Doughty, C. E., Wolf, A. & Field, C. B. Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human-induced global warming?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L15703 (2010).
Google Scholar
Svenning, J.-C. et al. Science for a wilder Anthropocene: Synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 898–906 (2016).
Google Scholar
Owen-Smith, N. The pivotal role of megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13, 351–362 (1987).
Google Scholar
Vera, F. W. M. Grazing Ecology and Forest History (CABI Publishing, 2000). https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994420.0000.
Google Scholar
Zimov, S. A. et al. Steppe-Tundra transition: A herbivore-driven biome shift at the end of the pleistocene. Am. Nat. 146, 765–794 (1995).
Google Scholar
Gill, J. L. Ecological impacts of the late quaternary megaherbivore extinctions. New Phytol. 201, 1163–1169 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bakker, E. S. et al. Combining paleo-data and modern exclosure experiments to assess the impact of megafauna extinctions on woody vegetation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 847–855 (2016).
Google Scholar
Martin, P. S. & Wright, H. E. Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Vol 6*** (Yale University Press, 1967).
Haynes, G. The evidence for human agency in the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. In Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, voxl 1 (eds DellaSala, D. & Goldstein, M.) 219–226 (Elsevier Inc., 2018).
Google Scholar
Johnson, C. N. Ecological consequences of Late Quaternary extinctions of megafauna. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 276, 2509–2519 (2009).
Google Scholar
Gradmann, R. Die Steppenheidentheorie. Geogr. Z. 39, 265–278 (1933).
Pausas, J. G. & Bond, W. J. Alternative biome states in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends Plant Sci. 25, 250–263 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zimov, S. A., Zimov, N. S., Tikhonov, A. N. & Chapin, F. S. Mammoth steppe: A high-productivity phenomenon. Quat. Sci. Rev. 20, 20 (2012).
Zimov, S. A., Zimov, N. S. & Chapin, F. S. The past and future of the mammoth steppe ecosystem. Springer Earth Syst. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25038-5_10 (2012).
Google Scholar
Zimov, S. A. Pleistocene park: Return of the Mammoth’ s ecosystem. Science (80–) 08, 796–798 (2005).
Google Scholar
Yurtsev, B. A. The pleistocene ‘Tundra-steppe’ and the productivity paradox: The landscape approach. Quat. Sci. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00125-6 (2001).
Google Scholar
Blinnikov, M. S., Gaglioti, B. V., Walker, D. A., Wooller, M. J. & Zazula, G. D. Pleistocene graminoid-dominated ecosystems in the Arctic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 2906–2929 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kienast, F. Plant macrofossil records—Arctic Eurasia. In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (eds Elias, S. A. & Mock, C.) 733–745 (Elsevier, 2013).
Google Scholar
Guthrie, R. D. Mammals of the mammoth steppe as paleoenvironmental indicators. In Paleoecology of Beringia (eds Hopkins, D. M. et al.) 307–326 (Elsevier Inc, 1982).
Google Scholar
Kienast, F., Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C. & Tarasov, P. Palaeobotanical evidence for warm summers in the East Siberian Arctic during the last cold stage. Quat. Res. 63, 283–300 (2005).
Google Scholar
Sher, A. V., Kuzmina, S. A., Kuznetsova, T. V. & Sulerzhitsky, L. D. New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 533–569 (2005).
Google Scholar
Guthrie, R. D. Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: A story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 20, 20 (2001).
Rivals, F., Semprebon, G. & Lister, A. An examination of dietary diversity patterns in Pleistocene proboscideans (Mammuthus, Palaeoloxodon, and Mammut) from Europe and North America as revealed by dental microwear. Quat. Int. 255, 188–195 (2012).
Google Scholar
van Asperen, E. N. & Kahlke, R.-D. Dietary traits of the late Early Pleistocene Bison menneri (Bovidae, Mammalia) from its type site Untermassfeld (Central Germany) and the problem of Pleistocene ‘wood bison’. Quat. Sci. Rev. 177, 299–313 (2017).
Google Scholar
Saarinen, J. & Lister, A. M. Dental mesowear reflects local vegetation and niche separation in Pleistocene proboscideans from Britain. J. Quat. Sci. 31, 799–808 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sher, A. V. Fossil saiga in northeastern Siberia and Alaska. Int. Geol. Rev. 10, 1247–1260 (1968).
Google Scholar
Kahlke, R. D. & Lacombat, F. The earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta tologoijensis, Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) into Europe and its adaptive evolution in Palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 1951–1961 (2008).
Google Scholar
Kahlke, R. D. The origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex). Quat. Sci. Rev. 96, 32–49 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rivals, F. & Lister, A. M. Dietary flexibility and niche partitioning of large herbivores through the Pleistocene of Britain. Quat. Sci. Rev. 146, 116–133 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kahlke, R. D. The maximum geographic extension of Late Pleistocene Mammuthus primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and its limiting factors. Quat. Int. 379, 147–154 (2015).
Google Scholar
Chapin, F. S., Shaver, R. R., Giblin, A. E., Nadelhoffer, K. G. & Laundre, J. A. Response of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climat. Ecology 76, 694–711 (1995).
Google Scholar
Reinecke, J., Troeva, E. & Wesche, K. Extrazonal steppes and other temperate grasslands of northern Siberia—phytosociological classification and ecological characterization. Phytocoenologia 47, 167–196 (2017).
Google Scholar
Yurtsev, B. A. Relics of the xerophyte vegetation of Beringia in northeastern Asia. In Paleoecology of Beringia (eds Hopkins, D. M. et al.) 157–177 (Elsevier Inc, 1982).
Google Scholar
Ashastina, K. et al. Woodlands and steppes: Pleistocene vegetation in Yakutia’s most continental part recorded in the Batagay permafrost sequence. Quartern. Sci. Rev. 196, 38–61 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chytrý, M. et al. Refugial ecosystems in central Asia as indicators of biodiversity change during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Ecol. Indic. 77, 357–367 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gill, J. L., Williams, J. W., Jackson, S. T., Lininger, K. B. & Robinson, G. S. Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science (80–) 326, 1100–1103 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cingolani, A. M., Noy-Meir, I. & Díaz, S. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: A synthesis of contemporary models. Ecol. Appl. 15, 757–773 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wehrden, H. V., Hanspach, J., Kaczensky, P., Fischer, J. & Wesche, K. Global assessment of the non-equilibrium concept in rangelands. Ecol. Appl. 22, 393–399 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al. Combined effects of livestock grazing and abiotic environment on vegetation and soils of grasslands across Tibet. Appl. Veg. Sci. 20, 327–339 (2017).
Google Scholar
Elser, J. J. et al. Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol. Lett. 10, 1135–1142 (2007).
Google Scholar
Manseau, M., Huot, J. & Crête, M. Effects of summer grazing by caribou on composition and productivity of vegetation: Community and landscape level. J. Ecol. 84, 503–513 (1996).
Google Scholar
Suominen, O. & Olofsson, J. Impacts of semi-domesticated reindeer on structure of tundra and forest communities in fennoscandia: A review. Ann. Zool. Fennici 37, 233–249 (2000).
Virtanen, R. Effects of grazing on above-ground biomass on a mountain snowbed, NW Finland. Oikos 90, 295–300 (2000).
Google Scholar
Ravolainen, V. T. et al. Rapid, landscape scale responses in riparian tundra vegetation to exclusion of small and large mammalian herbivores. Basic Appl. Ecol. 12, 643–653 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y. & Wesche, K. Vegetation and soil responses to livestock grazing in Central Asian grasslands: A review of Chinese literature. Biodivers. Conserv. 25, 2401–2420 (2016).
Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Noy-meir, I. & Cabido, M. Can grazing of herbaceous plants be predicted response from simple vegetative traits?. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 497–508 (2001).
Google Scholar
Díaz, S. et al. Plant trait responses to grazing—a global synthesis. Glob. Change Biol. 13, 313–341 (2007).
Google Scholar
Pakeman, R. J. & Marriott, C. A. A functional assessment of the response of grassland vegetation to reduced grazing and abandonment. J. Veg. Sci. 21, 683–694 (2010).
Troeva, E. I. & Cherosov, M. M. Transformation of Steppe communities of Yakutia due to climatic change and anthropogenic impact in Eurasian Steppes. Ecol. Probl. Livelih. Changing World https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3886-7_14 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gavrilyeva, L., Sofronov, R., Arzhakova, A., Barashkova, N. & Ivanov, I. Hayfields and pastures. In The Far North: Plant Biodiversity and Ecology of Yakutia (ed. Al, T.) 275–281 (Springer, 2010).
Gill, J. L. Learning from Africa’s herbivores. Science (80–) 350, 1036–1037 (2015).
Google Scholar
Reinecke, J. S. F. The Return of the Mammoth Steppe?—Rewilding in Yakutia and the Actual Impact of Large Herbivore Grazing on Vegetation (Technische Universität Dresden, 2019).
Malyschev, L. I. Flora of Siberia (Science Publishers, 2006).
Cornelissen, J. H. C. et al. A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust. J. Bot. 51, 335–380 (2003).
Google Scholar
McCune, B. Improved estimates of incident radiation and heat load using non-parametric regression against topographic variables. J. Veg. Sci. 18, 751–754 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G. & Jarvis, A. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 25, 1965–1978 (2005).
Google Scholar
Ter Braak, C. J. F. & Šmilauer, P. Canoco reference manual and user’s guide: Software for ordination. 496 (2012).
Ashastina, K. Palaeo-environments at the Batagay site in West Beringia During the Late Quaternary (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2018).
McCune, B. & Mefford, M. J. PC-ORD. (2011).
Pakeman, R. J., Lennon, J. J. & Brooker, R. W. Trait assembly in plant assemblages and its modulation by productivity and disturbance. Oecologia 167, 209–218 (2011).
Google Scholar
Troeva, E. I., Isaev, A. P., Cherosov, M. M. & Karpov, N. S. The Far North: Plant Diversity and Ecology of Yakutia (Springer, 2010).
Google Scholar
Elvebakk, A. ‘Arctic hotspot complexes’—proposed priority sites for studying and monitoring effects of climatic change on arctic biodiversity. Phytocoenologia 35, 1067–1079 (2005).
Google Scholar
Coughenour, M. B. Graminoid responses to grazing by large herbivores: Adaptations, exaptations, and interacting processes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72, 852–863 (1985).
Google Scholar
Quiroga, R. E., Golluscio, R. A., Blanco, L. J. & Fernández, R. J. Aridity and grazing as convergent selective forces: An experiment with an Arid Chaco bunchgrass. Ecol. Appl. 20, 1876–1889 (2010).
Google Scholar
Herms, D. A. & Matson, W. J. The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend. Q. Rev. Biol. 67, 293–335 (1992).
Google Scholar
Hobbie, S. E. Effect of plant species on nutrient cycling. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7, 336–339 (1992).
Google Scholar
Coley, P. D., Bryant, J. P. & Chapin, F. S. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science (80–) 230, 895–899 (1985).
Google Scholar
Wesche, K., Nadrowski, K. & Retzer, V. Habitat engineering under dry conditions: The impact of pikas (Ochotona pallasi) on vegetation and site conditions in southern Mongolian steppes. J. Veg. Sci. 18, 665 (2007).
Google Scholar
Newediuk, L. J., Waters, I. & Hare, J. F. Aspen parkland pasture altered by Richardson’s ground squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii Sabine) activity: The good, the bad, and the not so ugly?. Can. Field-Nat. 129, 331–341 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wheeler, H. C. & Hik, D. S. Arctic ground squirrels Urocitellus parryii as drivers and indicators of change in northern ecosystems. Mamm. Rev. 43, 238–255 (2013).
Google Scholar
Steuter, A. A. & Hidinger, L. Comparative ecology of bison and cattle on mixed-grass prairie. Gt. Plains Res. 9, 329–342 (1999).
Ivanova, V. Tipchakovye stepi—odin iz etapov pastbischnoi digressii rastitelnosti v doline srednei Leny. In Rastitelnost Yakutii i Eyo Okhrana (ed. Andreyev, V.) 37–56 (1981).
Ivanova, V. O vliyanii vypasa na stepnuyu rastitelnost v doline r. Leny. In Lyubite i okhranyaite prirodu Yakutii 86–93 (1967).
Gavrilyeva, L. Pastbishnaya Digressiya i Ratsionalnoye Ispolzovaniye Rastitelnosti Alasov Leno-Amginskogo Mezhdurechya (University of Yakutsk, 1998).
Bazha, S. N., Gunin, P. D., Danzhalova, E. V., Drobyshev, Y. I. & Prishcepa, A. V. Pastoral degradataion of steppe ecosystems in Central Mongolia. In Eurasian Steppes. Ecological Problems and Livelihoods in a Changing World (eds Werger, M. J. A. & Staalduinen, M. A.) 289–319 (Springer, 2012).
Google Scholar
Crate, S. et al. Permafrost livelihoods: A transdisciplinary review and analysis of thermokarst-based systems of indigenous land use. Anthropocene 18, 89–104 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ellis, J. & Swift, D. Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development. J. Range Manag. 41, 450–459 (1988).
Google Scholar
Nachinshonhor, U. G. Use of steppe vegetation by nomadic pastoralism in Mongolia. In Ecological Research Monographs (eds Yamamura, N. et al.) 145–156 (Springer, 2014).
Wang, Y. et al. Multiple indicators yield diverging results on grazing degradation and climate controls across Tibetan pastures. Ecol. Indic. 93, 1199–1208 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ahlborn, J. et al. Climate—grazing interactions in Mongolian rangelands: Effects of grazing change along a large-scale environmental gradient. J. Arid Environ. 173, 20 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vesk, P. A. & Westoby, M. Predicting plant species’ responses to grazing. J. Appl. Ecol. 28, 897–909 (2001).
Google Scholar
Shipley, L. Grazers and browsers: how digestive morphology affects diet selection. Grazing behavior of livestock and wildlife 70, 20–27 (1999).
Larter, N. C. Diet and habitat selection of an erupting wood bison population. 1–118 (1988).
Kuznetsova, T. V. Fossils of the mammoth fauna. Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition Lena—New Siberian Islands 2007 during the International Polar Year 2007/2008, 139–140 (2008).
Kuznetsova, T. V., Sulerzhitsky, L. D. & Siegert, C. New data on the ‘Mammoth’ fauna of the Laptev Shelf Land (East Siberian Arctic). In The World of Elephants—International Congress 289–292 (2001).
Haynes, G. Elephants (and extinct relatives) as earth-movers and ecosystem engineers. Geomorphology 157–158, 99–107 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gill, R. The influence of large herbivores on tree recruitment and forest dynamics. In Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation (eds Danell, K. et al.) 170–202 (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Google Scholar
Martin, P. J. Digestive and grazing strategies of animals in the arctic steppe. In Paleoecology of Beringia (eds Hopkins, D. M. et al.) 259–266 (Elsevier Inc, 1982).
Google Scholar
Huisman, J. & Olff, H. Competition and facilitation in multispecies plant-herbivore systems of productive environments. Ecol. Lett. 1, 25–29 (1998).
Google Scholar
Waldram, M. S., Bond, W. J. & Stock, W. D. Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: White Rhino impacts on a south African savanna. Ecosystems 11, 101–112 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cornelissen, P. Large Herbivores as a Driving Force of Woodland-Grassland Cycles (Wageningen University, 2017).
Scheffer, M. & Carpenter, S. R. Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 14, 203–211 (2003).
Scheffer, M., Hirota, M., Holmgren, M., Van Nes, E. H. & Chapin, F. S. Thresholds for boreal biome transitions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 21384–21389 (2012).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
