Suttie, J. M. Reynolds, S. G. & Batello, C. Grasslands of the World (FAO, 2005).
O’Mara, F. P. The role of grasslands in food security and climate change. Ann. Bot. 110, 1263–1270 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wilsey, B. J. The Biology of Grasslands (Oxford Univ. Press, 2018).
White, R. P. Murray, S., Rohweder, M., Prince, S. D. & Thompson, K. M. Grassland Ecosystems (World Resources Institute, 2000).
Gibbs, H. K. & Salmon, J. M. Mapping the world’s degraded lands. Appl. Geogr. 57, 12–21 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lark, T. J., Spawn, S. A., Bougie, M. & Gibbs, H. K. Cropland expansion in the United States produces marginal yields at high costs to wildlife. Nat. Commun. 11, 4295 (2020).
Google Scholar
Abberton, M., Conant, R. & Batello, C. (eds) Grassland Carbon Sequestration: Management, Policy and Economics (FAO, 2010).
Gang, C. et al. Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on global grassland degradation. Environ. Earth Sci. 72, 4273–4282 (2014).
Google Scholar
Dong, S., Kassam, K.-A. S., Tourrand, J. F. & Boone, R. B. (eds) Building Resilience of Human-Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Developing World (Springer, 2016).
Bengtsson, J. et al. Grasslands — more important for ecosystem services than you might think. Ecosphere 10, e02582 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kwon, H. Y. et al. in Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development (eds Nkonya, E., Mirzabaev, A. & von Braun, J.) 197–214 (Springer, 2015).
Murphy, B. P., Andersen, A. N. & Parr, C. L. The underestimated biodiversity of tropical grassy biomes. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 371, 20150319 (2016).
Google Scholar
Smith, P. et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 789–813 (2008).
Google Scholar
Mermoz, S., Bouvet, A., Toan, T. L. & Herold, M. Impacts of the forest definitions adopted by African countries on carbon conservation. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 104014 (2018).
Google Scholar
Erdős, L. et al. The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest-steppes. Appl. Veg. Sci. 21, 345–362 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dengler, J., Janišová, M., Török, P. & Wellstein, C. Biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands: a synthesis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 182, 1–14 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bullock, J. M. et al. in The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report (UNEP-WCMC, 2011).
Parr, C. L., Lehmann, C. E. R., Bond, W. J., Hoffmann, W. A. & Andersen, A. N. Tropical grassy biomes: misunderstood, neglected, and under threat. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 205–213 (2014).
Google Scholar
Venter, Z. S., Cramer, M. D. & Hawkins, H. J. Drivers of woody plant encroachment over Africa. Nat. Commun. 9, 2272 (2018).
Google Scholar
Palchan, D. & Torfstein, A. A drop in Sahara dust fluxes records the northern limits of the African Humid Period. Nat. Commun. 10, 3803 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wilson, J. B., Peet, R. K., Dengler, J. & Pärtel, M. Plant species richness: the world records. J. Veg. Sci. 23, 796–802 (2012).
Google Scholar
Eriksson, O. & Cousins, S. A. Historical landscape perspectives on grasslands in Sweden and the Baltic region. Land 3, 300–321 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bråthen, K., Pugnaire. F. I. & Bardgett, R. D. The paradox of forbs in grasslands and their legacy of the Mammoth steppe. Front. Ecol. Environ. (in the press).
Shava, S. & Masuku, S. Living currency: The multiple roles of livestock in livelihood sustenance and exchange in the context of rural indigenous communities in southern Africa. South. Afr. J. Environ. Educ. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajee.v35i1.16 (2019).
Google Scholar
FAO. Livestock Keepers – Guardians of Biodiversity (FAO, 2009).
Bond, W. J. Ancient grasslands at risk. Science 351, 120–122 (2016).
Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J. et al. Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400103 (2015).
Google Scholar
Arbieu, U., Grünewald, C., Martín-López, B., Schleuning, M. & Böhning-Gaese, K. Large mammal diversity matters for wildlife tourism in Southern African Protected Areas: Insights for management. Ecosyst. Serv. 31, 481–490 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lavorel, S. et al. Historical trajectories in land use pattern and grassland ecosystem services in two European alpine landscapes. Reg. Environ. Change 17, 2251–2264 (2017).
Google Scholar
Scurlock, J. M. O. & Hall, D. O. The global carbon sink: a grassland perspective. Glob. Change Biol. 4, 229–233 (1998).
Google Scholar
Chang, J. et al. Climate warming from managed grasslands cancels the cooling effect of carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands. Nat. Commun. 12, 118 (2021).
Google Scholar
Goldstein, A. Protecting irrecoverable carbon in Earth’s ecosystems. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 287–295 (2020).
Google Scholar
Conant, R. T., Cerri, C. E., Osborne, B. B. & Paustian, K. Grassland management impacts on soil carbon stocks: a new synthesis. Ecol. Appl. 27, 662–668 (2017).
Google Scholar
IPBES. The IPBES Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration (IPBES, 2018).
Cao, J. et al. Grassland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: reevaluation of causative factors. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 72, 988–995 (2019).
Google Scholar
Andrade, B. O. et al. Grassland degradation and restoration: a conceptual framework of stages and thresholds illustrated by southern Brazilian grasslands. Nat. Conserv. 13, 95–104 (2015).
Google Scholar
Okpara, U. T. et al. A social-ecological systems approach is necessary to achieve land degradation neutrality. Environ. Sci. Policy 89, 59–66 (2018).
Google Scholar
Castro, A. J. et al. Ecosystem service trade-offs from supply to social demand: A landscape-scale spatial analysis. Landsc. Urban Plan. 132, 102–110 (2014).
Google Scholar
Felipe-Lucia, M. R. et al. Ecosystem services flows: why stakeholders’ power relationships matter. PLoS One 10, e0132232 (2015).
Google Scholar
Manning, P. et al. Redefining ecosystem multifunctionality. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 427–436 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wang, S. et al. Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China’s grasslands: a synthesis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 142, 329–340 (2011).
Google Scholar
Allan, E. et al. Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition. Ecol. Lett. 18, 834–843 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bullock, J. M., Aronson, J., Newton, A. C., Pywell, R. F. & Rey-Benayas, J. M. Restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity: conflicts and opportunities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 541–549 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ridding, L. E., Watson, S. C. L., Newton, A. C., Rowland, C. S. & Bullock, J. M. Ongoing, but slowing, habitat loss in a rural landscape over 85 years. Landsc. Ecol. 35, 257–273 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hilker, T., Natsagdorj, E., Waring, R. H., Lyapustin, A. & Wang, Y. J. Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 418–428 (2014).
Google Scholar
Poschlod, P. & WallisDeVries, M. F. The historical and socioeconomic perspective of calcareous grasslands – lessons from the distant and recent past. Biol. Conserv. 104, 361–376 (2002).
Google Scholar
Stevens, C. J., Dise, N. B., Mountford, J. O. & Gowing, D. J. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303, 1876–1879 (2004).
Google Scholar
Aune, S., Bryn, A. & Hovstad, K. A. Loss of semi-natural grassland in a boreal landscape: impacts of agricultural intensification and abandonment. J. Land Use Sci. 13, 375–390 (2018).
Google Scholar
Veldman, J. W. et al. Where tree planting and forest expansion are bad for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Bioscience 65, 1011–1018 (2015).
Google Scholar
Shukla, P. R. et al. (eds) Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems (CGIAR, 2019).
Burrell, A. L., Evans, J. P. & De Kauwe, M. G. Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification. Nat. Commun. 11, 3853 (2020).
Google Scholar
Archer, S. R. et al. in Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges (ed. Briske, D. D.) 25–84 (Springer, 2017).
Zhang, G. et al. Exacerbated grassland degradation and desertification in Central Asia during 2000–2014. Ecol. Appl. 28, 442–456 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dudley, N. et al. Grassland and Savannah Ecosystems: An Urgent Need for Conservation and Sustainable Management (WWF Deutschland, 2020).
Henderson, K. A. et al. Landowner perceptions of the value of natural forest and natural grassland in a mosaic ecosystem in southern Brazil. Sustain. Sci. 11, 321–330 (2016).
Google Scholar
Costanza, R. et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Change 26, 152–158 (2014).
Google Scholar
Durigan, G., Pilon, N. A. P., Assis, G. B., Souza, F. M. & Baitello, J. B. Plantas Pequenas do Cerrado: Biodiversidade Negligenciada. (Instituto Florestal, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, 2018).
Assandri, G., Bogliani, G., Pedrini, P. & Brambilla, M. Toward the next Common Agricultural Policy reform: Determinants of avian communities in hay meadows reveal current policy’s inadequacy for biodiversity conservation in grassland ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 604–617 (2019).
Google Scholar
Liang, L., Chen, F., Shi, L. & Niu, S. NDVI-derived forest area change and its driving factors in China. PLoS One 13, e0205885 (2018).
Google Scholar
Cao, S. et al. Damage caused to the environment by reforestation policies in arid and semi-arid areas of China. Ambio 39, 279–283 (2010).
Google Scholar
Cao, S., Wang, G. & Chen, l Questionable value of planting thirsty trees in dry regions. Nature 465, 31 (2010).
Google Scholar
Zastrow, M. China’s tree-planting drive could falter in a warming world. Nature 573, 474–475 (2019).
Google Scholar
Landau, E., da Silva, G. A., Moura, L., Hirsch, A., & Guimaraes, D. Dinâmica da produção agropecuária e da paisagem natural no Brasil nas últimas décadas: sistemas agrícolas, paisagem natural e análise integrada do espaço rural (Embrapa Milho e Sorgo-Livro científico (ALICE), 2020).
Wolff, S., Schrammeijer, E. A., Schulp, C. J. & Verburg, P. H. Meeting global land restoration and protection targets: What would the world look like in 2050? Glob. Environ. Change 52, 259–272 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bastin, J. F. et al. The global tree restoration potential. Science 365, 76–79 (2019).
Google Scholar
Veldman, J. W. et al. Comment on “The global tree restoration potential”. Science 366, eaay7976 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dass, P., Houlton, B. Z., Wang, Y. & Warlind, D. Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 074027 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jackson, R. B., Banner, J. L., Jobbágy, E. G., Pockman, W. T. & Wall, D. H. Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands. Nature 418, 623–626 (2002).
Google Scholar
Jackson, R. B. et al. The ecology of soil carbon: pools, vulnerabilities, and biotic and abiotic controls. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 48, 419–445 (2017).
Google Scholar
Berthrong, S. T., Jobbágy, E. G. & Jackson, R. B. A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon, and nitrogen with afforestation. Ecol. Appl. 19, 2228–2241 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kirschbaum, M. U. F. et al. Implications of albedo changes following afforestation on the benefits of forests as carbon sinks. Biogeosciences 8, 3687–3696 (2011).
Google Scholar
Conant, R. T. Challenges and Opportunities for Carbon Sequestration in Grassland Systems. A Technical Report on Grassland Management and Climate Change Mitigation (FAO, 2010).
Wu, G. L. et al. Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 57, 875–885 (2020).
Google Scholar
Veldman, J. W. et al. Tyranny of trees in grassy biomes. Science 347, 484–485 (2015).
Google Scholar
Burrascano, S. et al. Current European policies are unlikely to jointly foster carbon sequestration and protect biodiversity. Biol. Conserv. 201, 370–376 (2016).
Google Scholar
Vanak, A. T., Hiremath, A. & Rai, N. Wastelands of the mind: Identity crisis of India’s tropical savannas. Curr. Conserv. 7, 16–23 (2014).
Ratnam, J., Tomlinson, K. W., Rasquinha, D. N. & Sankaran, M. Savannahs of Asia: antiquity, biogeography, and an uncertain future. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 371, 20150305 (2016).
Google Scholar
Overbeck, G. E. et al. Conservation in Brazil needs to include non-forest ecosystems. Divers. Distrib. 21, 1455–1460 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kumar, D. et al. Misinterpretation of Asian savannas as degraded forest can mislead management and conservation policy under climate change. Biol. Conserv. 241, 108293 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kemp, D. R. et al. Innovative grassland management systems for environmental and livelihood benefits. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 8369–8374 (2013).
Google Scholar
Scholes, R. et al. (eds) Summary for Policymakers of the Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES Secretariat, 2018).
Lamarque, P. et al. Stakeholder perceptions of grassland ecosystem services in relation to knowledge on soil fertility and biodiversity. Reg. Environ. Change 11, 791–804 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hauck, J., Schmidt, J. & Werner, A. Using social network analysis to identify key stakeholders in agricultural biodiversity governance and related land-use decisions at regional and local level. Ecol. Soc. 21, 49 (2016).
Google Scholar
Reid, R. S., Fernández-Giménez, M. E. & Galvin, K. A. Dynamics and resilience of rangelands and pastoral peoples around the globe. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 39, 217–242 (2014).
Google Scholar
Quétier, F., Rivoal, F., Marty, P., De Chazal, J. & Lavorel, S. Social representations of an alpine grassland landscape and socio-political discourses on rural development. Reg. Environ. Change 10, 119–130 (2010).
Google Scholar
Linders, T. E. W. et al. Stakeholder priorities determine the impact of an alien tree invasion on ecosystem multifunctionality. People Nat. 3, 658–672 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gos, P. & Lavorel, S. Stakeholders’ expectations on ecosystem services affect the assessment of ecosystem services hotspots and their congruence with biodiversity. Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag. 8, 93–106 (2012).
Google Scholar
Fontana, V. et al. Comparing land-use alternatives: Using the ecosystem services concept to define a multi-criteria decision analysis. Ecol. Econ. 93, 128–136 (2013).
Google Scholar
Jellinek, S. et al. Integrating diverse social and ecological motivations to achieve landscape restoration. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 246–252 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lavorel, S. & Grigulis, K. How fundamental plant functional trait relationships scale-up to trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services. J. Ecol. 100, 128–140 (2012).
Google Scholar
Stürck, J. et al. Simulating and delineating future land change trajectories across Europe. Reg. Environ. Change 18, 733–749 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lavorel, S. in Grasslands and Climate Change (eds Gibson, D. J. & Newman, J. A.) 131–146) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018).
Ayanu, Y. et al. Ecosystem engineer unleashed: Prosopis juliflora threatening ecosystem services? Reg. Environ. Change 15, 155–167 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mbaabu, P. R. et al. Restoration of degraded grasslands, but not invasion by Prosopis juliflora, avoids trade-offs between climate change mitigation and other ecosystem services. Sci. Rep. 10, 20391 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sayer, J. A. et al. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 8349–8356 (2013).
Google Scholar
Flintan, F. & Cullis, A. Introductory Guidelines to Participatory Rangeland Management in Pastoral Areas (Save the Children USA, 2010).
Robinson, L. W. et al. Participatory Rangeland Management Toolkit for Kenya (ILRI, 2018).
Roba, G. & David, J. Participatory Rangeland Management Planning: A Field Guide (IUCN, 2018).
Langemeyer, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Haase, D., Scheuer, S. & Elmqvist, T. Bridging the gap between ecosystem service assessments and land-use planning through Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). Environ. Sci. Policy 62, 45–56 (2016).
Google Scholar
Adem Esmail, B. & Geneletti, D. Multi-criteria decision analysis for nature conservation: A review of 20 years of applications. Methods Ecol. Evol. 9, 42–53 (2018).
Google Scholar
Martin-Lopez, B. et al. A novel tele-coupling framework to assess social relations across spatial scales for ecosystem services research. J. Environ. Manage. 241, 251–263 (2019).
Google Scholar
Joseph, L. N., Maloney, R. F. & Possingham, H. P. Optimal allocation of resources among threatened species: a project prioritization protocol. Conserv. Biol. 23, 328–338 (2009).
Google Scholar
Wortley, L., Hero, J. M. & Howes, M. Evaluating ecological restoration success: a review of the literature. Restor. Ecol. 21, 537–543 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cameron, A. Restoration of ecosystems and ecosystem services, in Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation: Trade-offs and Governance (eds Schreckenberg, K., Mace, G. & Poudyal. M.) (Routledge, 2018).
Suding, K. N. Toward an era of restoration in ecology: successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 42, 465–487 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mekuria, W., Veldkamp, E., Corre, M. D. & Haile, M. Restoration of ecosystem carbon stocks following exclosure establishment in communal grazing lands in Tigray, Ethiopia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 246–256 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mekuria, W. & Aynekulu, E. Exclosure land management for restoration of the soils in degraded communal grazing lands in northern Ethiopia. Land Degrad. Dev. 24, 528–538 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hu, Y. & Nacun, B. An analysis of land-use change and grassland degradation from a policy perspective in Inner Mongolia, China, 1990–2015. Sustainability 10, 4048 (2018).
Google Scholar
Nedessa, B., Ali, J. & Nyborg, I. Exploring Ecological and Socio-Economic Issues for the Improvement of Area Enclosure Management (Drylands Coordination Group, 2005).
Schweiger, A. K. et al. Plant spectral diversity integrates functional and phylogenetic components of biodiversity and predicts ecosystem function. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 976–982 (2018).
Google Scholar
Vågen, T. G. & Winowiecki, L. A. Mapping of soil organic carbon stocks for spatially explicit assessments of climate change mitigation potential. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 015011 (2013).
Google Scholar
Xia, J. et al. Spatio-temporal patterns and climate variables controlling of biomass carbon stock of global grassland ecosystems from 1982 to 2006. Remote Sens. 6, 1783–1802 (2014).
Google Scholar
Spawn, S. A. et al. Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010. Sci. Data 7, 112 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bellocchi, G. & Chabbi, A. Grassland management for sustainable agroecosystems. Agronomy 10, 78 (2020).
Google Scholar
Plas, F. et al. Towards the development of general rules describing landscape heterogeneity – multifunctionality relationships. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 168–179 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kimberley, A. et al. Functional rather than structural connectivity explains grassland plant diversity patterns following landscape scale habitat loss. Landsc. Ecol. 36, 265–280 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gilarranz, L. J., Rayfield, B., Liñán-Cembrano, G., Bascompte, J. & Gonzalez, A. Effects of network modularity on the spread of perturbation impact in experimental metapopulations. Science 357, 199–201 (2017).
Google Scholar
Smith, F. P., Prober, S. M., House, A. P. N. & McIntyre, S. Maximizing retention of native biodiversity in Australian agricultural landscapes — The 10:20:40:30 guidelines. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 166, 35–45 (2013).
Google Scholar
Auffret, A. G. et al. Plant functional connectivity — integrating landscape structure and effective dispersal. J. Ecol. 105, 1648–1656 (2017).
Google Scholar
Isaac, N. J. B. et al. Defining and delivering resilient ecological networks: Nature conservation in England. J. Appl. Ecol. 55, 2537–2543 (2018).
Google Scholar
Vörösmarty, C. J. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467, 555–561 (2010).
Google Scholar
Barbier, E. B. The economic linkages between rural poverty and land degradation: some evidence from Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 82, 355–370 (2000).
Google Scholar
Kardol, P. & Wardle, D. A. How understanding aboveground–belowground linkages can assist restoration ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 670–679 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bardgett, R. D. Plant trait-based approaches for interrogating belowground function. Biol. Environ. 117, 1–13 (2017).
Isbell, F. et al. Benefits of increasing plant diversity in sustainable agroecosystems. J. Ecol. 105, 871–879 (2017).
Google Scholar
Manning, P. et al. Transferring biodiversity-ecosystem function research to the management of ‘real-world’ ecosystems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 61, 323–356 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jochum, M. et al. The results of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1485–1494 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cole et al. Grassland biodiversity restoration increase resistance of carbon fluxes to drought. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 1806–1816 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Tilman, D., Furey, G. & Lehman, C. Soil carbon sequestration accelerated by restoration of grassland biodiversity. Nat. Commun. 10, 718 (2018).
Google Scholar
Fry, E. L. et al. Soil multifunctionality and drought resistance are determined by plant structural traits in restoring grassland. Ecology 99, 2260–2271 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gould, I. J., Quinton, J. N., Weigelt, A., De Deyn, G. B. & Bardgett, R. D. Plant diversity and root traits benefit physical properties key to soil function in grasslands. Ecol. Lett. 19, 1140–1149 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wubs, E. R., van der Putten, W. H., Bosch, M. & Bezemer, T. M. Soil inoculation steers restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. Nat. Plants 2, 16107 (2016).
Google Scholar
Pilon, N. A., Assis, G. B., Souza, F. M. & Durigan, G. Native remnants can be sources of plants and topsoil to restore dry and wet cerrado grasslands. Restor. Ecol. 27, 569–580 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wang, L. et al. Diversifying livestock promotes multidiversity and multifunctionality in managed grasslands. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 201807354 (2019).
Wang, X. et al. High ecosystem multifunctionality under moderate grazing is associated with high plant but low bacterial diversity in a semi-arid steppe grassland. Plant Soil 448, 265–276 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pocock, M. J. O., Evans, D. M. & Memmott, J. The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks. Science 335, 973–977 (2012).
Google Scholar
Buisson, E. et al. Resilience and restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands. Biol. Rev. 94, 590–609 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lee, M., Manning, P., Rist, J., Power, S. A. & Marsh, C. A global comparison of grassland biomass responses to CO2 and nitrogen enrichment. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2047–2056 (2010).
Google Scholar
Craven, D. et al. Multiple facets of biodiversity drive the diversity–stability relationship. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1579–1587 (2018).
Google Scholar
Borer, E. T. et al. Finding generality in ecology: a model for globally distributed experiments. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 65–73 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fraser, L. H. et al. Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness. Science 349, 302–305 (2015).
Google Scholar
Spake, R. et al. An analytical framework for spatially targeted management of natural capital. Nat. Sustain. 2, 90–97 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dudley et al. Grasslands and savannahs in the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Restor. Ecol. 28, 1313–1317 (2020).
Google Scholar
Yengoh, G. T., Dent, D., Olsson, L., Tengberg, A. E. & Tucker, C. J. III. Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Assess Land Degradation at Multiple Scales: Current Status, Future Trends, and Practical Considerations (Springer, 2015).
Buchhorn, M. et al. Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m, epoch 2015, Globe (Version V2.0.2) [data set]. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3243509 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rossiter, J., Wondie Minale, M., Andarge, W. & Twomlow, S. A communities Eden–grazing Exclosure success in Ethiopia. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 15, 514–526 (2017).
Google Scholar
Durigan, G. et al. Invasão por Pinus spp: Ecologia, Prevenção, Controle e Restauração (Instituto Florestal, 2020).
Wang, Z. et al. Effect of manipulating animal stocking rate on the carbon storage capacity in a degraded desert steppe. Ecol. Res. 32, 1001–1009 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. et al. Effects of stocking rate on the variability of peak standing crop in a desert steppe of Eurasia grassland. Environ. Manag. 53, 266–273 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhang, R. et al. Grazing induced changes in plant diversity is a critical factor controlling grassland productivity in the Desert Steppe, Northern China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 265, 73–83 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. et al. Impact of stocking rate and rainfall on sheep performance in a desert steppe. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 64, 249–256 (2011).
Google Scholar
Li, Z. et al. Identifying management strategies to improve sustainability and household income for herders on the desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Agric. Syst. 132, 62–72 (2015).
Google Scholar
Shao, Q., Cao, W., Fan, J., Huang, L. & Xu, X. Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region, China. J. Geogr. Sci. 27, 183–204 (2017).
Google Scholar
Li, X. L. et al. Restoration prospects for Heitutan degraded grassland in the Sanjiangyuan. J. Mt. Sci. 10, 687–698 (2013).
Google Scholar
Xu, Y. et al. Trade-offs and cost-benefit of ecosystem services of revegetated degraded alpine meadows over time on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 279, 130–138 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dong, S. K. et al. Farmer and professional attitudes to the large-scale ban on livestock grazing of grasslands in China. Environ. Conserv. 34, 246–254 (2007).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
