Gause, G. F. Experimental populations of microscopic organisms. Ecology 18, 173–179 (1937).
DeBach, P. & Sundby, R. A. Competitive displacement between ecological homologues. Hilgardia 34, 105–166 (1963).
Johnson, C. A. & Bronstein, J. L. Coexistence and competitive exclusion in mutualism. Ecology 100, e02708 (2019).
Gause, G. F. Experimental analysis of Vito Volterra’s mathematical theory of the struggle for existence. Science 79, 16–17 (1934).
Hutchinson, G. E. Concluding remarks Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22, 415–427 (1958).
MacArthur, R. H. Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39, 599–619 (1958).
Kooyers, N. J., James, B. & Blackman, B. K. Competition drives trait evolution and character displacement between Mimulus species along an environmental gradient. Evolution 71, 1205–1221 (2017).
Whittaker, R. H., Levin, S. A. & Root, R. B. Niche, Habitat, and Ecotope. Am. Nat. 107, 321–338 (1973).
Wilson, R. P. Resource partitioning and niche hyper-volume overlap in free-living Pygoscelid penguins. Funct. Ecol. 24, 646–657 (2010).
Berendse, F. Interspecific competition and niche differentiation between Plantago Ianceolata and Anthoxanthum odoratum in a natural hayfield. J. Ecol. 71, 379–390 (1983).
Peterson, A. T. & Holt, R. D. Niche differentiation in Mexican birds: using point occurrences to detect ecological innovation. Ecol. Lett. 6, 774–782 (2003).
Preez, B., Purdon, J., Trethowan, P., Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. Dietary niche differentiation facilitates coexistence of two large carnivores. J. Zool. 302, 149–156 (2017).
Pratte, I., Robertson, G. J. & Mallory, M. L. Four sympatrically nesting auks show clear resource segregation in their foraging environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 572, 243–254 (2017).
Cody, M. L. Coexistence, coevolution and convergent evolution in seabird communities. Ecology 54, 31–44 (1973).
Hjernquist, M. B., Hjernquist, M., Hjernquist, B. & Thuman Hjernquist, K. A. Common Guillemot Uria aalge differentiate their niche to coexist with colonizing Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo. Atlantic Seabird 7, 83–89 (2005).
Gaston, A. J. Seabirds: A Natural History (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2004).
Frere, E., Quintana, F., Gandini, P. & Wilson, R. P. Foraging behaviour and habitat partitioning of two sympatric cormorants in Patagonia, Argentina. Ibis 150, 558–564 (2008).
Linnebjerg, J. F., Reuleaux, A., Mouritsen, K. N. & Frederiksen, M. Foraging ecology of three sympatric breeding alcids in a declining colony in southwest Greenland. Waterbirds 38, 143–152 (2015).
Symons, S. C. Ecological Segregation Between Two Closely Related Species: Exploring Atlantic Puffin and Razorbill Foraging Hotspots (M. Sc. thesis, University of New Brunswick) (2018).
Jenkins, E. J. & Davoren, G. K. Seabird species-and assemblage-level isotopic niche shifts associated with changing prey availability during breeding in coastal Newfoundland. Ibis https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12873 (2020).
Gaston, A. J., Ydenberg, R. C. & Smith, G. E. J. Ashmole’s halo and population regulation in seabirds. Mar. Ornithol. 35, 119–126 (2007).
Sánchez, S. et al. Within-colony spatial segregation leads to foraging behaviour variation in a seabird. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 606, 215–230 (2018).
Elliott, K. H. et al. Central-place foraging in an Arctic seabird provides evidence for Storer-Ashmole’s halo. Auk 126, 613–625 (2009).
Wakefield, E. D. et al. Space partitioning without territoriality in gannets. Science 341, 68–70 (2013).
Linnebjerg, J. F. et al. Sympatric breeding auks shift between dietary and spatial resource partitioning across the annual cycle. PLoS ONE 8, e72987 (2013).
Masello, J. F. et al. Diving seabirds share foraging space and time within and among species. Ecosphere 1, 1–28 (2010).
Hinke, J. T. et al. Spatial and isotopic niche partitioning during winter in chindstrap and Adélie penguins from the South Shetland Islands. Ecosphere 6, 1–32 (2015).
Gulka, J., Ronconi, R. A. & Davoren, G. K. Spatial segregation contrasting dietary overlap: niche partitioning of two sympatric alcids during shifting resource availability. Mar. Biol. 166, 155 (2019).
Ricklefs, R. E. & White, S. C. Growth and energetics of chicks of the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) and Common Tern (S. hirundo). Auk 98, 361–378 (1981).
Lance, M. M. & Thompson, C. W. Overlap in diets and foraging of Common Murres and Rhinoceros Auklets after the breeding season. Auk 122, 887–901 (2005).
Maynard, L. D. & Davoren, G. K. Inter-colony and interspecific differences in the isotopic niche of two sympatric gull species in Newfoundland. Mar. Ornithol. 48, 103–109 (2020).
Thaxter, C. B. et al. Influence of wing loading on the trade-off between pursuit-diving and flight in common guillemots and razorbills. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 1018–1025 (2010).
Thaxter, C. B. et al. Modelling the effects of prey size and distribution on prey capture rates of two sympatric marine predators. PLoS ONE 8, e79915 (2013).
Shoji, A., Aris-Brosou, S. & Elliott, K. H. Physiological constraints and dive behavior scale in tandem with body mass in auks: A comparative analysis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 196, 54–60 (2016).
Guigueno, M. F., Shoji, A., Elliott, K. H. & Aris-Brosou, S. Flight costs in volant vertebrates: A phylogenetically-controlled meta-analysis of birds and bats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 235, 193–201 (2019).
Robertson, G. S., Bolton, M. & Monaghan, P. Influence of diet and foraging strategy on reproductive success in two morphologically similar sympatric seabirds. Bird Study 63, 316–329 (2016).
Gaston, A. J. & Jones, I. L. The Auks: Alcidae (Oxford University Press, USA, 1998).
Orians, G. H. & Pearson, N. E. On the theory of central place foraging. Analysis of ecological systems. Ohio State Univ. Press Columbus 2, 155–177 (1979).
Rail, J. F. & Cotter, R. C. Seventeenth census of seabird populations in the sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2010. Can. Field-Nat. 121, 287–294 (2015).
Lavoie, R. A., Rail, J. F. & Lean, D. R. Diet composition of seabirds from Corossol Island, Canada, using direct dietary and stable isotope analyses. Waterbirds 35, 402–419 (2012).
Elliott, K. H. et al. High flight costs, but low dive costs, in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 9380–9384 (2013).
Croll, D. A., Gaston, A. J., Burger, A. E. & Konnoff, D. Foraging behavior and physiological adaptation for diving in Thick-billed Murres. Ecology 73, 344–356 (1992).
Thaxter, C. B. et al. Sex-specific food provisioning in a monomorphic seabird, the common guillemot Uria aalge: nest defence, foraging efficiency or parental effort?. J. Avian Biol. 40, 75–84 (2009).
Gremillet, D. & Boulinier, T. Spatial ecology and conservation of seabirds facing global climate change a review. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 391, 121–137 (2009).
Domalik, A. D., Hipfner, J. M., Studholme, K. R., Crossin, G. T. & Green, D. J. At-sea distribution and fine-scale habitat use patterns of zooplanktivorous Cassin’s auklets during the chick-rearing period. Mar. Biol. 165, 177 (2018).
Lack, D. Ecological Isolation in Birds (Blackwell, Oxford, 1971).
Wanless, S., Harris, M. P. & Morris, J. A. A comparison of feeding areas used by individual Common Murres (Uria aalge), Razorbills (Alca torda) and an Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) during the breeding season. Colonial Waterbirds 13, 16–24 (1990).
Paredes, R., Jones, I. L., Boness, D. J., Tremblay, Y. & Renner, M. Sex-specific differences in diving behaviour of two sympatric Alcini species: thick-billed murres and razorbills. Can. J. Zool. 86, 610–622 (2008).
Kotzerka, J., Garthe, S. & Hatch, S. A. GPS tracking devices reveal foraging strategies of Black-legged Kittiwakes. J. Ornithol. 151, 459–467 (2009).
John, M. A. S., MacDonald, J. S., Harrison, P. J., Beamish, R. J. & Choromanski, E. The Fraser River plume: some preliminary observations on the distribution of juvenile salmon, herring, and their prey. Fish. Oceanogr. 1, 153–162 (1992).
Phillips, E. M., Horne, J. K., Adams, J. & Zamon, J. E. Selective occupancy of a persistent yet variable coastal river plume by two seabird species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 594, 245–261 (2018).
Shoji, A. et al. Foraging behaviour of sympatric razorbills and puffins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 520, 257–267 (2015).
Chimienti, M. et al. Taking movement data to new depths: inferring prey availability and patch profitability from seabird foraging behavior. Ecol. Evol. 7, 10252–10256 (2017).
Gaglio, D., Cook, T. R., Connan, M., Ryan, P. G. & Sherley, R. B. Dietary studies in birds: testing a non-invasive method using digital photography in seabirds. Methods Ecol. Evol. 8, 214–222 (2017).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/. (2019)
Calenge, C. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecol. Model. 197, 516–519 (2006).
Hijmans, R. J. Geosphere: Spherical Trigonometry. R Package Version 1.5–10 (2019).
Burger, A. E. Arrival and departure behavior of common murres at colonies: evidence for an information halo?. Colonial Waterbirds 20, 55–65 (1997).
Bradstreet, M. S. W. & Brown, R. G. B. Feeding studies. In Population Estimation, Productivity, and Food Habits of Nesting Seabirds at Cape Pierce and the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea (ed. Johnson, S. R.) 257–306 (Anchorage, Alaska, 1985).
Vaughn, H. R. H. Flight speed of guillemots, razorbills and puffins. Br. Birds 31, 123 (1937).
Fifield, D. A., Lewis, K. P., Gjerdrum, C., Robertsoan, G. J. & Wells, R. Offshore seabird monitoring program. Environ. Stud. Res. Funds Rep. 183, 68 (2009).
Pennycuick, C. J. Actual and “optimum” flight speeds: field data reassessed. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 2355–2361 (1997).
Elliott, K. H. et al. Windscapes shape seabird instantaneous energy costs but adult behavior buffers impact on offspring. Mov. Ecol. 2, 17 (2014).
Gaston, A. J. et al. Modeling foraging range for breeding colonies of thick-billed murres Uria lomvia in the Eastern Canadian Arctic and potential overlap with industrial development. Biol. Conserv. 168, 134–143 (2013).
Kruskal, W. H. & Wallis, W. A. Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 47, 583–621 (1952).
Neuhäuser, M. Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Test. In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science (ed. Lovric, M.) (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011).
Haynes, W. Bonferroni Correction in Encyclopedia of Systems Biology (Dubitzky, W., Wolkenhauer, O., Cho, K.H., Yokota, H.) (Springer, New York, 2013).
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2016).
Dunnington, D. ggspatial: Spatial Data Framework for ggplot2. R package version 1.1.4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggspatial (2020).
South, A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth. R package version 0.1.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rnaturalearth (2017).
South, A. rnaturalearthdata: World Vector Map Data from Natural Earth used in ‘rnaturalearth’. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rnaturalearthdata (2017).
Pabesma, E. Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. R J 10, 439–446 (2018).
Fieberg, J. & Kochanny, C. O. Quantifying home-range overlap: The importance of the utilization distribution. J. Wildl. Manag. 69, 1346–1359 (2005).
Delord, K. et al. Movements of three alcid species breeding sympatrically in Saint Pierre and Miquelon, northwestern Atlantic Ocean. J. Ornithol. 161, 359–371 (2019).
Wei, T. & Simko, V. R package “corrplot”: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix (Version 0.84) (2017). https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot.
Lê, S., Josse, J. & Husson, F. FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 25, 1–18 (2008).
Kassambara, A. & Mundt, F. factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra, (Version 1.0.3) (2016).
Rasband, W. S. ImageJ, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/ (1997–2018).
Lambert, J. D. & Bernier, B. Observations on 4RST capelin in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (A retrospective, 1984–1987). CAFSAC Res. Document 89 (1989).
Elliott, K. H. & Gaston, A. J. Mass-length relationships and energy content of fishes and invertebrates delivered to nesting Thick-billed Murres Uria lomvia in the Canadian Arctic, 1981–2007. Mar. Ornithol. 36, 25–34 (2008).
Noble, V. R. & Clark, D. S. Seasonal length: weight relationships of Grenadiers, Chimaeras, and Atlantic Herring caught by Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s Maritimes Region Ecosystem Surveys, using different measurement techniques at sea. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1291, 4–14 (2019).
Silva, J. F., Ellis, J. R. & Ayers, R. A. Length-weight relationships of marine fish collected from around the British Isles. Science 150, 109 (2013).
Morin, R., Ricard, D., Benoît, H. & Surette, T. A review of the biology of Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), its ecology, and its exploratory fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (NAFO Div. 4T). DFO Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, v + 39 (2017).
Erguden, D., Turan, F. & Turan, C. Length–weight and length–length relationships for four shad species along the western Black Sea coast of Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 27, 942–944 (2011).
Sievert, C. plotly for R. https://plotly-book.cpsievert.me. [p506] (2018).
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L. & Müller, K. dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 0.8.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr (2019).
Zeileisk, A., Kleiber, C. & Jackman, S. Regression models for count data in R. J. Stat. Softw. 27, 1–25 (2008).
Chambers, J. M. Linear models. In Statistical Models (eds Chambers, J. M. & Hastie, T. J.) (Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole, Belmont, 1992).
Ahlmann-Eltze, C. ggsignif: Significance Brackets for ggplot2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggsignif (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
