Dingemanse, N. J. & Wolf, M. Recent models for adaptive personality differences: A review. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3947–3958. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0221 (2010).
Google Scholar
Wolf, M., van Doorn, G., Leimar, O. & Weissing, F. J. Life-history trade-offs favour the evolution of animal personalities. Nature 447, 581–584. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05835 (2007).
Google Scholar
Dingemanse, N. J., Both, C., Drent, P. J. & Tinbergen, J. M. Fitness consequences of avian personalities in a fluctuating environment. Proc. R. Soc. B. 271, 847–852. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2680 (2004).
Google Scholar
Sih, A. & Bell, A. M. Insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral syndromes. Adv. Study Behav. 38, 227–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)00005-3 (2008).
Google Scholar
Sih, A., Bell, A. M. & Johnson, J. C. Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.009 (2004).
Google Scholar
Drent, P. J., van Oers, K. & van Noordwijk, A. J. Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major). Proc. R. Soc. B. 270, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2168 (2003).
Google Scholar
Sol, D., Griffin, A. S., Bartomeus, I. & Boyce, H. Exploring or avoiding novel food resources? The novelty conflict in an invasive bird. PLoS ONE 6, e19535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019535 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dammhahn, M., Mazza, V., Schirmer, A., Göttsche, C. & Eccard, J. C. Of city and village mice: Behavioural adjustments of striped field mice to urban environments. Sci. Rep. 10, 13056. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69998-6 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sih, A. & Del Giudice, M. Linking behavioural syndromes and cognition: A behavioural ecological perspective. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 2762–2772. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0216 (2012).
Google Scholar
Stoewe, M. & Kotrschal, K. Behavioural phenotypes may determine whether social context facilitates or delays novel object exploration in ravens (Corvus corax). J. Ornithol. 148, S179–S184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0145-1 (2007).
Google Scholar
Guillette, L. M., Reddon, A. R., Hoeschele, M. & Sturdy, C. B. Sometimes slower is better: Slow-exploring birds are more sensitive to changes in a vocal discrimination task. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1669 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dochtermann, N. A., Schwab, T. & Sih, A. The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation: Heritability of personality. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20142201. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2201 (2015).
Google Scholar
Van Oers, K., De Jong, G., Van Noordwijk, A. J., Kempenaers, B. & Drent, P. J. Contribution of genetics to the study of animal personalities: A review of case studies. Behaviour 142, 1185–1206. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853905774539364 (2005).
Google Scholar
Van Oers, K. & Mueller, J. C. Evolutionary genomics of animal personality. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3991–4000. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0178 (2010).
Google Scholar
Croston, R., Branch, C. L., Kozlovsky, D. Y., Dukas, R. & Pravosudov, V. V. Heritability and the evolution of cognitive traits. Behav. Ecol. 26, 1447–1459. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv088 (2015).
Google Scholar
Quinn, J. L., Cole, E. F., Reed, T. E. & Morand-Ferron, J. Environmental and genetic determinants of innovativeness in a natural population of birds. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371, 20150184. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0184 (2016).
Google Scholar
Evans, J., Boudreau, K. & Hyman, J. Behavioural syndromes in urban and rural populations of song sparrows. Ethology 116, 588–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01771.x (2010).
Google Scholar
Bókony, V., Kulcsár, A., Tóth, Z. & Liker, A. Personality traits and behavioral syndromes in differently urbanized populations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). PLoS ONE 7, 36639. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036639 (2007).
Google Scholar
Charmantier, A., Deyeyrier, V., Lambrechts, M., Perret, S. & Grégoire, A. Urbanization is associated with divergence in pace-of-life in great tits. Front. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00053 (2017).
Google Scholar
Isaksson, C., Rodewald, A. D. & Gil, D. Editorial: Behavioural and ecological consequences of urban life in birds. Front. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00050 (2018).
Google Scholar
Audet, J.-N., Ducatez, S. & Lefebvre, L. The town bird and the country bird: Problem solving and immunocompetence vary with urbanization. Behav. Ecol. 27, 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv201 (2016).
Google Scholar
Miranda, A. C., Schielzeth, H., Sonntag, T. & Partecke, J. Urbanization and its effects on personality traits: A result of microevolution or phenotypic plasticity. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 2634–2644. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12258 (2013).
Google Scholar
Riyahi, S., Björklund, M., Mateos-Gonzalez, F. & Senar, J. C. Personality and urbanization: Behavioural traits and DRD4 SNP830 polymorphisms in great tits in Barcelona city. J. Ethol. 35, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-016-0496-2 (2017).
Google Scholar
Schinka, J. A., Letsch, E. A. & Crawford, F. C. DRD4 and novelty seeking: Results of meta-analyses. Am. J. Med. Genet. 114, 643–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.10649 (2002).
Google Scholar
Chen, C. S., Burton, M., Greenberger, E. & Dmitrieva, J. Population migration and the variation of Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe. Evol. Hum. Behav. 20, 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00015-X (1999).
Google Scholar
Shimada, M. K. et al. Polymorphism in the second intron of dopamine receptor D4 gene in humans and apes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316, 1186–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.006 (2004).
Google Scholar
Fidler, A. E. et al. Drd4 gene polymorphisms are associated with personality variation in a passerine bird. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274, 1685–1691. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0337 (2007).
Google Scholar
Mueller, J. C. et al. Haplotype structure, adaptive history and associations with exploratory behaviour of the DRD4 gene region in four great tit (Parus major) populations. Mol. Ecol. 22, 2797–2809. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12282 (2013).
Google Scholar
Korsten, P. et al. Association between DRD4 gene polymorphism and personality variation in great tits: A test across four wild populations. Mol. Ecol. 19, 832–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04518.x (2010).
Google Scholar
Jiang, W., Shang, S. & Su, Y. Genetic influences on insight problem solving: The role of catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms. Front. Psychol. 6, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01569 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hopkins, W. et al. Genetic influences on receptive joint attention in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Sci. Rep. 4, 3774. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03774 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, M. J. et al. Candidate genes for behavioural ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.11.017 (2005).
Google Scholar
Munafo, M. R., Brown, S. M. & Harkless, K. C. Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: A meta-analysis. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 852–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.016 (2008).
Google Scholar
Staes, N. et al. Serotonin receptor 1A variation is associated with anxiety and agonistic behavior in chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 36, 1418–1429. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz061 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mueller, J. C. et al. Behaviour-related DRD4 polymorphisms in invasive bird populations. Mol. Ecol. 23, 2876–2885. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12763 (2014).
Google Scholar
Timm, K., Tilgar, V. & Saag, P. DRD4 gene polymorphism in great tits: Gender-specific association with behavioural variation in the wild. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 69, 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-015-1887-z (2015).
Google Scholar
Riyahi, S., Sánchez-Delgado, M., Calafell, F., Monk, D. & Senar, J. C. Combined epigenetic and intraspecific variation of the DRD4 and SERT genes influence novelty seeking behaviour in great tit Parus major. Epigenetics 10, 516–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2015.1046027 (2015).
Google Scholar
Holtmann, B. et al. Population differentiation and behavioural association of the two ‘personality’ genes DRD4 and SERT in dunnocks (Prunella modularis). Mol. Ecol. 25, 706–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13514 (2016).
Google Scholar
Krause, E. T., Kjaer, J. B., Lüders, C. & van Phi, L. A polymorphism in the 5′-flanking region of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene affects fear-related behaviors of adult domestic chickens. Behav. Brain Res. 14, 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.051 (2017).
Google Scholar
Timm, K., van Oers, K. & Tilgar, V. SERT gene polymorphisms are associated with risk-taking behaviour and breeding parameters in wild great tits. J. Exp. Biol. 221, jeb171595. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.171595 (2018).
Google Scholar
Timm, K., Koosa, K. & Tilgar, V. The serotonin transporter gene could play a role in anti-predator behaviour in a forest passerine. J. Ethol. 37, 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-019-00593-7 (2019).
Google Scholar
Berger, M., Gray, J. A. & Roth, B. L. The expanded biology of serotonin. Annu. Rev. Med. 60, 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lesch, K. P. & Merschdorf, U. Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: A molecular psychobiological perspective. Behav. Sci. Law 18, 581–604 (2000).
Google Scholar
Duke, A. A., Bègue, L., Bell, R. & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. Revisiting the serotonin-aggression relation in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 139, 1148–1172. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031544 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ferrari, P. F., Palanza, P., Parmigiani, S., de Almeida, R. M. & Miczek, K. A. Serotonin and aggressive behavior in rodents and nonhuman primates: Predispositions and plasticity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 526, 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.002 (2005).
Google Scholar
Bacqué-Cazenave, J. et al. Serotonin in animal cognition and behavior. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051649 (2020).
Google Scholar
Walker, S. C. et al. Selective prefrontal serotonin depletion impairs acquisition of a detour-reaching task. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 3119–3123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04826.x (2006).
Google Scholar
Cools, R., Roberts, A. C. & Robbins, T. W. Serotoninergic regulation of emotional and behavioural control processes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.011 (2008).
Google Scholar
Rudnick, G. & Sandtner, W. Serotonin transport in the 21st century. J. Gen. Physiol. 151, 1248–1264. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201812066 (2018).
Google Scholar
Lesch, K. P. et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274, 1527–1531. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5292.1527 (1996).
Google Scholar
Sen, S., Burmeister, M. & Ghosh, D. Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5- HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits. Am. J. Med. Genet. 127, 85–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.20158 (2004).
Google Scholar
Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K. & Sen, S. The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic moderation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189 (2011).
Google Scholar
Beversdorf, D. Q. et al. Influence of serotonin transporter SLC6A4 genotype on the effect of psychosocial stress on cognitive performance: An exploratory pilot study. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 31, 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000153 (2018).
Google Scholar
Canli, T. & Lesch, P.-K. Long story short: The serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1964 (2007).
Google Scholar
Jarrell, H. et al. Polymorphisms in the serotonin reuptake transporter gene modify the consequences of social status on metabolic health in female rhesus monkeys. Physiol. Behav. 93, 807–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.042 (2008).
Google Scholar
Bennett, A. et al. Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000949 (2002).
Google Scholar
Golebiowska, J. et al. Serotonin transporter deficiency alters socioemotional ultrasonic communication in rats. Sci. Rep. 9, 20283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56629-y (2019).
Google Scholar
Thys, B. et al. The serotonin transporter gene and female personality variation in a free-living passerine. Sci. Rep. 11, 8577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88225-4 (2021).
Google Scholar
Audet, J.-N. et al. Divergence in problem-solving skills is associated with differential expression of glutamate receptors in wild finches. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao6369. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao6369 (2018).
Google Scholar
Grunst, A. S., Grunst, M. L., Pinxten, R. & Eens, M. Personality and plasticity in neophobia levels vary with anthropogenic disturbance but not toxic metal exposure in urban great tits. Sci. Total Environ. 656, 997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.383 (2019).
Google Scholar
Grunst, A. S., Grunst, M. L., Pinxten, R. & Eens, M. Sources of individual variation in problem-solving performance in urban great tits (Parus major): Exploring effects of metal pollution, urban disturbance and personality. Sci. Tot. Environ. 749, 141436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141436 (2020).
Google Scholar
Thys, B. et al. The female perspective of personality in a wild songbird: Repeatable aggressiveness relates to exploration behavior. Sci. Rep. 7, 7656. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08001-1 (2017).
Google Scholar
Grunst, A. S. et al. An important personality trait varies with blood and plumage metal concentrations in a free-living songbird. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 10487–10496. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03548 (2019).
Google Scholar
Grunst, A. S. et al. Variation in personality traits across a metal pollution gradient in a free-living songbird. Sci. Total Environ. 630, 668–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.19 (2018).
Google Scholar
Laucht, M. et al. Interaction between the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism and environmental adversity for mood and anxiety psychopathology: Evidence from a high-risk community sample of young adults. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 12, 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145708009875 (2009).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. et al. Genome-wide gene by lead exposure interaction analysis identifies UNC5D as a candidate gene for neurodevelopment. Environ. Health 16, 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0288-3 (2017).
Google Scholar
Grunst, A. S., Grunst, M. L., Pinxten, R. & Eens, M. Proximity to roads, but not exposure to metal pollution, is associated with accelerated developmental telomere shortening in nestling great tits. Environ. Pollut. 256, 113373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113373 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dingemanse, N. J. et al. Repeatability and heritability of exploratory behaviour in great tits from the wild. Anim. Behav. 64, 929–937. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.2006 (2002).
Google Scholar
Solé, X. et al. SNPStats: A web tool for the analysis of association studies. Bioinformatics 22, 1928–1929. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti283 (2005).
Google Scholar
Hecht, M., Bromberg, Y. & Rost, B. Better prediction of functional effects for sequence variants from VarI-SIG 2014: Identification and annotation of genetic variants in the context of structure, function and disease. BMC Genom. 16, S1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-16-S8-S1 (2015).
Google Scholar
Choi, Y. & Chan, A. PROVEAN web server: A tool to predict the functional effect of amino acid substitutions and indels. Bioinformatics 31, 2745–2747. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv195 (2015).
Google Scholar
Omasits, U., Ahrens, C. H., Müller, S. & Wollscheid, B. Protter: Interactive protein feature visualization and integration with experimental proteomic data. Bioinformatics 30(6), 884–886. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt607 (2014).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria (2019). URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. B. lmerTest Package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. J. Stat. Softw. 82, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stoffel, M. A., Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. rptR: repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 8, 1639–1644. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12797 (2017).
Google Scholar
Harrison, X. A. Using observation-level random effects to model overdispersion in count data in ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2, e616. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.616 (2014).
Google Scholar
Lenth, R. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.4.3.01 (2019). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans.
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. B 57, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/2346101 (1995).
Google Scholar
Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x (2013).
Google Scholar
Lüdecke, D., Makowski, D., Waggoner, P. & Patil, I. performance: Assessment of Regression Models Performance. R package version 0.4.6 (2020). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=performance.
Hartig, F. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level/Mixed) Regression Models. R package version 0.2.6 (2019). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DHARMa.
Mikros, E. & Diallinas, G. Tales of tails in transporters. Open Biol. 9, 190083. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190083 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kern, C. et al. The N teminus specifies the switch between transporter modes of the human serotonin transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 292, 3603–3613. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.771360 (2017).
Google Scholar
Visser, M. E., Van Noordwijk, A. J., Tinbergen, J. M. & Lessells, C. M. Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proc. R. Soc. B 265, 1867–1870. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0514 (1998).
Google Scholar
Hunt, R., Sauna, Z. E., Ambudkar, S. V., Gottesman, M. M. & Kimchi-Sarfaty, C. Silent (Synonymous) SNPs: Should we care about them? In Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols) Vol. 578 (ed. Komar, A.) (Humana Press, 2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-411-1_2.
Google Scholar
Grunst, A.S., Grunst, M.L. & Staes, N., Bert, T., Pinxten, R., Eens, M. Data for: Serotonin Transporter (SERT) Polymorphisms, Personality and Problem-Solving in Urban Great Tits. (Dryad Digital Repository, 2021).
Source: Ecology - nature.com