in

Heat stress reduces the contribution of diazotrophs to coral holobiont nitrogen cycling

  • 1.

    Thompson JR, Rivera HE, Closek CJ, Medina M. Microbes in the coral holobiont: partners through evolution, development, and ecological interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:176.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 2.

    Pogoreutz C, Voolstra CR, Rädecker N, Weis V, Cardenas A, Raina J-B. The coral holobiont highlights the dependence of cnidarian animal hosts on their associated microbes. In: Bosch TCG, Hadfield MG, editors. Cellular dialogues in the holobiont. CRC Press; 2020. p. 91–118.

  • 3.

    Stanley GD, van de Schootbrugge B. The evolution of the coral–algal symbiosis. In: van Oppen MJH, Lough JM, editors. Coral bleaching: patterns, processes, causes and consequences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 7–19.

  • 4.

    LaJeunesse TC, Parkinson JE, Gabrielson PW, Jeong HJ, Reimer JD, Voolstra CR, et al. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. Curr Biol. 2018;28:2570–80.e6.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 5.

    Muscatine L. The role of symbiotic algae in carbon and energy flux in reef corals. Coral Reefs. 1990;25:75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • 6.

    Stolarski J, Kitahara MV, Miller DJ, Cairns SD, Mazur M, Meibom A. The ancient evolutionary origins of Scleractinia revealed by azooxanthellate corals. BMC Evol Biol. 2011;11:316.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 7.

    Frankowiak K, Wang XT, Sigman DM, Gothmann AM, Kitahara MV, Mazur M, et al. Photosymbiosis and the expansion of shallow-water corals. Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1601122.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 8.

    Wild C, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Naumann MS, Colombo-Pallotta MF, Ateweberhan M, Fitt WK, et al. Climate change impedes scleractinian corals as primary reef ecosystem engineers. Mar Freshw Res. 2011;62:205–15.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 9.

    Hughes TP, Barnes ML, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Cumming GS, Jackson JBC. et al. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature. 2017;546:82–90.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 10.

    Kleypas J, Allemand D, Anthony K, Baker AC, Beck MW, Hale LZ, et al. Designing a blueprint for coral reef survival. Biol Conserv. 2021;257:109107.

    Google Scholar 

  • 11.

    Anthony KRN, Hoogenboom MO, Maynard JA, Grottoli AG, Middlebrook R. Energetics approach to predicting mortality risk from environmental stress: a case study of coral bleaching. Funct Ecol. 2009;23:539–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • 12.

    Hughes TP, Anderson KD, Connolly SR, Heron SF, Kerry JT, Lough JM. et al. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science. 2018;359:80–83.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 13.

    Voolstra CR, Suggett DJ, Peixoto RS, John E, Parkinson KM, Quigley CB, Silveira M, et al. Extending the natural adaptive capacity of coral holobionts. Nat Rev Earth Environ. 2021;2:747–62; https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00214-3.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 14.

    Suggett DJ, Smith DJ. Coral bleaching patterns are the outcome of complex biological and environmental networking. Glob Chang Biol. 2020;26:68–79.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 15.

    Rädecker N, Pogoreutz C, Gegner HM, Cárdenas A, Roth F, Bougoure J, et al. Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2022653118.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 16.

    Morris LA, Voolstra CR, Quigley KM, Bourne DG, Bay LK. Nutrient availability and metabolism affect the stability of coral–Symbiodiniaceae symbioses. Trends Microbiol. 2019;27:678–89.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 17.

    Muscatine L, Porter JW. Reef Corals: mutualistic symbioses adapted to nutrient-poor environments. Bioscience. 1977;27:454–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • 18.

    Falkowski PG, Dubinsky Z, Muscatine L, Porter JW. Light and the bioenergetics of a symbiotic coral. Bioscience. 1984;34:705–9.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 19.

    Falkowski PG, Dubinsky Z, Muscatine L, McCloskey L. Population control in symbiotic corals. Bioscience. 1993;43:606–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • 20.

    Peng S-E, Chen C-S, Song Y-F, Huang H-T, Jiang P-L, Chen W-NU, et al. Assessment of metabolic modulation in free-living versus endosymbiotic Symbiodinium using synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy. Biol Lett. 2012;8:434–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 21.

    Krueger T, Horwitz N, Bodin J, Giovani M-E, Escrig S, Fine M, et al. Intracellular competition for nitrogen controls dinoflagellate population density in corals. Proc R Soc B. 2020;287:20200049.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 22.

    Roberty S, Béraud E, Grover R, Ferrier-Pagès C. Coral croductivity is co-limited by bicarbonate and ammonium availability. Microorganisms. 2020;8:640

    CAS 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 23.

    Baker DM, Freeman CJ, Wong JCY, Fogel ML, Knowlton N. Climate change promotes parasitism in a coral symbiosis. ISME J. 2018;12:921–30.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 24.

    Cunning R, Muller EB, Gates RD, Nisbet RM. A dynamic bioenergetic model for coral- Symbiodinium symbioses and coral bleaching as an alternate stable state. J Theor Biol. 2017;431:49–62.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 25.

    Rädecker N, Pogoreutz C, Voolstra CR, Wiedenmann J, Wild C. Nitrogen cycling in corals: the key to understanding holobiont functioning? Trends Microbiol. 2015;23:490–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 26.

    Wiedenmann J, D’Angelo C, Smith EG, Hunt AN, Legiret F-E, Postle AD, et al. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nat Clim Chang. 2012;3:160–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • 27.

    Houlbrèque F, Ferrier-Pagès C. Heterotrophy in tropical scleractinian corals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2009;84:1–17.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 28.

    Fiore CL, Jarett JK, Olson ND, Lesser MP. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transformations in marine symbioses. Trends Microbiol. 2010;18:455–63.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 29.

    Grover R, Maguer J-F, Allemand D, Ferrier-Pagès C. Uptake of dissolved free amino acids by the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. J Exp Biol. 2008;211:860–5.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 30.

    Lema KA, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Corals form characteristic associations with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78:3136–44.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 31.

    Pogoreutz C, Rädecker N, Cárdenas A, Gärdes A, Wild C, Voolstra CR. Nitrogen fixation aligns with nifH abundance and expression in two coral trophic functional groups. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1187.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 32.

    Olson ND, Lesser MP. Diazotrophic diversity in the Caribbean coral, Montastraea cavernosa. Arch Microbiol. 2013;195:853–9.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 33.

    Lesser MP, Morrow KM, Pankey SM, Noonan SHC. Diazotroph diversity and nitrogen fixation in the coral Stylophora pistillata from the Great Barrier Reef. ISME J. 2018;12:813–24.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 34.

    Moynihan MA, Goodkin NF, Morgan KM, Kho PYY, dos Santos AL, Lauro FM, et al. Coral-associated nitrogen fixation rates and diazotrophic diversity on a nutrient-replete equatorial reef. ISME J. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01054-1.

  • 35.

    Tilstra A, Pogoreutz C, Rädecker N, Ziegler M, Wild C, Voolstra CR. Relative diazotroph abundance in symbiotic Red Sea corals decreases with water depth. Front Mar Sci. 2019;6:372.

    Google Scholar 

  • 36.

    Bednarz VN, Cardini U, van Hoytema N, Al-Rshaidat MMD, Wild C. Seasonal variation in dinitrogen fixation and oxygen fluxes associated with two dominant zooxanthellate soft corals from the northern Red Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2015;519:141–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • 37.

    Rädecker N, Meyer FW, Bednarz VN, Cardini U, Wild C. Ocean acidification rapidly reduces dinitrogen fixation associated with the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2014;511:297–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • 38.

    Cardini U, Bednarz VN, Naumann MS, van Hoytema N, Rix L, Foster RA, et al. Functional significance of dinitrogen fixation in sustaining coral productivity under oligotrophic conditions. Proc R Soc B. 2015;282:20152257.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 39.

    Bednarz VN, van de Water JAJM, Grover R, Maguer J-F, Fine M, Ferrier-Pagès C. Unravelling the importance of diazotrophy in corals – combined assessment of nitrogen assimilation, diazotrophic community and natural stable isotope signatures. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:1638.

    Google Scholar 

  • 40.

    Santos HF, Carmo FL, Duarte G, Dini-Andreote F, Castro CB, Rosado AS, et al. Climate change affects key nitrogen-fixing bacterial populations on coral reefs. ISME J. 2014;8:2272–9.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 41.

    Cardini U, van Hoytema N, Bednarz VN, Rix L, Foster RA, Al-Rshaidat MMD, et al. Microbial dinitrogen fixation in coral holobionts exposed to thermal stress and bleaching. Environ Microbiol. 2016;18:2620–33.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 42.

    Bednarz VN, van de Water JAJM, Rabouille S, Maguer J-F, Grover R, Ferrier-Pagès C. Diazotrophic community and associated dinitrogen fixation within the temperate coral Oculina patagonica. Environ Microbiol. 2019;21:480–95.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 43.

    Pogoreutz C, Rädecker N, Cárdenas A, Gärdes A, Voolstra CR, Wild C. Sugar enrichment provides evidence for a role of nitrogen fixation in coral bleaching. Glob Chang Biol. 2017;23:3838–48.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 44.

    Bednarz VN, Grover R, Maguer J-F, Fine M, Ferrier-Pagès C. The assimilation of diazotroph-derived nitrogen by scleractinian corals depends on their metabolic status. mBio. 2017;8:e02058–16.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 45.

    Petrou K, Nunn BL, Padula MP, Miller DJ, Nielsen DA. Broad scale proteomic analysis of heat-destabilised symbiosis in the hard coral Acropora millepora. Sci Rep. 2021;11:19061.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 46.

    Roth F, Rädecker N, Carvalho S, Duarte CM, Saderne V, Anton A, et al. High summer temperatures amplify functional differences between coral‐ and algae‐dominated reef communities. Ecology. 2021;102:e03226.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 47.

    Andersson AF, Lindberg M, Jakobsson H, Bäckhed F, Nyrén P, Engstrand L. Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2836.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 48.

    Bayer T, Neave MJ, Alsheikh-Hussain A, Aranda M, Yum LK, Mincer T, et al. The microbiome of the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata is dominated by tissue-associated Endozoicomonas bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79:4759–62.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 49.

    Gaby JC, Buckley DH. A comprehensive evaluation of PCR primers to amplify the nifH gene of nitrogenase. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42149.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 50.

    Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13:581–3.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 51.

    R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing computer program. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021.

  • 52.

    Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D590–6.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 53.

    McMurdie PJ, Holmes S. phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e61217.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 54.

    Oksanen J, Kindt R, Legendre P, O’Hara B, Stevens MHH, Oksanen MJ, et al. The vegan package. Community Ecol Package. 2007;10:631–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • 55.

    Roesch LFW, Dobbler PT, Pylro VS, Kolaczkowski B, Drew JC, Triplett EW. pime: A package for discovery of novel differences among microbial communities. Mol Ecol Resour. 2020;20:415–28.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 56.

    Guo K. microbial: do 16s data analysis and generate figures. R package version 1.14.4. 2021.

  • 57.

    Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet J. 2011;17:10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • 58.

    Wang Q, Quensen JF, 3rd, Fish JA, Lee TK, Sun Y, Tiedje JM. et al. Ecological patterns of nifH genes in four terrestrial climatic zones explored with targeted metagenomics using FrameBot, a new informatics tool. mBio. 2013;4:e00592–13.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 59.

    Meunier V, Geissler L, Bonnet S, Rädecker N, Perna G, Grosso O, et al. Microbes support enhanced nitrogen requirements of coral holobionts in a high CO2 environment. Mol Ecol. 2021;30:5888–99 .

  • 60.

    Angel R, Nepel M, Panhölzl C, Schmidt H, Herbold CW, Eichorst SA, et al. Evaluation of primers targeting the diazotroph functional gene and development of NifMAP – a bioinformatics pipeline for analyzing nifH amplicon data. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:703.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 61.

    Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:772–80.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 62.

    Frank IE, Turk-Kubo KA, Zehr JP. Rapid annotation of nifH gene sequences using classification and regression trees facilitates environmental functional gene analysis. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2016;8:905–16.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 63.

    Berger SA, Krompass D, Stamatakis A. Performance, accuracy, and web server for evolutionary placement of short sequence reads under maximum likelihood. Syst Biol. 2011;60:291–302.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 64.

    Hardy RW, Holsten RD, Jackson EK, Burns RC. The acetylene-ethylene assay for N2 fixation: laboratory and field evaluation. Plant Physiol. 1968;43:1185–207.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 65.

    Breitbarth E, Mills MM, Friedrichs G, LaRoche J. The Bunsen gas solubility coefficient of ethylene as a function of temperature and salinity and its importance for nitrogen fixation assays: Bunsen coefficient and N2fixation. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 2004;2:282–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • 66.

    Zehr JP, Montoya JP. Measuring N2 fixation in the field. In: Bothe H, Ferguson SJ, Newton WE, editors. Biology of the nitrogen cycle. Elsevier; 2007. p. 193–205.

  • 67.

    Soper FM, Simon C, Jauss V. Measuring nitrogen fixation by the acetylene reduction assay (ARA): is 3 the magic ratio?. Biogeochemistry. 2021;152:345–51.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 68.

    Lavy A, Eyal G, Neal B, Keren R, Loya Y, Ilan M. A quick, easy and non‐intrusive method for underwater volume and surface area evaluation of benthic organisms by 3D computer modelling. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015;6:521–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • 69.

    Wilson ST, Böttjer D, Church MJ, Karl DM. Comparative assessment of nitrogen fixation methodologies, conducted in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78:6516–23.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 70.

    Hoppe P, Cohen S, Meibom A. NanoSIMS: Technical aspects and applications in cosmochemistry and biological geochemistry. Geostand Geoanal Res. 2013;37:111–54.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 71.

    Neave MJ, Rachmawati R, Xun L, Michell CT, Bourne DG, Apprill A, et al. Differential specificity between closely related corals and abundant Endozoicomonas endosymbionts across global scales. ISME J. 2017;11:186–200.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 72.

    Savary R, Barshis DJ, Voolstra CR, Cárdenas A, Evensen NR, Banc-Prandi G, et al. Fast and pervasive transcriptomic resilience and acclimation of extremely heat tolerant coral holobionts from the northern Red Sea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2023298118.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 73.

    Lesser MP, Mazel CH, Gorbunov MY, Falkowski PG. Discovery of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in corals. Science. 2004;305:997–1000.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 74.

    Lesser MP, Falcón LI, Rodríguez-Román A, Enríquez S, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Iglesias-Prieto R. Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic cyanobacteria provides a source of nitrogen for the scleractinian coral Montastraea cavernosa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2007;346:143–52.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 75.

    Tilstra A, El-Khaled YC, Roth F, Rädecker N, Pogoreutz C, Voolstra CR, et al. Denitrification aligns with N2 fixation in Red Sea corals. Sci Rep. 2019;9:19460.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 76.

    Rädecker N, Pogoreutz C, Ziegler M, Ashok A, Barreto MM, Chaidez V, et al. Assessing the effects of iron enrichment across holobiont compartments reveals reduced microbial nitrogen fixation in the Red Sea coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Ecol Evol. 2017;7:6614–21.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 77.

    Ainsworth TD, Fine M, Blackall LL, Hoegh-Guldberg O. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging of coral-associated bacterial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:3016–20.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 78.

    van de Water JAJM, Ainsworth TD, Leggat W, Bourne DG, Willis BL, van Oppen MJH. The coral immune response facilitates protection against microbes during tissue regeneration. Mol Ecol. 2015;24:3390–404.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 79.

    Wada N, Ishimochi M, Matsui T, Pollock FJ, Tang S-L, Ainsworth TD, et al. Characterization of coral-associated microbial aggregates (CAMAs) within tissues of the coral Acropora hyacinthus. Sci Rep. 2019;9:14662.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 80.

    Udvardi M, Poole PS. Transport and metabolism in legume-rhizobia symbioses. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2013;64:781–805.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • 81.

    Pernice M, Meibom A, Van Den Heuvel A, Kopp C, Domart-Coulon I, Hoegh-Guldberg O, et al. A single-cell view of ammonium assimilation in coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis. ISME J. 2012;6:1314–24.

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 82.

    Shashar N, Cohen Y, Loya Y, Sar N. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in stony corals: evidence for coral-bacteria interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994;111:259–64.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 83.

    Inomura K, Bragg J, Riemann L, Follows MJ. A quantitative model of nitrogen fixation in the presence of ammonium. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0208282.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 84.

    Agawin NSR, Rabouille S, Veldhuis MJW, Servatius L, Hol S, van Overzee HMJ, et al. Competition and facilitation between unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and non-nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton species. Limnol Oceanogr. 2007;52:2233–48.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 85.

    El-Khaled YC, Roth F, Tilstra A, Rädecker N, Karcher DB, Kürten B, et al. In situ eutrophication stimulates dinitrogen fixation, denitrification, and productivity in Red Sea coral reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2020;645:55–66.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 86.

    Fine M, Loya Y. Endolithic algae: an alternative source of photoassimilates during coral bleaching. Proc R Soc B. 2002;269:1205–10.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 87.

    Sangsawang L, Casareto BE, Ohba H, Vu HM, Meekaew A, Suzuki T, et al. 13C and 15N assimilation and organic matter translocation by the endolithic community in the massive coral Porites lutea. R Soc Open Sci. 2017;4:171201.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 88.

    Fine M, Roff G, Ainsworth TD, Hoegh-Guldberg O. Phototrophic microendoliths bloom during coral “white syndrome. Coral Reefs. 2006;25:577–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • 89.

    Fine M, Steindler L, Loya Y. Endolithic algae photoacclimate to increased irradiance during coral bleaching. Mar Freshw Res. 2004;55:115–21.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 90.

    Meunier V, Bonnet S, Benavides M, Ravache A, Grosso O, Lambert C, et al. Diazotroph-derived nitrogen assimilation strategies differ by scleractinian coral species. Front Mar Sci. 2021;8:1018.

    Google Scholar 


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    Scientists and musicians tackle climate change together

    Climate modeling confirms historical records showing rise in hurricane activity