Chapin, F. S., Folke, C. & Kofinas, G. P. A framework for understanding change. In Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship (eds Folke, C. et al.) (Springer, Berlin, 2009).
Ellis, E. C. & Ramankutty, N. Putting people in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 439–447 (2008).
Conover, M. R. Resolving Human–Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management (Lewis Publishers CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002).
Madhusudan, M. D. Living amidst large wildlife: Livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Environ. Manag. 31, 0466–0475 (2003).
Aryal, A., Brunton, D. H., Ji, W., Barraclough, R. K. & Raubenheimer, D. Human–carnivore conflict: Ecological and economical sustainability of predation on livestock by snow leopard and other carnivores in the Himalaya. Sustain. Sci. 9, 321–329 (2014).
Bhatnagar, Y. V., Wangchuk, R., Prins, H. H., Van Wieren, S. E. & Mishra, C. Perceived conflicts between pastoralism and conservation of the kiang Equus kiang in the Ladakh trans-Himalaya, India. Environ. Manag. 38, 934–941 (2006).
Hernández, F., Corcoran, D., Graells, G., Roos, C. & Downey, M. C. Rancher perspectives of a livestock-wildlife conflict in Southern Chile. Rangelands 39, 56–63 (2017).
Michalk, D. L. et al. Sustainability and future food security—A global perspective for livestock production. Land Degrad. Dev. 30, 561–573 (2019).
Hilker, T., Natsagdorj, E., Waring, R. H., Lyapustin, A. & Wang, Y. Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 418–428 (2014).
Zheng, Z., Feng, C., Ye, S., Diao, Z. & Lü, S. Ecological pressures on grassland ecosystems and their conservation strategies in Northern China. Chin. J. Popul. Resourc. Environ. 13, 87–91 (2015).
Wen, L. et al. Effect of degradation intensity on grassland ecosystem services in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. PLoS ONE 8, e58432 (2013).
Krausman, P. R. et al. Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and rangeland values. Rangelands 31, 15–19 (2009).
Bestelmeyer, B. T., Estell, R. E. & Havstad, K. M. Big questions emerging from a century of rangeland science and management. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 65, 543–544 (2012).
Galt, D., Molinar, F., Navarro, J., Joseph, J. & Holechek, J. L. Grazing capacity and stocking rate. Rangel. Arch. 22, 7–11 (2000).
Hobbs, N. T. & Swift, D. M. Estimates of habitat carrying capacity incorporating explicit nutritional constraints. J. Wildl. Manag. 49, 814–822 (1985).
Vallentine, J. F. Grazing Management 2nd edn. (Academic Press, New York, 2001).
Mckeon, G. M. et al. Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: A review of issues. Rangel. J. 31, 1–29 (2009).
Yu, L., Zhou, L., Liu, W. & Zhou, H. Using remote sensing and GIS technologies to estimate grass yield and livestock carrying capacity of alpine grasslands in Golog Prefecture, China. Pedosphere 20, 342–351 (2010).
Chen, J. Review of canceling herds and returning to grassland policy in Sanjiangyuan Region in Qinghai Province: Based on survey of Maduo County. Natl. Res. Qinghai 19, 110–115 (2008).
Qin, D. Ecological Protection and Sustainable Development of Three-River-Source Area (Science Press, London, 2014).
Zhao, L., Li, Q. & Zhao, X. Multi-functionality and management of grassland in the Sanjiangyuan region. Resour. Sci. 42, 78–86 (2020).
Olson, D. M. & Dinerstein, E. The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conserv. Biol. 12, 502–515 (1998).
Li, J. et al. Global priority conservation areas in the face of 21st century climate change. PLoS ONE 8, 54839 (2013).
Zhou, H., Zhou, L., Liu, W., Zhao, X. & Lai, D. Causes of grassland degradation and sustainable development of animal husbandry in Maduo County, Qinghai Province. Grassl. China 25, 63–67 (2003).
Xu, J., Chen, J., Hu, Y. & Zhao, Z. Research on the status and the dynamic of grassland degradation in Maduo County Qinghai Province. Pratacult. Sci. 28, 359–364 (2011).
NDRCC. Three-River-Source National Park Master Plan. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/201801/t20180117_962245.html. (National Development and Reform Commission of China, 2018).
Fu, M. et al. Functional zoning and space management of three-river-source national park. J. Geog. Sci. 29, 2069–2084 (2019).
Sun, J. et al. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Bull. 65, 1405–1414 (2020).
Tuanmu, M. et al. Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery. Conserv. Biol. 30, 827–835 (2016).
Watzold, F. & Drechsler, M. Spatially uniform versus spatially heterogeneous compensation payments for biodiversity-enhancing land-use measures. Environ. Resour. Econ. 31, 73–93 (2005).
Hu, Z., Kong, D. & Jin, L. Grassland eco-compensation: Rate differentiations of “reward for balanced grazing” and its reasons. China Popul. Resour. Environ. 25, 152–159 (2015).
Lu, C., Xie, G. & Xiao, Y. Ecological Compensation and the cost of wildlife conservation: Chang Tang Grasslands, Tibet. J. Resour. Ecol. 3, 20–25 (2012).
Sitters, J. et al. Herded cattle and wild grazers partition water but share forage resources during dry years in East African savannas. Biol. Cons. 142, 738–750 (2009).
Stokely, T. D. & Betts, M. G. Deer-mediated ecosystem service versus disservice depends on forest management intensity. J. Appl. Ecol. 57, 31–42 (2019).
Östman, Ö. et al. Estimating competition between wildlife and humans—a case of cormorants and coastal fisheries in the Baltic Sea. PLoS ONE 8, e83763 (2013).
Guerra, A. S. Wolves of the Sea: Managing human-wildlife conflict in an increasingly tense ocean. Marine Policy 99, 369–373 (2018).
Xin, Y. et al. The evaluation of carrying capacity of grassland in Qinghai. Qinghai Pratacult. 20, 13–22 (2011).
Du, J., Wang, G. & Li, Y. Rate and causes of degradation of alpine grassland in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow River during the last 45 years. Acta Pratacult. Sin. 24, 5–15 (2015).
Yu, L. et al. Using remote sensing and GIS technologies to estimate grass yield and livestock carrying capacity of alpine grasslands in Golog Prefecture, China. Pedosphere 20, 342–351 (2010).
Lü, X. et al. Spatio-temporal changes of grassland production based on MODIS NPP in the Three-River Source Region from 2006 to 2015. J. Nat. Resour. 32, 1857–1868 (2017).
Knapp, A. K. et al. Resolving the Dust Bowl paradox of grassland responses to extreme drought. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 22249–22255 (2020).
Wu, X. et al. Predicting the shift of threatened ungulates’ habitats with climate change in Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve of the Northwestern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Change 142, 331–344 (2017).
Maduo County Local Records Compilation Committee. Maduo County Local Record (Qinghai Ethnic Publishing House, Qinghai, 2011).
Kondoh, H., Koizumi, T. & Ikeda, K. A geostatistical approach to spatial density distributions of sika deer (Cervus nippon). J. For. Res. 18, 93–100 (2013).
Norris, D. et al. How to not inflate population estimates? Spatial density distribution of white-lipped peccaries in a continuous Atlantic forest. Anim. Conserv. 14, 492–501 (2011).
Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. & Schapire, R. E. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol. Model. 190, 231–259 (2006).
Field, C. B., Randerson, J. T. & Malmström, C. M. Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 51, 74–88 (1995).
Ali, I., Cawkwell, F., Dwyer, E., Barrett, B. & Green, S. Satellite remote sensing of grasslands: From observation to management. J. Plant Ecol. 9, 649–671 (2016).
Chen, A. et al. Moisture availability mediates the relationship between terrestrial gross primary production and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from global-scale variations. Glob. Change Biol. 2, 15373 (2020).
Department of Animal Husbandry. Calculation of reasonable rangeland carrying capacity of natural grassland (NY/T635–2015). (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2015).
Zhao, F., Lin, G. & Zhao, Z. The analysis of relationship between grassland and livestock based on MODIS vegetation index in Madoi in Qinghai. Heilongjiang Anim. Sci. Vet. Med. 1, 75–77 (2012).
Yang, L. et al. Tick-defense grooming patterns of two sympatric Tibetan ungulates. J. Zool. 307, 242–248 (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
