IEA. Renewables information 2019 overview. Clim. Change 2013 Phys. Sci. Basis 53, 1–30 (2019).
IPCC. Summary for Policymakers. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. (2018).
IPCC. Foreword, Preface, Dedication and In Memoriam. Clim. Chang. 2014 Mitig. Clim. Chang. Contrib. Work. Gr. III to Fifth Assess. Rep. Intergov. Panel Clim. Chang. 1454 (2014).
Shakoor, A. et al. Biogeochemical transformation of greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial to atmospheric environment and potential feedback to climate forcing. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 38513–38536 (2020).
Google Scholar
Mani, M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Chonabayashi, S., Markandya, A. & Mosier, T. South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards. South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards (2018). https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1155-5.
Sarkar, M. S. K., Sadeka, S., Sikdar, M. M. H. & Badiuzzaman. Energy consumption and CO2 emission in Bangladesh: Trends and policy implications. Asia Pac. J. Energy Environ. 5, 41–48 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mitchard, E. T. A. The tropical forest carbon cycle and climate change. Nature 559, 527–534 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dixon, R. K. et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263, 185–190 (1994).
Google Scholar
Adame, M. F. et al. Carbon stocks of tropical coastal wetlands within the Karstic landscape of the Mexican Caribbean. PLoS ONE 8, e56569 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bonan, G. B. Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320, 1444–1449 (2008).
Google Scholar
Henry, M. et al. Biodiversity, carbon stocks and sequestration potential in aboveground biomass in smallholder farming systems of western Kenya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 129, 238–252 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kumar, B. M. Species richness and aboveground carbon stocks in the homegardens of central Kerala, India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 140, 430–440 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mattsson, E., Ostwald, M., Nissanka, S. P. & Pushpakumara, D. K. N. G. Quantification of carbon stock and tree diversity of homegardens in a dry zone area of Moneragala district, Sri Lanka. Agrofor. Syst. 89, 435–445 (2015).
Google Scholar
Nair, P. K. R., Kumar, B. M. & Nair, V. D. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 172, 10–23 (2009).
Google Scholar
Murthy, I. K. Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems in India. J. Earth Sci. Clim. Change 4, 1–7 (2013).
Google Scholar
Delgado, J. A. et al. Conservation practices to mitigate and adapt to climate change. J. Soil Water Conserv. 66, 118–129 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kabir, M. E. & Webb, E. L. Can homegardens conserve biodiversity in Bangladesh?. Biotropica 40, 95–103 (2008).
FD [Forest Department]. Bangladesh Forestry Master Plan 2017–2036, 2036 (2017).
Mather, A. Global forest resources assessment 2000 main report. Land Use Policy 20, 195 (2003).
Google Scholar
FD [Forest Department]. District wise forest area of Bangladesh 2016. Preprint at http://www.bforest.gov.bd/ (2020).
Mukul, S. A. et al. A new estimate of carbon for Bangladesh forest ecosystems with their spatial distribution and REDD+ implications. Int. J. Res. Land-use Sustain. 1, 33–41 (2014).
Nath, T. K., Aziz, N. & Inoue, M. Contribution of homestead forests to rural economy and climate change mitigation: A study from the ecologically critical area of Cox’s Bazar—Teknaf Peninsula, Bangladesh. Small-scale For. 14, 1–18 (2015).
Google Scholar
Jaman, M. S. et al. Quantification of carbon stock and tree diversity of homegardens in Rangpur District, Bangladesh. Int. J. Agric. For. 6, 169–180 (2016).
Wang, S. & Huang, Y. Determinants of soil organic carbon sequestration and its contribution to ecosystem carbon sinks of planted forests. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 3163–3173 (2020).
Google Scholar
Khan, M. N. I. et al. Allometric relationships of stand level carbon stocks to basal area, tree height and wood density of nine tree species in Bangladesh. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 22, e01025 (2020).
Google Scholar
Shen, Y. et al. Tree aboveground carbon storage correlates with environmental gradients and functional diversity in a tropical forest. Sci. Rep. 6, 25304 (2016).
Google Scholar
Petrokofsky, G. et al. Comparison of methods for measuring and assessing carbon stocks and carbon stock changes in terrestrial carbon pools. How do the accuracy and precision of current methods compare? A systematic review protocol. Environ. Evid. 1, 1–21 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dondini, M., Hastings, A., Saiz, G., Jones, M. B. & Smith, P. The potential of Miscanthus to sequester carbon in soils: Comparing field measurements in Carlow, Ireland to model predictions. GCB Bioenergy 1, 413–425 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ullah, M. R. & Al-Amin, M. Above- and below-ground carbon stock estimation in a natural forest of Bangladesh. J. For. Sci. 58, 372–379 (2012).
Google Scholar
Nouvellon, Y. et al. Age-related changes in litter inputs explain annual trends in soil CO2 effluxes over a full Eucalyptus rotation after afforestation of a tropical savannah. Biogeochemistry 111, 515–533 (2012).
Google Scholar
Krishna, M. P. & Mohan, M. Litter decomposition in forest ecosystems: A review. Energy Ecol. Environ. 2, 236–249 (2017).
Google Scholar
Patra, P. K. et al. The carbon budget of South Asia. Biogeosciences 10, 513–527 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ostertag, R., Marín-Spiotta, E., Silver, W. L. & Schulten, J. Litterfall and decomposition in relation to soil carbon pools along a secondary forest chronosequence in Puerto Rico. Ecosystems 11, 701–714 (2008).
Google Scholar
Nair, P. K. R. & Garrity, D. Afroforestry—The Future of Global Land Use, Advances in Agroforestry (Springer, 2012) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3_1.
Google Scholar
Abrar, M. M. et al. Variations in the profile distribution and protection mechanisms of organic carbon under long-term fertilization in a Chinese Mollisol. Sci. Total Environ. 723, 138181 (2020).
Google Scholar
Baul, T. K., Datta, D. & Alam, A. A comparative study on household level energy consumption and related emissions from renewable (biomass) and non-renewable energy sources in Bangladesh. Energy Policy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.037 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mackey, B. et al. Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change 25, 763–787 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zaman, M. A., Osman, K. T. & Sirajul Haque, S. M. Comparative study of some soil properties in forested and deforested areas in Cox’s Bazar and Rangamati Districts, Bangladesh. J. For. Res. 21, 319–322 (2010).
Google Scholar
Akhtaruzzaman, M., Osman, K. T. & Sirajul Haque, S. M. Soil properties in two forest sites in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. J. For. Environ. Sci. 31, 280–287 (2015).
Islam, M., Deb, G. P. & Rahman, M. Forest fragmentation reduced carbon storage in a moist tropical forest in Bangladesh: Implications for policy development. Land Use Policy 65, 15–25 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nair, P. K. R., Nair, V. D., Kumar, B. M. & Haile, S. G. Soil carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems: A feasibility appraisal. Environ. Sci. Policy 12, 1099–1111 (2009).
Google Scholar
Aryal, D. R., Gómez-González, R. R., Hernández-Nuriasmú, R. & Morales-Ruiz, D. E. Carbon stocks and tree diversity in scattered tree silvopastoral systems in Chiapas, Mexico. Agrofor. Syst. 93, 213–227 (2019).
Google Scholar
Islam, M., Dey, A. & Rahman, M. Effect of tree diversity on soil organic carbon content in the homegarden agroforestry system of North-Eastern Bangladesh. Small-scale For. 14, 91–101 (2015).
Google Scholar
Saha, S. K., Nair, P. K. R., Nair, V. D. & Kumar, B. M. Soil carbon stock in relation to plant diversity of homegardens in Kerala, India. Agrofor. Syst. 76, 53–65 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kothandaraman, S., Dar, J. A., Sundarapandian, S., Dayanandan, S. & Khan, M. L. Ecosystem-level carbon storage and its links to diversity, structural and environmental drivers in tropical forests of Western Ghats, India. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–15 (2020).
Google Scholar
Youkhana, A. & Idol, T. Tree pruning mulch increases soil C and N in a shaded coffee agroecosystem in Hawaii. Soil Biol. Biochem. 41, 2527–2534 (2009).
Google Scholar
Flessa, H. et al. Storage and stability of organic matter and fossil carbon in a Luvisol and Phaeozem with continuous maize cropping: A synthesis. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 36–51 (2008).
Google Scholar
Semere, M. Biomass and soil carbon stocks assessment of agroforestry systems and adjacent cultivated land, in Cheha Wereda, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Resour. 20, 119–125 (2019).
Ramachandran Nair, P. K., Nair, V. D., Mohan Kumar, B. & Showalter, J. M. Carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. Adv. Agron. 108, 237–307 (2010).
Google Scholar
Mustafa, A. et al. Soil aggregation and soil aggregate stability regulate organic carbon and nitrogen storage in a red soil of southern China. J. Environ. Manag. 270, 110894 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sayer, E. J. et al. Tropical forest soil carbon stocks do not increase despite 15 years of doubled litter inputs. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–9 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rahman, M., Biswas, J., Maniruzzaman, M., Choudhury, A. & Ahmed, F. Effect of tillage practices and rice straw management on soil environment and carbon dioxide emission. Agriculture 15, 127–142 (2017).
Day, M., Baldauf, C., Rutishauser, E. & Sunderland, T. C. H. Relationships between tree species diversity and above-ground biomass in Central African rainforests: Implications for REDD. Environ. Conserv. 41, 64–72 (2014).
Google Scholar
Poorter, L. et al. Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 1314–1328 (2015).
Google Scholar
Rahman, M. M., Kabir, M. E., Jahir Uddin Akon, A. S. M. & Ando, K. High carbon stocks in roadside plantations under participatory management in Bangladesh. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 3, 412–423 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kamruzzaman, M., Ahmed, S., Paul, S., Rahman, M. M. & Osawa, A. Stand structure and carbon storage in the oligohaline zone of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh. For. Sci. Technol. 14, 23–28 (2018).
Asok, S. & Sobha, V. Analysis of variation of soil bulk densities with respect to different vegetation classes, in a tropical rain forest—A study in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, S. Kerala, India. Glob. J. Environ. Res. 8, 17–20 (2014).
Périé, C. & Ouimet, R. Organic carbon, organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 88, 315–325 (2008).
Google Scholar
Biswas, A., Alamgir, M., Haque, S. M. S. & Osman, K. T. Study on soils under shifting cultivation and other land use categories in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. J. For. Res. 23, 261–265 (2012).
Google Scholar
Leff, J. W. et al. Experimental litterfall manipulation drives large and rapid changes in soil carbon cycling in a wet tropical forest. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 2969–2979 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wang, Q., He, T., Wang, S. & Liu, L. Carbon input manipulation affects soil respiration and microbial community composition in a subtropical coniferous forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 178–179, 152–160 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ali Shah, S. A. et al. Long-term fertilization affects functional soil organic carbon protection mechanisms in a profile of Chinese loess plateau soil. Chemosphere 267, 128897 (2021).
Google Scholar
Miah, D., Uddin, M. F., Bhuiyan, M. K., Koike, M. & Shin, M. Y. Carbon sequestration by the indigenous tree species in the reforestation program in Bangladesh-aphanamixis polystachya Wall. and Parker. Forest Sci. Technol. 5, 62–65 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kibria, M. G. & Saha, N. Analysis of existing agroforestry practices in Madhupur Sal forest: An assessment based on ecological and economic perspectives. J. For. Res. 22, 533–542 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mikrewongel Tadesse, A. B. Estimation of carbon stored in agroforestry practices in Gununo Watershed, Wolayitta Zone, Ethiopia. J. Ecosyst. Ecogr. 05, 1–5 (2015).
Google Scholar
Abrar, M. M. et al. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry mediate sensitivity of carbon stabilization mechanisms along with surface layers of a Mollisol after long-term fertilization in Northeast China. J. Soils Sediments 21, 705–723 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ahmed, N. & Glaser, M. Coastal aquaculture, mangrove deforestation and blue carbon emissions: Is REDD+ a solution?. Mar. Policy 66, 58–66 (2016).
Google Scholar
BBS [Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]. Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh 2018. Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (2019).
BMD [Bangladesh Metereological Department]. Cox’s Bazar region, Chittagong, Bangladesh (2020).
Osman, K. S., Jashimuddin, M., Haque, S. M. S. & Miah, S. Effect of shifting cultivation on soil physical and chemical properties in Bandarban hill district, Bangladesh. J. For. Res. 24, 791–795 (2013).
Google Scholar
SRDI. Soil resource development institute. Annu. Report. Soil Resour. Dev. Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh (2018).
Upazila Parishad Office. Bandarban Sadar Upazila, Bandarban District, Chittagong Hill Trcats, Bangladesh (2019).
Blake, G. R. Bulk density. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 (eds Black, C. A. et al.) 894–895 (American Society of Agronomy Inc., 1965).
Chave, J. et al. Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 3177–3190 (2014).
Google Scholar
Macdicken, K. G. A guide to monitoring carbon storage in forestry and agroforestry projects (2015).
Sattar, M. A., Bhattacharje, D. K. & Kabir, M. F. Physical and Mechanical Properties and Uses of Timbers of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, 1999).
Chave, J. et al. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol. Lett. 12, 351–366 (2009).
Google Scholar
Data Set. Definitions (2020). https://doi.org/10.32388/5b0dft.
Hairiah, K. Measuring carbon stocks: Across land use systems: a manual. Published in close cooperation with Brawijaya University and ICALRRD (Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development) (2011).
Frangi, J. L., Lugo, A. E., Forest, F., Frangi, J. L. & Service, F. Ecosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest published by: Ecological Society of America. Ecosyst. Dyn. Subtrop. 55, 351–369 (2016).
Issa, S., Dahy, B., Ksiksi, T. & Saleous, N. Development of a new allometric equation correlated WTH RS variables for the assessment of date palm biomass. Proc. 39th Asian Conf. Remote Sens. Remote Sens. Enabling Prosper. ACRS 2018 2, 730–739 (2018).
Brown, S. Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests: A Primer. FAO For. Pap. 134, 13–33 (1997).
Margalef, R. Information theory in ecology. Gen. Syst. 3, 36–71 (1958).
Michael, P. Ecological Methods for Field and Laboratory Investigation (Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1990).
Shukla, R. S. & Chandel, P. S. Plant Ecology and Soil Science 9th edn. (S. Chand and Company, 2000).
Ball, D. F. Loss-on-ignition as an estimate. J. Soil Sci. 15, 84–92 (1964).
Google Scholar
Pearson, T., Walker, S. & Brown, S. Sourcebook for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Projects 29 (Winrock International and the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank, 2005).
Pearson, T. R. H., Brown, S. L. & Birdsey, R. A. Measurement guidelines for the sequestration of forest carbon. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-18. Delaware United States Dep. Agric. For. Serv. 18, 42 (2007).
Coleman, D. C. Soil carbon balance in a successional grassland. Oikos 24, 195–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/3543875 (1973).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
