172 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hedblom, M., Heyman, E., Antonsson, H. & Gunnarsson, B. Bird song diversity influences young people’s appreciation of urban landscapes. Urban For. Urban Green. 13, 469–474 (2014).
Google Scholar
Liao, J. et al. Residential exposure to green space and early childhood neurodevelopment. Environ. Int. 128, 70–76 (2019).
Google Scholar
Picavet, H. S. J. et al. Greener living environment healthier people? Exploring green space, physical activity and health in the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Prev. Med. 89, 7–14 (2016).
Google Scholar
Francis, J., Wood, L. J., Knuiman, M. & Giles-Corti, B. Quality or quantity? Exploring the relationship between public open space attributes and mental health in Perth, Western Australia. Soc. Sci. Med. 74, 1570–1577 (2012).
Google Scholar
Nutsford, D., Pearson, A. L., Kingham, S. & Reitsma, F. Residential exposure to visible blue space (but not green space) associated with lower psychological distress in a capital city. Health Place 39, 70–78 (2016).
Google Scholar
Little, S. & Derr, V. in Research Handbook on Childhoodnature (eds Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A. et al.) 151–178 (Springer, 2020).
Bell, S. L., Phoenix, C., Lovell, R. & Wheeler, B. W. Seeking everyday wellbeing: the coast as a therapeutic landscape. Soc. Sci. Med. 142, 56–67 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bratman, G. N. et al. Nature and mental health: an ecosystem service perspective. Sci. Adv. 5, 903–927 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S. & Frumkin, H. Nature and health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 35, 207–228 (2014).
Google Scholar
Tarling, R. & Roger, R. D. Socio-economic determinants of crime rates: modelling local area police-recorded crime. Howard J. Crime Justice 55, 207–225 (2016).
Google Scholar
Rose, D., Pevalin, D. J. & O’Reilly, K. The National Statistics Socio-economic Classification: Origins, Development and Use (Palgrave MacMillan, 2005).
Carstairs, V. & Morris, R. Deprivation and health in Scotland. Health Bull. 48, 162–175 (1990).
Google Scholar
2011 Census Aggregate Data (Office of National Statistics, 2012); https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census
Luciana, M. & Nelson, C. A. Assessment of neuropsychological function through use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery: performance in 4- to 12-year-old children. Dev. Neuropsychol. 22, 595–624 (2002).
Google Scholar
Tombaugh, T. N. Trail Making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 19, 203–214 (2004).
Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. The Measurement of Adult Intelligence (Williams & Wilkins, 1944).
Burgess, P. W. in Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function (ed. Rabbitt, P.) 79–113 (Taylor and Francis, 2004).
Goodman, R., Meltzer, H. & Bailey, V. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 15, 173–177 (2003).
Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16, 297–334 (1951).
Google Scholar
The KIDSCREEN Group Europe The Kidscreen Questionnaires: Quality of Life Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents (Pabst Science, 2006).
Berman, A. H., Liu, B., Ullman, S., Jadbäck, I. & Engström, K. Children’s quality of life based on the KIDSCREEN-27: child self-report, parent ratings and child–parent agreement in a Swedish random population sample. PLoS ONE 11, e0150545 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sentinel-2 User Handbook (ESA, 2015).
Gascon, M. et al. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a marker of surrounding greenness in epidemiological studies: the case of Barcelona city. Urban For. Urban Green. 19, 88–94 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ. 202, 18–27 (2017).
Google Scholar
Open Map—Local (Ordnance Survey, 2019); http://os.uk
Miura, N. & Jones, S. D. Characterizing forest ecological structure using pulse types and heights of airborne laser scanning. Remote Sens. Environ. 114, 1069–1076 (2010).
Google Scholar
Dadvand, P. et al. The association between greenness and traffic-related air pollution at schools. Sci. Total Environ. 523, 59–63 (2015).
Google Scholar
Sunyer, J. et al. Association between traffic-related air pollution in schools and cognitive development in primary school children: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 12, e1001792 (2015).
Google Scholar
Roberts, S. et al. Exploration of NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution and mental health problems using high-resolution data in London-based children from a UK longitudinal cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 272, 8–17 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tzivian, L. et al. Effect of long-term outdoor air pollution and noise on cognitive and psychological functions in adults. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 218, 1–11 (2015).
Google Scholar
Rue, H., Martino, S. & Chopin, N. Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 71, 319–392 (2009).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
