in

Past environmental changes affected lemur population dynamics prior to human impact in Madagascar

[adace-ad id="91168"]
  • 1.

    Frankham, R., Briscoe, D. A. & Ballou, J. D. Introduction to conservation genetics (Cambridge university press, 2002).

  • 2.

    Nadachowska-Brzyska, K., Burri, R., Smeds, L. & Ellegren, H. PSMC analysis of effective population sizes in molecular ecology and its application to black-and-white Ficedula flycatchers. Mol. Ecol. 25, 1058–1072 (2016).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 3.

    Martínez-Freiría, F., Velo-Antón, G. & Brito, J. C. Trapped by climate: Interglacial refuge and recent population expansion in the endemic Iberian adder Vipera seoanei. Divers. Distrib. 21, 331–344 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 4.

    Martínez-Freiría, F. et al. Integrative phylogeographical and ecological analysis reveals multiple pleistocene refugia for Mediterranean Daboia vipers in north-west Africa. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 122, 366–384 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 5.

    Veríssimo, J. et al. Pleistocene diversification in Morocco and recent demographic expansion in the Mediterranean pond turtle Mauremys leprosa. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 119, 943–959 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 6.

    Chattopadhyay, B., Garg, K. M., Gwee, C. Y., Edwards, S. V. & Rheindt, F. E. Gene flow during glacial habitat shifts facilitates character displacement in a Neotropical flycatcher radiation. BMC Evol. Biol. 17, 1–15 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 7.

    Garg, K. M., Chattopadhyay, B., Koane, B., Sam, K. & Rheindt, F. E. Last Glacial Maximum led to community-wide population expansion in a montane songbird radiation in highland Papua New Guinea. BMC Evol. Biol. 20, 82 (2020).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 8.

    Vences, M., Wollenberg, K. C., Vieites, D. R. & Lees, D. C. Madagascar as a model region of species diversification. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 456–465 (2009).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 9.

    Goodman, S. M., Raherilalao, M. J. & Wohlhauser, S. The Terrestrial Protected Areas of Madagascar: Their History, Description and Biota (Association Vahatra in Antananarivo, The University of Chicago Press, 2018).

  • 10.

    Douglass, K. The diversity of late holocene shellfish exploitation in Velondriake, Southwest Madagascar. J. Island Coast. Archaeol. 12, 333–359 (2016).

  • 11.

    Yoder, A. D., Campbell, C. R., Blanco, M. B., Ganzhorn, J. U. & Goodman, S. M. Geogenetic patterns in mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus) reveal the ghosts of Madagascar’s forests past. PNAS 113, 8049–8056 (2016).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 12.

    Salmona, J., Heller, R., Quéméré, E. & Chikhi, L., Climate change. and human colonization triggered habitat loss and fragmentation in Madagascar. Mol. Ecol. 26, 5203–5222 (2017).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 13.

    Townsend, T. M., Vieites, D. R., Glaw, F. & Vences, M. Testing species-level diversification hypotheses in Madagascar: the case of microendemic Brookesia leaf Chameleons. Syst. Biol. 58, 641–656 (2009).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 14.

    Brown, J. L., Cameron, A., Yoder, A. D. & Vences, M. A necessarily complex model to explain the biogeography of the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. Nat. Commun. 5, 5046 (2014).

  • 15.

    Schüßler, D. et al. Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species. Am. J. Primatol. 82, e23180 (2020).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 16.

    Chikhi, L. & Bruford, M. Mammalian population genetics and genomics. Mamm. Genome https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851999104.0539 (2005).

  • 17.

    Olivieri, G. L., Sousa, V., Chikhi, L. & Radespiel, U. From genetic diversity and structure to conservation: Genetic signature of recent population declines in three mouse lemur species (Microcebus spp.). Biol. Conserv. 141, 1257–1271 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 18.

    Gutenkunst, R. N., Hernandez, R. D., Williamson, S. H. & Bustamante, C. D. Inferring the joint demographic history of multiple populations from multidimensional SNP frequency data. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000695 (2009).

  • 19.

    Li, H. & Durbin, R. Inference of human population history from individual whole-genome sequences. Nature 475, 493–496 (2011).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 20.

    Excoffier, L., Dupanloup, I., Huerta-Sánchez, E., Sousa, V. C. & Foll, M. Robust demographic inference from genomic and SNP data. PLoS Genet. 9, e1003905 (2013).

  • 21.

    Liu, X. & Fu, Y.-X. Exploring population size changes using SNP frequency spectra. Nat Genet. 47, 555–559 (2015).

  • 22.

    Salmona, J., Heller, R., Lascoux, M. & Shafer, A. Inferring demographic history using genomic data. in Population Genomics 511–537 (Springer, 2017).

  • 23.

    Beichman, A. C., Huerta-Sanchez, E. & Lohmueller, K. E. Using genomic data to infer historic population dynamics of nonmodel organisms. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 49, 433–456 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 24.

    Sgarlata, G. M. et al. Genetic and morphological diversity of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in northern Madagascar: The discovery of a putative new species? Am. J. Primatol. 81, e23070 (2019).

  • 25.

    Demenocal, P. et al. Abrupt onset and termination of the African humid period:: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 347–361 (2000).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 26.

    Tierney, J. E. & DeMenocal, P. B. Abrupt shifts in Horn of Africa hydroclimate since the last glacial maximum. Science 342, 843–846 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 27.

    Los, S. O. et al. Sensitivity of a tropical montane cloud forest to climate change, present, past and future: Mt. Marsabit, N. Kenya. Quat. Sci. Rev. 218, 34–48 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 28.

    Ivory, S. J. & Russell, J. Climate, herbivory, and fire controls on tropical African forest for the last 60ka. Quat. Sci. Rev. 148, 101–114 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 29.

    Conroy, J. L., Overpeck, J. T., Cole, J. E., Shanahan, T. M. & Steinitz-Kannan, M. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galápagos lake sediment record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 1166–1180 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 30.

    Martin-Puertas, C., Tjallingii, R., Bloemsma, M. & Brauer, A. Varved sediment responses to early Holocene climate and environmental changes in Lake Meerfelder Maar (Germany) obtained from multivariate analyses of micro X-ray fluorescence core scanning data. J. Quat. Sci. 32, 427–436 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 31.

    Flenley, J. R. Tropical forests under the climates of the last 30,000 years. in Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Tropical Forest Ecosystems, 37–57 (Springer, 1998).

  • 32.

    Burrough, S. L. & Thomas, D. S. G. Central southern Africa at the time of the African humid period: a new analysis of Holocene palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate data. Quat. Sci. Rev. 80, 29–46 (2013).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 33.

    Ivory, S. J. & Russell, J. Lowland forest collapse and early human impacts at the end of the African humid period at Lake Edward, equatorial East. Afr. Quat. Res. 89, 7–20 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 34.

    Anderson, A. et al. New evidence of megafaunal bone damage indicates late colonization of Madagascar. PLoS ONE 13, 1–14 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • 35.

    Hansford, J. et al. Early Holocene human presence in Madagascar evidenced by exploitation of avian megafauna. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat6925 (2018).

  • 36.

    Burney, D. A., Robinson, G. S. & Burney, L. P. Sporormiella and the late holocene extinctions in Madagascar. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10800–10805 (2003).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 37.

    Railsback, L. B. et al. Relationships between climate change, human environmental impact, and megafaunal extinction inferred from a 4000-year multi-proxy record from a stalagmite from northwestern Madagascar. Quat. Sci. Rev. 234, 106244 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 38.

    Dewar, R. E. et al. Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models. PNAS 110, 12583–12588 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 39.

    Radimilahy, C. Mahilaka: an Archaeological Investigation of an Early Town in Northwestern Madagascar. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis (University of Uppsala, 1998).

  • 40.

    Liu, X. & Fu, Y.-X. Exploring population size changes using SNP frequency spectra. Nat. Genet 47, 555–559 (2015).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 41.

    Lapierre, M., Lambert, A. & Achaz, G. Accuracy of demographic inferences from the site frequency spectrum: the case of the yoruba population. Genetics 206, 139–449 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 42.

    Terhorst, J., Kamm, J. A. & Song, Y. S. Robust and scalable inference of population history from hundreds of unphased whole genomes. Nat. Genet. 49, 303–309 (2017).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 43.

    Patton, A. H. et al. Contemporary demographic reconstruction methods are robust to genome assembly quality: a case study in Tasmanian devils. Mol. Biol. Evol. 36, 2906–2921 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 44.

    Mazet, O., Rodríguez, W., Grusea, S., Boitard, S. & Chikhi, L. On the importance of being structured: Instantaneous coalescence rates and human evolution-lessons for ancestral population size inference? Heredity 116, 362–371 (2016).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 45.

    Orozco-terWengel, P. The devil is in the details: the effect of population structure on demographic inference. Heredity 116, 349–350 (2016).

  • 46.

    Mazet, O., Rodríguez, W. & Chikhi, L. Demographic inference using genetic data from a single individual: separating population size variation from population structure. Theor. Popul. Biol. 104, 46–58 (2015).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 47.

    Chikhi, L. et al. The IICR (inverse instantaneous coalescence rate) as a summary of genomic diversity: Insights into demographic inference and model choice. Heredity 120, 13–24 (2018).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 48.

    Simons, E. L., Godfrey, L. R., Vuillaume-Randriamanantena, M., Chatrath, P. S. & Gagnon, M. Discovery of new giant subfossil lemurs in the Ankarana Mountains of Northern Madagascar. J. Hum. Evol. 19, 311–319 (1990).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 49.

    Jungers, W. L., Godfrey, L. R., Simons, E. L. & Chatrath, P. S. Subfossil Indri indri from the Ankarana Massif of northern Madagascar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97, 357–366 (1995).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 50.

    Wilson, J. M., Stewart, P. D. & Fowler, S. V. Ankarana — a rediscovered nature reserve in northern Madagascar. Oryx 22, 163–171 (1988).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 51.

    Everson, K. M., Jansa, S. A., Goodman, S. M. & Olson, L. E. Montane regions shape patterns of diversification in small mammals and reptiles from Madagascar’s moist evergreen forest. J. Biogeogr. 47, 2059–2072 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 52.

    Douglass, K., Hixon, S., Wright, H. T., Godfrey, L. R. & Crowley, B. E. A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar. Quat. Sci. Rev. 221, 105878 (2019).

  • 53.

    Orozco-Terwengel, P., Andreone, F., Louis, E. & Vences, M. Mitochondrial introgressive hybridization following a demographic expansion in the tomato frogs of Madagascar, genus. Dyscophus. Mol. Ecol. 22, 6074–6090 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 54.

    Johnson, J. A. et al. Long-term survival despite low genetic diversity in the critically endangered Madagascar fish-eagle. Mol. Ecol. 18, 54–63 (2009).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 55.

    Sommer, S. Effects of habitat fragmentation and changes of dispersal behaviour after a recent population decline on the genetic variability of noncoding and coding DNA of a monogamous Malagasy rodent. Mol. Ecol. 12, 2845–2851 (2003).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 56.

    Craul, M. et al. Influence of forest fragmentation on an endangered large-bodied lemur in northwestern Madagascar. Biol. Conserv. 142, 2862–2871 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 57.

    Parga, J. A., Sauther, M. L., Cuozzo, F. P., Jacky, I. A. Y. & Lawler, R. R. Evaluating ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) from southwestern Madagascar for a genetic population bottleneck. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 147, 21–29 (2012).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 58.

    Dewar, R. E. et al. Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 12583–12588 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 59.

    Schüler, L. & Hemp, A. Atlas of pollen and spores and their parent taxa of Mt. Kilimanjaro and tropical East Africa. Quat. Int. 425, 301–386 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 60.

    Du Puy, D. J. & Moat, J. Vegetation mapping and classification in Madagascar (using GIS): implications and recommendations for the conservation of biodiversity. in Chorology, Taxonomy and Ecology of the floras of Africa and Madagascar, 97–117 (1998, in press).

  • 61.

    Guillaumet, J.-L., Betsch, J.-M. & Callmander, M. W. Renaud Paulian et le programme du CNRS sur les hautes montagnes à Madagascar: étage vs domaine. Zoosystema 30, 723 (2008).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 62.

    Weisrock, D. W. et al. Delimiting species without nuclear monophyly in Madagascar’s mouse lemurs. PLoS ONE 5, e9883 (2010).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 63.

    Croudace, I. W., Rindby, A. & Rothwell, R. G. ITRAX: description and evaluation of a new multi-function X-ray core scanner. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 267, 51–63 (2006).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 64.

    Blott, S. J. & Pye, K. GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 26, 1237–1248 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 65.

    Hogg, A. G. et al. SHCal13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1889–1903 (2013).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 66.

    Rina Evasoa, M. et al. Sources of variation in social tolerance in mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.). BMC Ecol. 19, 1–16 (2019).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 67.

    Aleixo-Pais, I. et al. The genetic structure of a mouse lemur living in a fragmented habitat in Northern Madagascar. Conserv. Genet. 20, 229–243 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 68.

    Radespiel, U., Jurić, M. & Zimmermann, E. Sociogenetic structures, dispersal and the risk of inbreeding in a small nocturnal lemur, the golden-brown mouse lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis). Behaviour 146, 607–628 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 69.

    Radespiel, U., Ehresmann, P. & Zimmermann, E. Species-specific usage of sleeping sites in two sympatric mouse lemur species (Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis) in northwestern Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 59, 139–151 (2003).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 70.

    Larsen, P. A. et al. Hybrid de novo genome assembly and centromere characterization of the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). BMC Biol. 15, 1–17 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 71.

    Metzker, M. L. Sequencing technologies — the next generation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11, 31 (2010).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 72.

    Skotte, L., Korneliussen, T. S. & Albrechtsen, A. Estimating individual admixture proportions from next generation sequencing. Data 195, 693–702 (2013).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 73.

    Korneliussen, T. S., Albrechtsen, A. & Nielsen, R. ANGSD: analysis of next generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinforma. 15, 1–13 (2014).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 74.

    Korneliussen, T. S. & Moltke, I. Sequence analysis NgsRelate: a software tool for estimating pairwise relatedness from next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 31, 4009–4011 (2015).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 75.

    Soraggi, S., Wiuf, C. & Albrechtsen, A. Powerful inference with the D-Statistic on low-coverage whole-genome data. G3 8, 551–566 (2017).

    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 76.

    Chikhi, L., Sousa, V. C., Luisi, P., Goossens, B. & Beaumont, M. A. The confounding effects of population structure, genetic diversity and the sampling scheme on the detection and quantification of population size changes. Genetics 186, 983–995 (2010).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 77.

    Kopelman, N. M., Mayzel, J., Jakobsson, M., Rosenberg, N. A. & Mayrose, I. Clumpak: a program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 15, 1179–1191 (2015).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 78.

    Evanno, G., Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol. Ecol. 14, 2611–2620 (2005).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 79.

    Salmona, J., Heller, R., Quéméré, E. & Chikhi, L. Climate change and human colonization triggered habitat loss and fragmentation in Madagascar. Mol. Ecol. 26, 5203–5222 (2017).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 80.

    Schneider, N., Chikhi, L., Currat, M. & Radespiel, U. Signals of recent spatial expansions in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). BMC Evol. Biol. 10, 105 (2010).

  • 81.

    Radespiel, U., Lutermann, H., Schmelting, B. & Zimmermann, E. An empirical estimate of the generation time of mouse lemurs. Am. J. Primatol. 81, 1–8 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 82.

    Hawkins, M. T. R. et al. Genome sequence and population declines in the critically endangered greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) and implications for conservation. BMC Genomics 19, 1–15 (2018).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • 83.

    Poelstra, J. et al. Cryptic patterns of speciation in cryptic primates: microendemic mouse lemurs and the multispecies coalescent. Syst. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa053 (2020).

  • 84.

    Campbell, C. R. et al. Pedigree-based and phylogenetic methods support surprising patterns of mutation rate and spectrum in the gray mouse lemur. Heredity 127.2, 233–244 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 85.

    Hudson, R. R. Generating samples under a Wright–Fisher neutral model of genetic variation. Bioinformatics 18, 337–338 (2002).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 86.

    Fredsted, T., Pertoldi, C., Schierup, M. H. & Kappeler, P. M. Microsatellite analyses reveal fine-scale genetic structure in grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Mol. Ecol. 14, 2363–2372 (2005).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 87.

    Radespiel, U., Schulte, J., Burke, R. J. & Lehman, S. M. Molecular edge effects in the endangered golden-brown mouse lemur Microcebus ravelobensis. Oryx 53, 716–726 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 88.

    Radespiel, U., Lutermann, H., Schmelting, B., Bruford, M. W. & Zimmermann, E. Patterns and dynamics of sex-biased dispersal in a nocturnal primate, the grey mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus. Anim. Behav. 65, 709–719 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 89.

    Radespiel, U., Rakotondravony, R. & Chikhi, L. Natural and anthropogenic determinants of genetic structure in the largest remaining population of the endangered golden-brown mouse lemur, Microcebus ravelobensis. Am. J. Primatol. 70, 860–870 (2008).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 90.

    Schliehe-Diecks, S., Eberle, M. & Kappeler, P. M. Walk the line-dispersal movements of gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 66, 1175–1185 (2012).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 91.

    Excoffier, L., Dupanloup, I., Huerta-Sánchez, E., Sousa, V. C. & Foll, M. Robust demographic inference from genomic and SNP data. PLoS Genet. 9, e1003905 (2013).

  • 92.

    Beerli, P. Effect of unsampled populations on the estimation of population sizes and migration rates between sampled populations. Mol. Ecol. 13, 827–836 (2004).

    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • 93.

    Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 19, 716–723 (1974).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • 94.

    Bagley, R. K., Sousa, V. C., Niemiller, M. L. & Linnen, C. R. History, geography and host use shape genomewide patterns of genetic variation in the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei). Mol. Ecol. 26, 1022–1044 (2017).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    The use of multi-criteria method in the process of threat assessment to the environment

    3 Questions: Daniel Cohn on the benefits of high-efficiency, flexible-fuel engines for heavy-duty trucking