Westoby, M. A leaf–height–seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil 199, 213–227 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kraft, N. J. B. et al. Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Funct. Ecol. 29, 592–599 (2015).
McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J., Weiher, E. & Westoby, M. Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 178–185 (2006).
Lavorel, S. & Garnier, E. Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail. Funct. Ecol. 16, 545–556 (2002).
Musavi, T. et al. Potential and limitations of inferring ecosystem photosynthetic capacity from leaf functional traits. Ecol. Evol. 6, 7352–7366 (2016).
Google Scholar
Scheiter, S., Langan, L. & Higgins, S. I. Next-generation dynamic global vegetation models: learning from community ecology. New Phytol. 198, 957–969 (2013).
Van Bodegom, P. M., Douma, J. C. & Verheijen, L. M. A fully traits-based approach to modeling global vegetation distribution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 13733–13738 (2014).
Google Scholar
Schrodt, F. et al. BHPMF—a hierarchical Bayesian approach to gap-filling and trait prediction for macroecology and functional biogeography. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 1510–1521 (2015).
Kattge, J. et al. TRY plant trait database—enhanced coverage and open access. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 119–188 (2020).
Díaz, S. et al. The global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature 529,167–171 (2015).
Wright, I. J. et al. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428, 821–827 (2004).
Google Scholar
Bruelheide, H. et al. Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1906–1917 (2018).
Google Scholar
Thomas, H. J. et al. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome. Nat. Commun. 11, 1351 (2020).
Kong, D. et al. Nonlinearity of root trait relationships and the root economics spectrum. Nat. Commun. 10, 2203 (2019).
Schimper, A. Plant-Geography Upon A Physiological Basis (Clarendon Press, 1903).
Warming, E. Oecology Of Plants (Oxford, 1909).
Raunkiær, C. in Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, 4-16 (Clarendon Press, 1934).
Maire, V. et al. Global effects of soil and climate on leaf photosynthetic traits and rates. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 706–717 (2015).
Bjorkman, A. D. et al. Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome. Nature 562, 57–62 (2018).
Google Scholar
Olson, M. E. et al. Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 7551–7556 (2018).
Google Scholar
Moles, A. T. et al. Global patterns in plant height. J. Ecol. 97, 923–932 (2009).
Ordoñez, J. C. et al. A global study of relationships between leaf traits, climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 18, 137–149 (2009).
Simpson, A. H., Richardson, S. J. & Laughlin, D. C. Soil–climate interactions explain variation in foliar, stem, root and reproductive traits across temperate forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25, 964–978 (2016).
Wright, I. J. et al. Global climatic drivers of leaf size. Science 357, 917–921 (2017).
Google Scholar
Atkin, O. K. et al. Global variability in leaf respiration in relation to climate, plant functional types and leaf traits. New Phytol. 206, 614–636 (2015).
Google Scholar
Asner, G. P., Knapp, D. E., Anderson, C. B., Martin, R. E. & Vaughn, N. Large-scale climatic and geophysical controls on the leaf economics spectrum. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E4043–E4051 (2016).
Google Scholar
Moles, A. T. et al. Global patterns in seed size. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16, 109–116 (2007).
Blume, H.-P. et al. Soil Science 1st edn.(Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2016).
Seneviratne, S. I. et al. Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: a review. Earth-Sci. Rev. 99, 125–161 (2010).
Google Scholar
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience 51, 933–938 (2001).
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. & Friedman, J. The Elements of Statistical Learning (Springer, 2008).
Chevan, A. & Sutherland, M. Hierarchical partitioning. Am. Stat. 45, 90–96 (1991).
Reich, P. B. & Oleksyn, J. Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 11001–11006 (2004).
Google Scholar
Corner, E. J. H. The Durian theory or the origin of the modern tree. Ann. Bot. XIII, 367–414 (1949).
Pietsch, K. A. et al. Global relationship of wood and leaf litter decomposability: the role of functional traits within and across plant organs. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 23, 1046–1057 (2014).
FloresâMoreno, H. et al. Robustness of trait connections across environmental gradients and growth forms. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 28, 1806–1826 (2019).
Chapin, F. S. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11, 233–260 (1980).
Google Scholar
Vitousek, P. Nutrient Cycling and Limitation: Hawai’i as a Model System (Princeton Univ. Press, 2004).
Shipley, B., Vile, D., Garnier, E., Wright, I. J. & Poorter, H. Functional linkages between leaf traits and net photosynthetic rate: reconciling empirical and mechanistic models. Funct. Ecol. 19, 602–615 (2005).
He, T., Belcher, C. M., Lamont, B. B. & Lim, S. L. A 350-million-year legacy of fire adaptation among conifers. J. Ecol. 104, 352–363 (2016).
Bergmann, J., Ryo, M., Prati, D., Hempel, S. & Rillig, M. C. Root traits are more than analogues of leaf traits: the case for diaspore mass. New Phytol. 216, 1130–1139 (2017).
Aerts, R. The advantages of being evergreen. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 402–407 (1995).
Google Scholar
Zanne, A. E. et al. Functional biogeography of angiosperms: life at the extremes. New Phytol. 218, 1697–1709 (2018).
Franklin, O. et al. Organizing principles for vegetation dynamics. Nat. Plants 6, 444–453 (2020).
Legay, N. et al. Contribution of above- and below-ground plant traits to the structure and function of grassland soil microbial communities. Ann. Bot 114, 1011–1021 (2014).
Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature 250, 26–31 (1974).
Slessarev, E. W. et al. Water balance creates a threshold in soil pH at the global scale. Nature 540, 567–569 (2016).
Google Scholar
Fierer, N. & Jackson, R. B. The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 626–631 (2006).
Google Scholar
Sinsabaugh, R. L. & Follstad Shah, J. J. Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry and ecological theory. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 43, 313–343 (2012).
de Vries, F. T. et al. Abiotic drivers and plant traits explain landscape-scale patterns in soil microbial communities. Ecol. Lett. 15, 1230–1239 (2012).
Zech, W., Schad, P. & Hintermaier-Erhard, G. Böden der Welt—Ein Bildatlas (Springer Spectrum, 2014).
Rosenberg, E. et al. (eds) The Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology 4th edn. (Springer-Verlag, 2013).
Niinemets, Ã. Leaf age dependent changes in within-canopy variation in leaf functional traits: a meta-analysis. J. Plant Res. 129, 313–338 (2016).
Google Scholar
Butler, E. E. et al. Mapping local and global variability in plant trait distributions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, E10937–E10946 (2017).
Google Scholar
Freschet, G. T. et al. Global to community scale differences in the prevalence of convergent over divergent leaf trait distributions in plant assemblages. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 755–765 (2011).
Yemefack, M., Rossiter, D. G. & Njomgang, R. Multi-scale characterization of soil variability within an agricultural landscape mosaic system in southern Cameroon. Geoderma 125, 117–143 (2005).
Oldeman, L., Hakkeling, R. & Sombroek, W. Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD): World Map of the Status of Human-induced Soil Degradation (United Nations Environment Programme, 1991).
Ackerly, D. D. & Cornwell, W. K. A trait-based approach to community assembly: partitioning of species trait values into within- and among-community components. Ecol. Lett. 10, 135–145 (2007).
Google Scholar
Adler, P. B. A Comparison of Livestock Grazing Effects on Sagebrush Steppe, USA, and Patagonian Steppe, Argentina. PhD thesis (Colorado State University, 2003).
Adler, P. B., Milchunas, D. G., Lauenroth, W. K., Sala, O. E. & Burke, I. C. Functional traits of graminoids in semi-arid steppes: a test of grazing histories. J. Appl. Ecol. 41, 653–663 (2004).
Adriaenssens, S. Dry deposition and canopy exchange for temperate tree species under high nitrogen deposition. PhD thesis, Ghent Univ. (2012).
Atkin, O. K., Schortemeyer, M., McFarlane, N. & Evans, J. R. The response of fast- and slow-growing Acacia species to elevated atmospheric CO2: an analysis of the underlying components of relative growth rate. Oecologia 120, 544–554 (1999).
Atkin, O. K., Westbeek, M., Cambridge, M. L., Lambers, H. & Pons, T. L. Leaf respiration in light and darkness (a comparison of slow- and fast-growing Poa species). Plant Physiol. 113, 961–965 (1997).
Google Scholar
Auger, S. L’Importance de la Variabilité Interspécifique des Traits Fonctionnels par Rapport à la Variabilité Intraspécifique Chez les Jeunes Arbres en Forêt Mature. MSc thesis (Université de Sherbrooke, 2012).
Bahn, M. et al. in Land-Use Changes in European Mountain Ecosystems. ECOMONT—Concept and Results (eds Cernusca, A. et al.) 247–255 (Blackwell Wissenschaft, 1999).
Baker, T. R. et al. Do species traits determine patterns of wood production in Amazonian forests? Biogeosciences 6, 297–307 (2009).
Google Scholar
Bakker, C., Van Bodegom, P. M., Nelissen, H. J. M., Ernst, W. H. O. & Aerts, R. Plant responses to rising water table and nutrient management in calcareous dune slacks. Plant Ecol. 185, 19–28 (2006).
Bakker, C., Rodenburg, J. & van Bodegom, P. M. Effects of Ca- and Fe-rich seepage on P availability and plant performance in calcareous dune soils. Plant Soil 275, 111–122 (2005).
Google Scholar
Baraloto, C. et al. Decoupled leaf and stem economics in rainforest trees. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1338–1347 (2010).
Baraloto, C. et al. Functional trait variation and sampling strategies in species-rich plant communities. Funct. Ecol. 24, 208–216 (2010).
Beckmann, M., Hock, M., Bruelheide, H. & Erfmeier, A. The role of UV-B radiation in the invasion of Hieracium pilosella—a comparison of German and New Zealand plants. Environ. Exp. Bot. 75, 173–180 (2012).
Blanco, C. C., Sosinski, E. E., dos Santos, B. R. C., da Silva, M. A. & Pillar, V. D. On the overlap between effect and response plant functional types linked to grazing. Community Ecol. 8, 57–65 (2007).
Blonder, B. et al. The shrinkage effect biases estimates of paleoclimate. Am. J. Bot. 99, 1756–1763 (2012).
Blonder, B., Violle, C. & Enquist, B. J. Assessing the causes and scales of the leaf economics spectrum using venation networks in Populus tremuloides. J. Ecol. 101, 981–989 (2013).
Blonder, B. et al. Testing models for the leaf economics spectrum with leaf and whole-plant traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. AoB Plants 7, plv049 (2015).
Google Scholar
Blonder, B., Violle, C., Bentley, L. P. & Enquist, B. J. Venation networks and the origin of the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol. Lett. 14, 91–100 (2011).
Bocanegra-González K.T., Fernández-Méndez, F. & David Galvis-Jiménez, J. Funtional groups of tres in secondary forests of the bajo calima region (Buenaventura, Colombia) Boletín CientífiCo Centro de Museos Museo de Historia natura 19, (2015).
Bodegom, P. M. V., Kanter, M. D. & Aerts, C. B. R. Radial oxygen loss, a plastic property of dune slack plant species. Plant Soil 271, 351–364 (2005).
Bond-Lamberty, C. W. B. & Gower, S. T. Above- and belowground biomass and sapwood area allometric equations for six boreal tree species of northern Manitoba. Can. J. For. Res. 32, 1441–1450 (2002).
Bond-Lamberty, C. W. B. & Gower, S. T. Leaf area dynamics of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Tree Physiol. 22, 993–1001 (2002).
Bond-Lamberty, C. W. B. & Gower, S. T. The use of multiple measurement techniques to refine estimates of conifer needle geometry. Can. J. For. Res. 33, 101–105 (2003).
Bond-Lamberty, C. W. B. & Gower, S. Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence. Glob. Change Biol. 10, 473–487 (2004).
Bragazza, L. Conservation priority of Italian alpine habitats: a floristic approach based on potential distribution of vascular plant species. Biodivers. Conserv. 18, 2823–2835 (2009).
Choat, B. et al. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491, 752–755 (2012).
Google Scholar
Briemle, G., Nitsche, S. & Nitsche, L. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 203–225 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Brown, K. et al. Assessing natural resource use by forest-reliant communities in Madagascar using functional diversity and functional redundancy metrics. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024107 (2011).
Burrascano, S. et al. Wild boar rooting intensity determines shifts in understorey composition and functional traits. Community Ecol. 16, 244–253 (2015).
Butterfield, B. J. & Briggs, J. M. Regeneration niche differentiates functional strategies of desert woody plant species. Oecologia 165, 477–487 (2011).
Byun, C., de Blois, S. & Brisson, J. Plant functional group identity and diversity determine biotic resistance to invasion by an exotic grass. J. Ecol. 101, 128–139 (2013).
Campbell, C. et al. Acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration is asynchronous in response to changes in temperature regardless of plant functional group. New Phytol. 176, 375–389 (2007).
Google Scholar
Campetella, G. et al. Patterns of plant trait–environment relationships along a forest succession chronosequence. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 145, 38–48 (2011).
Carswell, F. E. et al. Photosynthetic capacity in a central Amazonian rain forest. Tree Physiol. 20, 179–186 (2000).
Castro-Diez, P., Puyravaud, J. P., Cornelissen, J. H. C. & Villar-Salvador., P. Stem anatomy and relative growth rate in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types. Oecologia 116, 57–66 (1998).
Google Scholar
Castro-Diez, P., Puyravaud, J. P. & Cornelissen, J. H. C. Leaf structure and anatomy as related to leaf mass per area variation in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types. Oecologia 124, 476–486 (2000).
Google Scholar
Cavender-Bares, A. K. J. & Miles, B. Phylogenetic structure of Floridian plant communities depends on taxonomic and spatial scale. Ecology 87, 109–122 (2006).
Cavender-Bares, L. S. J. & Savage, J. Atmospheric and soil drought reduce nocturnal conductance in live oaks. Tree Physiol. 27, 522–620 (2007).
Cerabolini, B. E. L. et al. Can CSR classification be generally applied outside Britain? Plant Ecol. 210, 253–261 (2010).
Chave, J. et al. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol. Lett. 12, 351–366 (2009).
Chen, Y., Han, W., Tang, L., Tang, Z. & Fang, J. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of woody plants differ in responses to climate, soil and plant growth form. Ecography 36, 178–184 (2011).
Choat, B. et al. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491, 752–755 (2012).
Google Scholar
Choat, B., Sack, L. & Holbrook, N. M. Diversity of hydraulic traits in nine Cordia species growing in tropical forests with contrasting precipitation. New Phytol. 175, 686–698 (2007).
Coomes, D. A., Heathcote, S., Godfrey, E. R. & Shepherd, J. J. Scaling of xylem vessels and veins within the leaves of oak species. Biol. Lett. 4, 302–306 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J., Aerts, R., Cerabolini, B., Werger, M. & van der Heijden, M. Carbon cycling traits of plant species are linked with mycorrhizal strategy. Oecologia 129, 611–619 (2001).
Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. H. C. An experimental comparison of leaf decomposition rates in a wide range of temperate plant species and types. J. Ecol. 84, 573–582 (1996).
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Diez, P. C. & Hunt., R. Seedling growth, allocation and leaf attributes in a wide range of woody plant species and types. J. Ecol. 84, 755–765 (1996).
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Werger, M. J. A., Castro-Diez, P., van Rheenen, J. W. A., & Rowland, A. P. Foliar nutrients in relation to growth, allocation and leaf traits in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types. Oecologia 111, 460–469 (1997).
Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. H. C. et al. Leaf structure and defence control litter decomposition rate across species and life forms in regional floras on two continents. New Phytol. 143, 191–200 (1999).
Cornelissen, J. H. C. A triangular relationship between leaf size and seed size among woody species: allometry, ontogeny, ecology and taxonomy. Oecologia 118, 248–255 (1999).
Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Aerts, R., Cerabolini, B., Werger, M. J. A. & van der Heijden., M. G. A. Carbon cycling traits of plant species are linked with mycorrhizal strategy. Oecologia 129, 611–619 (2001).
Google Scholar
Cornelissen, J. H. C. et al. Leaf digestibility and litter decomposability are related in a wide range of subarctic plant species and types. Funct. Ecol. 18, 779–786 (2004).
Cornelissen, J. H. C. et al. Functional traits of woody plants: correspondence of species rankings between field adults and laboratory-grown seedlings? J. Veg. Sci. 14, 311–322 (2003).
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Diez, P. C. & Hunt, R. Seedling growth, allocation and leaf attributes in a wide range of woody plant species and types. J. Ecol. 84, 755 (1996).
Cornelissen, J. H. C. et al. Leaf structure and defence control litter decomposition rate across species and life forms in regional floras on two continents. New Phytol. 143, 191–200 (1999).
Schwilk, D. W., Cornwell, W. K. & Ackerly., D. D. A trait-based test for habitat filtering: convex hull volume. Ecology 87, 1465–1471 (2006).
Google Scholar
Cornwell, W. K. & Ackerly, D. D. Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecol. Monogr. 79, 109–126 (2009).
Cornwell, W. K., Bhaskar, R., Sack, L., Cordell, S. & Lunch, C. K. Adjustment of structure and function of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha at high vs. low precipitation. Funct. Ecol. 21, 1063–1071 (2007).
Cornwell, W. K. et al. Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide. Ecol. Lett. 11, 1065–1071 (2008).
Google Scholar
Craine, J. M. et al. Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability. New Phytol. 183, 980–992 (2009).
Google Scholar
Craine, J. M., Lee, W. G., Bond, W. J., Williams, R. J. & Johnson, L. C. Environmental constraints on a global relationship among leaf and root traits of grasses. Ecology 86, 12–19 (2005).
Craine, J. M. et al. Functional consequences of climate change-induced plant species loss in a tallgrass prairie. Oecologia 165, 1109–1117 (2011).
Google Scholar
Craine, J. M. et al. Global diversity of drought tolerance and grassland climate-change resilience. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 63–67 (2012).
Craven, D. et al. Between and within-site comparisons of structural and physiological characteristics and foliar nutrient content of 14 tree species at a wet, fertile site and a dry, infertile site in Panama. For. Ecol. Manag. 238, 335–346 (2007).
Craven, D. et al. Seasonal variability of photosynthetic characteristics influences growth of eight tropical tree species at two sites with contrasting precipitation in Panama. For. Ecol. Manag. 261, 1643–1653 (2011).
Dainese, M. & Bragazza, L. Plant traits across different habitats of the Italian alps: a comparative analysis between native and alien species. Alpine Bot. 122, 11–21 (2012).
de Araujo, A. et al. LBA-ECO CD-02 C and N Isotopes in Leaves and Atmospheric CO2, Amazonas, Brazil (ORNL DAAC, 2012); http://daac.ornl.gov
de Vries, F. T. & Bardgett, R. D. Plant community controls on short-term ecosystem nitrogen retention. New Phytol. 210, 861–874 (2016).
Google Scholar
Demey, A. et al. Nutrient input from hemiparasitic litter favors plant species with a fast-growth strategy. Plant Soil 371, 53–66 (2013).
Google Scholar
Diaz, S. et al. The plant traits that drive ecosystems: evidence from three continents. J. Veg. Sci. 15, 295–304 (2004).
Domingues, T. F., Berry, J. A., Martinelli, L. A., Ometto, J. P. H. B. & Ehleringer, J. R. Parameterization of canopy structure and leaf-level gas exchange for an eastern Amazonian tropical rain forest (Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil). Earth Interact. https://doi.org/10.1175/EI149.1 (2005).
Domingues, T. F., Martinelli, L. A. & Ehleringer, J. R. Ecophysiological traits of plant functional groups in forest and pasture ecosystems from eastern Amazônia, Brazil. Plant Ecol. 193, 101–112 (2007).
Domingues, T. F. et al. Co-limitation of photosynthetic capacity by nitrogen and phosphorus in West Africa woodlands. Plant Cell Environ. 33, 959–980 (2010).
Google Scholar
Duarte, Ld. S., Carlucci, M. B., Hartz, S. M. & Pillar, V. D. Plant dispersal strategies and the colonization of Araucaria forest patches in a grassland–forest mosaic. J. Veg. Sci. 18, 847–858 (2007).
DunbarâCo, S., Sporck, M. J. & Sack, L. Leaf trait diversification and design in seven rare taxa of the Hawaiian Plantago radiation. Int. J. Plant Sci. 170, 61–75 (2009).
Durka, W. In BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 75–91 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Durka, W. In BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 57–74 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Durka, W. In BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 133–175 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Medlyn, B. E. & Jarvis, P. G. Design and use of a database of model parameters from elevated [CO2] experiments. Ecol. Model. 124, 69–83 (1999).
Google Scholar
Everwand, G., Fry, E. L., Eggers, T. & Manning, P. Seasonal variation in the capacity for plant trait measures to predict grassland carbon and water fluxes. Ecosystems 17, 1095–1108 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fazayeli, F., Banerjee, A., Kattge, J., Schrodt, F. & Reich, P. B. Uncertainty quantified matrix completion using Bayesian Hierarchical Matrix factorization. In Proc. 13th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (eds Ferri, C. et al.) 312–317 (International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), 2014).
Fagúndez, J. & Izco, J. Seed morphology of the European species of Erica L. sect. Arsace Salisb. ex Benth. (Ericaceae). Acta Bot. Gall. 157, 45–54 (2010).
Fonseca, C. R., Overton, J. M., Collins, B. & Westoby, M. Shifts in trait-combinations along rainfall and phosphorus gradients. J. Ecol. 88, 964–977 (2000).
Fortunel, C. et al. Leaf traits capture the effects of land use changes and climate on litter decomposability of grasslands across Europe. Ecology 90, 598–611 (2009).
Google Scholar
Frainer, A. & McKie, B. G. Shifts in the diversity and composition of consumer traits constrain the effects of land use on stream ecosystem functioning. Adv. Ecol. Res. 52, 169–200 (2015).
Frenette-Dussault, C., Shipley, B., Léger, J.-F., Meziane, D. & Hingrat, Y. Functional structure of an arid steppe plant community reveals similarities with Grime’s C-S-R theory. J. Veg. Sci. 23, 208–222 (2011).
Freschet, G. T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., van Logtestijn, R. S. P. & Aerts, R. Evidence of the plant economics spectrum in a subarctic flora. J. Ecol. 98, 362–373 (2010).
Freschet, G. T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., van Logtestijn, R. S. P. & Aerts, R. Substantial nutrient resorption from leaves, stems and roots in a subarctic flora: what is the link with other resource economics traits? New Phytol. 186, 879–889 (2010).
Google Scholar
Fry, E. L., Power, S. A. & Manning, P. Trait-based classification and manipulation of plant functional groups for biodiversity–ecosystem function experiments. J. Veg. Sci. 25, 248–261 (2013).
Fyllas, N. M. et al. Basin-wide variations in foliar properties of Amazonian forest: phylogeny, soils and climate. Biogeosciences 6, 2677–2708 (2009).
Gachet, S., Véla, E. & Tatoni, T. BASECO: a floristic and ecological database of Mediterranean French flora. Biodivers. Conserv. 14, 1023–1034 (2005).
Gallagher, R. V. & Leishman, M. R. A global analysis of trait variation and evolution in climbing plants. J. Biogeogr. 39, 1757–1771 (2012).
Garnier, E. et al. Assessing the effects of land-use change on plant traits, communities and ecosystem functioning in grasslands: a standardized methodology and lessons from an application to 11 European sites. Ann. Bot. 99, 967–985 (2007).
Google Scholar
Givnish, T. J., Montgomery, R. A. & Goldstein, G. Adaptive radiation of photosynthetic physiology in the Hawaiian lobeliads: light regimes, static light responses, and whole-plant compensation points. Am. J. Bot. 91, 228–246 (2004).
Google Scholar
Guerin, G. R., Wen, H. & Lowe, A. J. Leaf morphology shift linked to climate change. Biol. Lett. 8, 882–886 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gutiérrez, A. G. & Huth, A. Successional stages of primary temperate rainforests of Chiloé Island, Chile. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14, 243–256 (2012).
Guy, A. L., Mischkolz, J. M. & Lamb, E. G. Limited effects of simulated acidic deposition on seedling survivorship and root morphology of endemic plant taxa of the Athabasca sand dunes in well-watered greenhouse trials. Botany 91, 176–181 (2013).
Han, W. et al. Floral, climatic and soil pH controls on leaf ash content in China’s terrestrial plants. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 21, 376–382 (2011).
Han, W., Fang, J., Guo, D. & Zhang, Y. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China. New Phytol. 168, 377–385 (2005).
Google Scholar
Hao, G.-Y., Sack, L., Wang, A.-Y., Cao, K.-F. & Goldstein, G. Differentiation of leaf water flux and drought tolerance traits in hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic Ficus tree species. Funct. Ecol. 24, 731–740 (2010).
He, J.-S. et al. A test of the generality of leaf trait relationships on the Tibetan plateau. New Phytol. 170, 835–848 (2006).
Google Scholar
Hickler, T. Plant Functional Types and Community Characteristics along Environmental Gradients on Öland’s Great Alvar (Sweden). Masters thesis (University of Lund, 1999).
Hoof, J., Sack, L., Webb, D. T. & Nilsen, E. T. Contrasting structure and function of pubescent and glabrous varieties of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) at high elevation. Biotropica 40, 113–118 (2008).
Husson, A. F., Josse, J., Le, S., Mazet, J. & Husson, M. F. Package ‘FactoMineR’ (CRAN, 2017).
Jacobs, B. et al. Unraveling the Phylogeny of Heptacodium and Zabelia (Caprifoliaceae): An Interdisciplinary Approach. Syst. Bot. 36, 231–252 (2011).
Jansen, S., Decraene, L. P. R. & Smets, E. On the wood and stem anatomy of Monococcus echinophorus (Phytolaccaceae s.l.). Syst. Geogr. Plants 70, 171 (2000).
Jansen, S. et al. Contributions to the wood anatomy of the Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). J. Plant Res. 114, 269–289 (2001).
Jansen, S., Piesschaert, F. & Smets, E. Wood anatomy of Elaeagnaceae, with comments on vestured pits, helical thickenings, and systematic relationships. Am. J. Bot. 87, 20 (2000).
Google Scholar
Jansen, S., Robbrecht, E., Beeckman, H. & Smets, E. Gaertnera and Pagamea: genera within the Psychotrieae or constituting the tribe Gaertnereae? A wood anatomical and palynological approach. Bot. Acta 109, 466–476 (1996).
S., J., E., R., H., B. & Smets, E. Comparative wood anatomy of African Coffeae (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae). Belg. J. Bot. 130, 47–58 (1997).
Kattge, J., Knorr, W., Raddatz, T. & Wirth, C. Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models. Glob. Change Biol. 15, 976–991 (2009).
Kazakou, E., Vile, D., Shipley, B., Gallet, C. & Garnier, E. Co-variations in litter decomposition, leaf traits and plant growth in species from a Mediterranean old-field succession. Funct. Ecol. 20, 21–30 (2006).
Kerkhoff, A. J., Fagan, W. F., Elser, J. J. & Enquist, B. J. Phylogenetic and growth form variation in the scaling of nitrogen and phosphorus in the seed plants. Am. Nat. 168, E103–E122 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kew, R. B. G. Seed Information Database—SID (Kew, 2008); http://data.kew.org/sid/
Kichenin, E., Wardle, D. A., Peltzer, D. A., Morse, C. W. & Freschet, G. T. Contrasting effects of plant inter- and intraspecific variation on community-level trait measures along an environmental gradient. Funct. Ecol. 27, 1254–1261 (2013).
Kier, G. et al. Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge. J. Biogeogr. 32, 1107–1116 (2005).
Kirkup, D., Malcolm, P., Christian, G. & Paton, A. Towards a digital African flora. Taxon 54, 457 (2005).
Kleyer, M. et al. The LEDA traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the northwest European flora. J. Ecol. 96, 1266–1274 (2008).
Klotz, S. & Kühn, I. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 119-126 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Klotz, S. & Kühn, I. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 241–246 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz,2002).
Klotz, S. & Kühn, I. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 273–281 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Klotz, S. & Kühn, I. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 197–201 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Koike, F. Plant traits as predictors of woody species dominance in climax forest communities. J. Veg. Sci. 12, 327–336 (2001).
Kraft, N. J. B. & Ackerly, D. D. Functional trait and phylogenetic tests of community assembly across spatial scales in an Amazonian forest. Ecol. Monogr. 80, 401–422 (2010).
Kraft, N. J. B., Valencia, R. & Ackerly, D. D. Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest. Science 322, 580–582 (2008).
Google Scholar
Krumbiegel, A. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 93–118 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Kühn, I. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 47–56 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Kuhn, I., Durka, W. & Klotz, S. Biolflor—a new plant-trait database as a tool for plant invasion ecology. Divers. Distrib. 10, 363–365 (2004).
Kühn, I. & Klotz, S. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 227–239 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Kurokawa, H. & Nakashizuka, T. Leaf herbivory and decomposability in a Malaysian tropical rain forest. Ecology 89, 2645–2656 (2008).
Laughlin, D. C., Fulé, P. Z., Huffman, D. W., Crouse, J. & Laliberté, E. Climatic constraints on trait-based forest assembly. J. Ecol. 99, 1489–1499 (2011).
Laughlin, D. C., Leppert, J. J., Moore, M. M. & Sieg, C. H. A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora. Funct. Ecol. 24, 493–501 (2009).
Lens, F. Comparative wood anatomy of Epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae s.l.). Ann. Bot. 91, 835–856 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lens, F., Baas, P., Jansen, S. & Smets, E. A search for phylogenetically informative wood characters within Lecythidaceae s.l. Am. J. Bot. 94, 483–502 (2007).
Lens, F., Dressler, S., Jansen, S., van Evelghem, L. & Smets, E. Relationships within balsaminoid Ericales: a wood anatomical approach. Am. J. Bot. 92, 941–953 (2005).
Lens, F., Eeckhout, S., Zwartjes, R., Smets, E. & Janssens, S. B. The multiple fuzzy origins of woodiness within Balsaminaceae using an integrated approach: where do we draw the line? Ann. Bot. 109, 783–799 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lens, F., Endress, M. E., Baas, P., Jansen, S. & Smets, E. Vessel grouping patterns in subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae confirm phylogenetic value of wood structure within Apocynaceae. Am. J. Bot. 96, 2168–2183 (2009).
Lens, F., Groeninckx, I., Smets, E. & Dessein, S. Woodiness within the Spermacoceae–Knoxieae alliance (Rubiaceae): retention of the basal woody condition in Rubiaceae or recent innovation? Ann. Bot. 103, 1049–1064 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lens, F., Jansen, S., Caris, P., Serlet, L. & Smets, E. Comparative wood anatomy of the primuloid clade (Ericales s.l.). Syst. Bot. 30, 163–183 (2005).
Lens, F., Jansen, S., Robbrecht, E. & Smets, E. Wood anatomy of the Vangueriaea (Ixoroideae-Rubuaceae), with special emphasis on some geofrutices. IAWA J. 21, 443–455 (2000).
Lens, F. et al. The wood anatomy of the polyphyletic Icacinaceae s.l., and their relationships within asterids. Taxon 57, 525–552 (2008).
Lens, F., Kron, K. A., Luteyn, J. L., Smets, E. & Jansen, S. Comparative wood anatomy of the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae s.l). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91, 566–592 (2004).
Lens, F., Smets, E. & Jansen, S. Comparative wood anatomy of Andromedeae s.s., Gaultherieae, Lyonieae and Oxydendreae (Vaccinioideae, Ericaceae s.l.). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144, 161–179 (2004).
Lens, F., Smets, E. & Melzer, S. Stem anatomy supports Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for insular woodiness. New Phytol. 193, 12–17 (2011).
Lens, F. et al. Testing hypotheses that link wood anatomy to cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in the genus Acer. New Phytol. 190, 709–723 (2010).
Li, H., Liang, Y., Xu, Q. & Cao, D. Key wavelengths screening using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling method for multivariate calibration. Anal. Chim. Acta 648, 77–84 (2009).
Google Scholar
Louault, F., Pillar, V. D., Aufrèère, J., Garnier, E. & Soussana, J. F. Plant traits and functional types in response to reduced disturbance in a semi-natural grassland. J. Veg. Sci. 16, 151–160 (2005).
Loveys, B. R. et al. Thermal acclimation of leaf and root respiration: an investigation comparing inherently fast- and slow-growing plant species. Glob. Change Biol. 9, 895–910 (2003).
Malhado, A. C. M. et al. Drip-tips are associated with intensity of precipitation in the Amazon rain forest. Biotropica 44, 728–737 (2012).
Malhado, A. C. M. et al. Spatial trends in leaf size of Amazonian rainforest trees. Biogeosciences 6, 1563–1576 (2009).
Malhado, A. C. M. et al. Spatial distribution and functional significance of leaf lamina shape in Amazonian forest trees. Biogeosciences 6, 1577–1590 (2009).
Malhado, A. C. M. et al. Are compound leaves an adaptation to seasonal drought or to rapid growth? Evidence from the Amazon rain forest. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19, 852–862 (2010).
Manning, P., Houston, K. & Evans, T. Shifts in seed size across experimental nitrogen enrichment and plant density gradients. Basic Appl. Ecol. 10, 300–308 (2009).
Google Scholar
Markesteijn, L., Poorter, L., Paz, H., Sack, L. & Bongers, F. Ecological differentiation in xylem cavitation resistance is associated with stem and leaf structural traits. Plant Cell Environ. 34, 137–148 (2011).
Martin, R. E., Asner, G. P. & Sack, L. Genetic variation in leaf pigment, optical and photosynthetic function among diverse phenotypes of Metrosideros polymorpha grown in a common garden. Oecologia 151, 387–400 (2007).
McDonald, P. G., Fonseca, C. R., Overton, J. M. & Westoby, M. Leaf-size divergence along rainfall and soil-nutrient gradients: is the method of size reduction common among clades? Funct. Ecol. 17, 50–57 (2003).
McKenna, M. F. & Shipley, B. Interacting determinants of interspecific relative growth: empirical patterns and a theoretical explanation. Écoscience 6, 286–296 (1999).
Medlyn, B. E. et al. Effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis in European forest species: a meta-analysis of model parameters. Plant Cell Environ. 22, 1475–1495 (1999).
Google Scholar
Medlyn, B. E. et al. Stomatal conductance of forest species after long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentration: a synthesis. New Phytol. 149, 247–264 (2001).
Google Scholar
Meir, P. et al. Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies in relation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass per unit area. Plant Cell Environ. 25, 343–357 (2002).
Meir, P., Levy, P. E., Grace, J. & Jarvis, P. G. Photosynthetic parameters from two contrasting woody vegetation types in West Africa. Plant Ecol. 192, 277–287 (2007).
Mencuccini, M. The ecological significance of long-distance water transport: short-term regulation, long-term acclimation and the hydraulic costs of stature across plant life forms. Plant Cell Environ. 26, 163–182 (2003).
Meng, T.-T. et al. Responses of leaf traits to climatic gradients: Adaptive variation versus compositional shifts. Biogeosciences 12, 5339–5352 (2015).
Messier, J., McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J. & Lechowicz, M. J. Trait variation and integration across scales: is the leaf economic spectrum present at local scales? Ecography 40, 685–697 (2016).
Messier, J., McGill, B. J. & Lechowicz, M. J. How do traits vary across ecological scales? A case for trait-based ecology. Ecol. Lett. 13, 838–848 (2010).
Meziane, D. & Shipley, B. Interacting components of interspecific relative growth rate: constancy and change under differing conditions of light and nutrient supply. Funct. Ecol. 13, 611–622 (1999).
Milla, R. & Reich, P. B. Multi-trait interactions, not phylogeny, fine-tune leaf size reduction with increasing altitude. Ann. Bot. 107, 455–465 (2011).
Google Scholar
Minden, V., Andratschke, S., Spalke, J., Timmermann, H. & Kleyer, M. Plant trait–environment relationships in salt marshes: deviations from predictions by ecological concepts. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 14, 183–192 (2012).
Minden, V. & Kleyer, M. Testing the effect–response framework: key response and effect traits determining above-ground biomass of salt marshes. J. Veg. Sci. 22, 387–401 (2011).
Mischkolz, J. M. Selecting and Evaluating Native Forage Mixtures for the Mixed Grass Prairie. Msc thesis (University of Saskatchewan, 2013).
Moretti, M. & Legg, C. Combining plant and animal traits to assess community functional responses to disturbance. Ecography 32, 299–309 (2009).
Müller, S. C., Overbeck, G. E., Pfadenhauer, J. & Pillar, V. D. Plant functional types of woody species related to fire disturbance in forest–grassland ecotones. Plant Ecol. 189, 1–14 (2006).
Nakahashi, C. D., Frole, K. & Sack, L. Bacterial leaf nodule symbiosis in Ardisia (Myrsinaceae): does it contribute to seedling growth capacity? Plant Biol. 7, 495–500 (2005).
Google Scholar
Niinemets, U. Components of leaf dry mass per area—thickness and density—alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in reverse directions in woody plants. New Phytol. 144, 35–47 (1999).
Niinemets, U. Global-scale climatic controls of leaf dry mass per area, density, and thickness in trees and shrubs. Ecology 82, 453–469 (2001).
Ogaya, R. & Peñuelas, J. Comparative field study of Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia: photosynthetic response to experimental drought conditions. Environ. Exp. Bot. 50, 137–148 (2003).
Ogaya, R. & Penuelas, J. Contrasting foliar responses to drought in Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia. Biol. Plant. 50, 373–382 (2006).
Ogaya, R. & Peñuelas, J. Tree growth, mortality, and above-ground biomass accumulation in a holm oak forest under a five-year experimental field drought. Plant Ecol. 189, 291–299 (2006).
Ogaya, R. & Peñuelas, J. Changes in leaf δ13C and δ15N for three Mediterranean tree species in relation to soil water availability. Acta Oecol. 34, 331–338 (2008).
Onoda, Y. et al. Global patterns of leaf mechanical properties. Ecol. Lett. 14, 301–312 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ordoñez, J. C. et al. Leaf habit and woodiness regulate different leaf economy traits at a given nutrient supply. Ecology 91, 3218–3228 (2010).
Google Scholar
Otto, B. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 177–196 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Overbeck, G. E., Müller, S. C., Pillar, V. D. & Pfadenhauer, J. Fine-scale post-fire dynamics in southern Brazilian subtropical grassland. J. Veg. Sci. 16, 655–664 (2005).
Overbeck, G. E. & Pfadenhauer, J. Adaptive strategies in burned subtropical grassland in southern Brazil. Flora 202, 27–49 (2007).
Baas, P., Smets, E. & Jansen, S. Vegetative anatomy and effinities of Dirachma socotrana (Dirachmaceae). Syst. Bot. 26, 231–241 (2001).
Pakeman, R. J. et al. Impact of abundance weighting on the response of seed traits to climate and land use. J. Ecol. 96, 355–366 (2008).
Pakeman, R. J., Lep, J., Kleyer, M., Lavorel, S. & Garnie, E. Relative climatic, edaphic and management controls of plant functional trait signatures. J. Veg. Sci. 20, 148–159 (2009).
Papanastasis, M. et al. Leaf traits capture the effects of land use changes and climate on litter decomposability of grasslands across Europe. Ecology 90, 598–611 (2009).
Google Scholar
Patiño, S. et al. Branch xylem density variations across the Amazon basin. Biogeosciences 6, 545–568 (2009).
Paula, S. et al. Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean basin. Ecology 90, 1420–1420 (2009).
Paula, S. & Pausas, J. G. Burning seeds: germinative response to heat treatments in relation to resprouting ability. J. Ecol. 96, 543–552 (2008).
Peco, B., de Pablos, I., Traba, J. & Levassor, C. The effect of grazing abandonment on species composition and functional traits: the case of Dehesa grasslands. Basic Appl. Ecol. 6, 175–183 (2005).
Peñuelas, J. et al. Faster returns on ‘leaf economics’ and different biogeochemical niche in invasive compared with native plant species. Glob. Change Biol. 16, 2171–2185 (2009).
Peñuelas, J. et al. Higher allocation to low cost chemical defenses in invasive species of Hawaii. J. Chem. Ecol. 36, 1255–1270 (2010).
Google Scholar
Petter, G. et al. Functional leaf traits of vascular epiphytes: vertical trends within the forest, intra- and interspecific trait variability, and taxonomic signals. Funct. Ecol. 30, 188–198 (2015).
Pierce, S., Brusa, G., Sartori, M. & Cerabolini, B. E. L. Combined use of leaf size and economics traits allows direct comparison of hydrophyte and terrestrial herbaceous adaptive strategies. Ann. Bot. 109, 1047–1053 (2012).
Google Scholar
Pierce, S., Brusa, G., Vagge, I. & Cerabolini, B. E. L. Allocating CSR plant functional types: the use of leaf economics and size traits to classify woody and herbaceous vascular plants. Funct. Ecol. 27, 1002–1010 (2013).
Pierce, S., Ceriani, R. M., De Andreis, R., Luzzaro, A. & Cerabolini, B. The leaf economics spectrum of Poaceae reflects variation in survival strategies. Plant Biosyst. 141, 337–343 (2007).
Pierce, S., Luzzaro, A., Caccianiga, M., Ceriani, R. M. & Cerabolini, B. Disturbance is the principal α-scale filter determining niche differentiation, coexistence and biodiversity in an alpine community. J. Ecol. 95, 698–706 (2007).
Pillar, V. D. & Sosinski, E. E. An improved method for searching plant functional types by numerical analysis. J. Veg. Sci. 14, 323–332 (2003).
Powers, J. S. & Tiffin, P. Plant functional type classifications in tropical dry forests in Costa Rica: leaf habit versus taxonomic approaches. Funct. Ecol. 24, 927–936 (2010).
Prentice, I. C. et al. Evidence of a universal scaling relationship for leaf CO2 drawdown along an aridity gradient. New Phytol. 190, 169–180 (2010).
Google Scholar
Preston, K. A., Cornwell, W. K. & DeNoyer, J. L. Wood density and vessel traits as distinct correlates of ecological strategy in 51 California coast range angiosperms. New Phytol. 170, 807–818 (2006).
Google Scholar
Price, C. A. & Enquist, B. J. Scaling mass and morphology in leaves: an extention of the WBE model. Ecology 88, 1132–1141 (2007).
Google Scholar
Price, C. A., Enquist, B. J. & Savage, V. M. A general model for allometric covariation in botanical form and function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 13204–13209 (2007).
Google Scholar
Pyankov, V. I., Kondratchuk, A. V. & Shipley, B. Leaf structure and specific leaf mass: the alpine desert plants of the Eastern Pamirs, Tadjikistan. New Phytol. 143, 131–142 (1999).
Quero, J. L. et al. Relating leaf photosynthetic rate to whole-plant growth: drought and shade effects on seedlings of four Quercus species. Funct. Plant Biol. 35, 725 (2008).
Google Scholar
Quested, H. M. et al. Decomposition of sub-arctic plants with differing nitrogen economies: a functional role for hemiparasites. Ecology 84, 3209–3221 (2003).
Reich, P. B., Oleksyn, J. & Wright, I. J. Leaf phosphorus influences the photosynthesis–nitrogen relation: a cross-biome analysis of 314 species. Oecologia 160, 207–212 (2009).
Google Scholar
Reich, P. B. et al. Scaling of respiration to nitrogen in leaves, stems and roots of higher land plants. Ecol. Lett. 11, 793–801 (2008).
Google Scholar
Auger, S. & Shipley, B. Inter-specific and intra-specific trait variation along short environmental gradients in an old-growth temperate forest. J. Veg. Sci. 24, 419–428 (2012).
Sack, L., Cowan, P. D., Jaikumar, N. & Holbrook, N. M. The ’hydrology’ of leaves: co-ordination of structure and function in temperate woody species. Plant Cell Environ. 26, 1343–1356 (2003).
Sack, L. & Frole, K. Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rain forest trees. Ecology 87, 483–491 (2006).
Google Scholar
Sack, L., Melcher, P. J., Liu, W. H., Middleton, E. & Pardee, T. How strong is intracanopy leaf plasticity in temperate deciduous trees? Am. J. Bot. 93, 829–839 (2006).
Google Scholar
Sack, L., Tyree, M. T. & Holbrook, N. M. Leaf hydraulic architecture correlates with regeneration irradiance in tropical rainforest trees. New Phytol. 167, 403–413 (2005).
Google Scholar
Sanda V., Bita-Nicolae, C. D. & Barabas, N. The Flora of Spontaneous and Cultivated Cormophytes from Romania (in Romanian) (Editura Ion Bacău, 2003).
Sandel, B., Corbin, J. D. & Krupa, M. Using plant functional traits to guide restoration: a case study in California coastal grassland. Ecosphere 2, art23 (2011).
Sardans, J., Penuelas, J. & Ogaya, R. Drought-induced changes in C and N stoichiometry in a Quercus ilex Mediterranean forest. For. Sci. 54, 513–522 (2008).
Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J., Prieto, P. & Estiarte, M. Changes in Ca, Fe, Mg, Mo, Na, and S content in a Mediterranean shrubland under warming and drought. J. Geophys. Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000795 (2008).
Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Schulze, E., Don, A., Schumacher, J. & Weller, E. Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: a new long-term experiment with temperate tree species (biotree). Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 9, 53–70 (2007).
Schurr, F. M. et al. Colonization and persistence ability explain the extent to which plant species fill their potential range. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 16, 449–459 (2007).
Schwallier, R. et al. Evolution of wood anatomical characters in Nepenthes and close relatives of Caryophyllales. Ann. Bot. 119, 1179–1193 (2017).
Google Scholar
Schweingruber, F. H., & Poschlod, P. Growth rings in herbs and shrubs: life span, age determination and stem anatomy. Forest Snow Landsc. Res. 79, 195–415 (2005).
Scoffoni, C., Pou, A., Aasamaa, K. & Sack, L. The rapid light response of leaf hydraulic conductance: new evidence from two experimental methods. Plant Cell Environ. 31, 1803–1812 (2008).
Google Scholar
Shiodera, S., Rahajoe, J. S. & Kohyama, T. Variation in longevity and traits of leaves among co-occurring understorey plants in a tropical montane forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 24, 121–133 (2008).
Shipley, B. The use of above-ground maximum relative growth rate as an accurate predictor of whole-plant maximum relative growth rate. Funct. Ecol. 3, 771 (1989).
Shipley, B. Trade-offs between net assimilation rate and specific leaf area in determining relative growth rate: relationship with daily irradiance. Funct. Ecol. 16, 682–689 (2002).
Shipley, B. & Lechowicz, M. J. The functional co-ordination of leaf morphology, nitrogen concentration, and gas exchange in 40 wetland species. Écoscience 7, 183–194 (2000).
Shipley, B. & Parent, M. Germination responses of 64 wetland species in relation to seed size, minimum time to reproduction and seedling relative growth rate. Funct. Ecol. 5, 111 (1991).
Shipley, B. & Vu, T.-T. Dry matter content as a measure of dry matter concentration in plants and their parts. New Phytol. 153, 359–364 (2002).
Spasojevic, M. J. & Suding, K. N. Inferring community assembly mechanisms from functional diversity patterns: the importance of multiple assembly processes. J. Ecol. 100, 652–661 (2012).
Swaine, E. K. Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Plant Community Assembly in a Bornean Rain Forest. PhD Thesis (University of Aberdeen, 2007).
Trefflich, A., Klotz, S. & Kuhn, I. in BIOLFLOR—Eine Datenbank mit Biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland (eds Klotz, S. et al.) 127–131 (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2002).
Tucker, S. S., Craine, J. M. & Nippert, J. B. Physiological drought tolerance and the structuring of tallgrass prairie assemblages. Ecosphere 2, art48 (2011).
Ciocarlan, V. The Illustrated Flora of Romania. Pteridophyta et Spermatopyta (in Romanian) (Editura Ceres, 2009).
van Bodegom, P. M., Sorrell, B. K., Oosthoek, A., Bakker, C. & Aerts, R. Separating the effects of partial submergence and soil oxygen demand on plant physiology. Ecology 89, 193–204 (2008).
Google Scholar
Vergutz, L. et al. A Global Database of Carbon and Nutrient Concentrations of Green and Senesced Leaves (ORNL DAAC, 2012); https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1106
Vergutz, L., Manzoni, S., Porporato, A., Novais, R. F. & Jackson, R. B. Global resorption efficiencies and concentrations of carbon and nutrients in leaves of terrestrial plants. Ecol. Monogr. 82, 205–220 (2012).
Vile, D. Significations Fonctionnelle et Ecologique des Traits des Especes Vegetales: Exemple dans une Succession Post-cultural Méditerranéenne et Generalisations. PhD thesis (University of Montpellier II, 2005).
Von Holle, B. & Simberloff, D. Testing Fox’s assembly rule: does plant invasion depend on recipient community structure? Oikos 105, 551–563 (2004).
Williams, M., Shimabukuro, Y. E. & Rastetter, E.B. LBA-ECO CD-09 Soil and Vegetation Characteristics, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil (ORNL DAAC, 2012); https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1104
Willis, C. G. et al. Phylogenetic community structure in Minnesota oak savanna is influenced by spatial extent and environmental variation. Ecography 33, 565–577 (2010).
Wilson, K. B., Baldocchi, D. D. & Hanson, P. J. Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest. Tree Physiol. 20, 565–578 (2000).
Wirth, C. & Lichstein, J. W. in Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value (eds Wirth, C. et al.) 81–113 (Springer, 2009).
Wohlfahrt, G. et al. Inter-specific variation of the biochemical limitation to photosynthesis and related leaf traits of 30 species from mountain grassland ecosystems under different land use. Plant Cell Environ. 22, 1281–1296 (1999).
Wright, I. J. et al. Relationships among ecologically important dimensions of plant trait variation in seven neotropical forests. Ann. Bot. 99, 1003–1015 (2007).
Wright, J. P. & Sutton-Grier, A. Does the leaf economic spectrum hold within local species pools across varying environmental conditions? Funct. Ecol. 26, 1390–1398 (2012).
Wright, S. J. et al. Functional traits and the growth–mortality trade-off in tropical trees. Ecology 91, 3664–3674 (2010).
Xu, L. & Baldocchi, D. D. Seasonal trends in photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature. Tree Physiol. 23, 865–877 (2003).
Yguel, B. et al. Phytophagy on phylogenetically isolated trees: why hosts should escape their relatives. Ecol. Lett. 14, 1117–1124 (2011).
Zanne, A. E. et al. Global Wood Density Database (EOL, 2009); https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/dde86ffb-7741-44a1-acf2-808b3dd6bc97/resource/d1e2b018-a7ce-444b-ac8a-ac43b2355cc9/download/archive
Zanne, A. E. et al. Angiosperm wood structure: global patterns in vessel anatomy and their relation to wood density and potential conductivity. Am. J. Bot. 97, 207–215 (2010).
Kattge, V. et al. TRY – a global database of plant traits. Global Change Biol 9, 2905–2935 (2011).
Shan, H. et al. Gap Filling in the Plant Kingdom—Trait Prediction Using Hierarchical Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (ICML, 2012); http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6439
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021).
Salakhutdinov, R. & Mnih, A. Probabilistic matrix factorization. In Proc. 20th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (eds Platt, J. C. et al.) 1257–1264 (Curran Associates Inc., 2007).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2013).
Lê, S., Josse, J. & Husson, F. FactoMineR: a package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 25, 1–18 (2008).
Dray, S. & Dufour, A.-B. The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. J. Stat. Softw. 22, 1–20 (2007).
Bougeard, S. & Dray, S. Supervised multiblock analysis in R with the ade4 package. J. Stat. Softw. 86, 1–17 (2018).
Chessel, D., Dufour, A.-B. & Thioulouse, J. The ade4 package—I: one-table methods. R News 4, 5–10 (2004).
Dray, S., Dufour, A.-B. & Chessel, D. The ade4 package—II: two-table and K-table methods. R News 7, 47–52 (2007).
Thioulouse, J. et al. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data with ade4 (Springer, 2018).
Friedman, J., Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent. J. Stat. Softw. 33, 1–22 (2010).
Google Scholar
Simon, N., Friedman, J., Hastie, T. & Tibshirani, R. Regularization paths for Cox’s proportional hazards model via coordinate descent. J. Stat. Softw. 39, 1–13 (2011).
Google Scholar
Batjes, N. H., Ribeiro, E. & van Oostrum, A. Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2019). Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 299–320 (2020).
Hengl, T. et al. SoilGrids1km—global soil information based on automated mapping. PLoS ONE 9, e105992 (2014).
Google Scholar
Arrouays, D. et al. Soil legacy data rescue via GlobalSoilMap and other international and national initiatives. GeoResJ 14, 1–19 (2017).
Google Scholar
Richard, P. & Pielou, E. C. Biogeography (John Wiley & Sons, 1979).
Udvardy, M. D. F. A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1975).
Dinerstein, E. et al. A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean (The World Bank, 1995).
Ricketts, T. H. et al. Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment (Island Press, 1999).
Dasmann, R. F. A System for Defining and Classifying Natural Regions for Purposes of Conservation: A Progress Report (IUCN, 1973).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
