Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543, 373–377 (2017).
Google Scholar
Duarte, C. M. et al. Rebuilding marine life. Nature 580, 39–51 (2020).
Google Scholar
Darling, E. S. et al. Relationships between structural complexity, coral traits, and reef fish assemblages. Coral Reefs 36, 561–575 (2017).
Google Scholar
McWilliam, M., Chase, T. J. & Hoogenboom, M. O. Neighbor diversity regulates the productivity of coral assemblages. Curr. Biol. 28, 3634–3639 (2018).
Google Scholar
Graham, N. A. J., Jennings, S., MacNeil, M. A., Mouillot, D. & Wilson, S. K. Predicting climate-driven regime shifts versus rebound potential in coral reefs. Nature 518, 94–97 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556, 492–496 (2018).
Google Scholar
Cornwall, C. E. et al. Global declines in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification and warming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2015265118 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gardner, T. A. Long-term region-wide declines in caribbean corals. Science 301, 958–960 (2003).
Google Scholar
De’ath, G., Fabricius, K. E., Sweatman, H. & Puotinen, M. The 27—year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208909109 (2012).
Google Scholar
Madin, J. S. et al. Cumulative effects of cyclones and bleaching on coral cover and species richness at Lizard Island. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 604, 263–268 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dietzel, A., Bode, M., Connolly, S. R. & Hughes, T. P. Long-term shifts in the colony size structure of coral populations along the Great Barrier Reef: Demographic change in Australia’s corals. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 287, 20201432 (2020).
Google Scholar
Claar, D. C. et al. Dynamic symbioses reveal pathways to coral survival through prolonged heatwaves. Nat. Commun. 11, 1–10 (2020).
Google Scholar
Claar, D. C. & Baum, J. K. Timing matters: Survey timing during extended heat stress can influence perceptions of coral susceptibility to bleaching. Coral Reefs 38, 559–565 (2019).
Google Scholar
Edmunds, P. J. Vital rates of small reef corals are associated with variation in climate. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 901–913 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hall, T. E. et al. Stony coral populations are more sensitive to changes in vital rates in disturbed environments. Ecol. Appl. 31, 1–11 (2021).
Google Scholar
Madin, J. S., Baird, A. H., Dornelas, M. & Connolly, S. R. Mechanical vulnerability explains size-dependent mortality of reef corals. Ecol. Lett. 17, 1008–1015 (2014).
Google Scholar
Edmunds, P. J. & Riegl, B. Urgent need for coral demography in a world where corals are disappearing. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 635, 233–242 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes. Nat. Clim. Chang. 9, 40–43 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pratchett, M. et al. Spatial, temporal and taxonomic variation in coral growth—Implications for the structure and function of coral reef ecosystems. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 53, 215–295 (2015).
Cantin, N. E. & Lough, J. M. Surviving coral bleaching events: Porites growth anomalies on the great barrier reef. PLoS ONE 9, e88720 (2014).
Google Scholar
Linares, C., Pratchett, M. S. & Coker, D. J. Recolonisation of Acropora hyacinthus following climate-induced coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 438, 97–104 (2011).
Google Scholar
Victor, S., Golbuu, Y., Yukihira, H. & Van Woesik, R. Acropora size-frequency distributions reflect spatially variable conditions on coral reefs of Palau. Bull. Mar. Sci. 85, 149–157 (2009).
Wilson, S. K., Robinson, J. P. W., Chong-Seng, K., Robinson, J. & Graham, N. A. J. Boom and bust of keystone structure on coral reefs. Coral Reefs 38, 625–635 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pratchett, M. S., McWilliam, M. J. & Riegl, B. Contrasting shifts in coral assemblages with increasing disturbances. Coral Reefs 39, 783–793 (2020).
Google Scholar
Loya, Y. et al. Coral bleaching: The winners and the losers. Ecol. Lett. 4, 122–131 (2001).
Google Scholar
Van Woesik, R., Sakai, K., Ganase, A. & Loya, Y. Revisiting the winners and the losers a decade after coral bleaching. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 434, 67–76 (2011).
Google Scholar
McWilliam, M., Pratchett, M. S., Hoogenboom, M. O. & Hughes, T. P. Deficits in functional trait diversity following recovery on coral reefs. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 287, 20192628 (2020).
Google Scholar
Marshall, P. A. & Baird, A. H. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: Differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19, 155–163 (2000).
Google Scholar
Graham, N. A. J., Cinner, J. E., Norström, A. V. & Nyström, M. Coral reefs as novel ecosystems: Embracing new futures. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 7, 9–14 (2014).
Google Scholar
Sully, S., Burkepile, D. E., Donovan, M. K., Hodgson, G. & van Woesik, R. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–5 (2019).
Google Scholar
Gilmour, J. P., Smith, L. D., Heyward, A. J., Baird, A. H. & Pratchett, M. S. Recovery of an isolated coral reef system following severe disturbance. Science 340, 69–71 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming impairs stock–recruitment dynamics of corals. Nature 568, 387–390 (2019).
Google Scholar
Vercelloni, J. et al. Forecasting intensifying disturbance effects on coral reefs. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 2785–2797 (2020).
Google Scholar
Team, R. C. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (2020).
Brooks, M. E. et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 9, 378 (2017).
Google Scholar
Evans, R. D. et al. Early recovery dynamics of turbid coral reefs after recurring bleaching events. J. Environ. Manag. 268, 110666 (2020).
Google Scholar
Carlot, J. et al. Juvenile corals underpin coral reef carbonate production after disturbance. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 2623–2632 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bellwood, D. R. et al. Coral reef conservation in the Anthropocene: Confronting spatial mismatches and prioritizing functions. Biol. Conserv. 236, 604–615 (2019).
Google Scholar
Baird, A., Emslie, M. & Lewis, A. Extended periods of coral recruitment on the Great Barrier Reef. In Proc. 12th Int. Coral Reef Symp. (2012).
Foster, N. L., Baums, I. B. & Mumby, P. J. Sexual vs. asexual reproduction in an ecosystem engineer: The massive coral Montastraea annularis. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 384–391 (2007).
Google Scholar
Edmunds, P. J. Patterns in the distribution of juvenile corals and coral reef community structure in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 202, 113–124 (2000).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P., Linares, C., Dakos, V., van de Leemput, I. A. & van Nes, E. H. Living dangerously on borrowed time during slow, unrecognized regime shifts. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 149–155 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359, 80–83 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wismer, S., Tebbett, S. B., Streit, R. P. & Bellwood, D. R. Spatial mismatch in fish and coral loss following 2016 mass coral bleaching. Sci. Total Environ. 650, 1487–1498 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wismer, S., Tebbett, S. B., Streit, R. P. & Bellwood, D. R. Young fishes persist despite coral loss on the Great Barrier Reef. Commun. Biol. 2, 1–7 (2019).
Google Scholar
Abràmoff, M. D., Hospitals, I., Magalhães, P. J. & Abràmoff, M. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int. 11, 36–42 (2004).
