Gardner, T. A., Côté, I. M., Gill, J. A., Grant, A. & Watkinson, A. R. Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science 301, 958–960 (2003).
Google Scholar
Bruno, J. F. & Selig, E. R. Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE 2, e711 (2007).
Google Scholar
De’Ath, G., Fabricius, K. E., Sweatman, H. & Puotinen, M. The 27-year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, 17995–17999 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P., Graham, N. A. J., Jackson, J. B. C., Mumby, P. J. & Steneck, R. S. Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 633–642 (2010).
Google Scholar
Pandolfi, J. M., Connolly, S. R., Marshall, D. J. & Cohen, A. L. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. Science 333, 418–422 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543, 373–377 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bindoff, N. L. et al. Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019).
Richmond, R. H. Reproduction and recruitment in corals: Critical links in the persistence of reefs. In Life and Death of Coral Reefs (ed. Birkeland, C. E.) 175–197 (Springer, 1997).
Google Scholar
Trapon, M. L., Pratchett, M. S., Hoey, A. S. & Baird, A. H. Influence of fish grazing and sedimentation on the early post-settlement survival of the tabular coral Acropora cytherea. Coral Reefs 32, 1051–1059 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gallagher, C. & Doropoulos, C. Spatial refugia mediate juvenile coral survival during coral–predator interactions. Coral Reefs 36, 51–61 (2017).
Google Scholar
Vermeij, M. J. A. & Sandin, S. A. Density-dependent settlement and mortality structure the earliest life phases of a coral population. Ecology 89, 1994–2004 (2008).
Google Scholar
Vermeij, M. J. A., Smith, J. E., Smith, C. M., Vega Thurber, R. & Sandin, S. A. Survival and settlement success of coral planulae: Independent and synergistic effects of macroalgae and microbes. Oecologia 159, 325–336 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ricardo, G. F., Jones, R. J., Nordborg, M. & Negri, A. P. Settlement patterns of the coral Acropora millepora on sediment-laden surfaces. Sci. Total Environ. 609, 277–288 (2017).
Google Scholar
Brunner, C. A., Uthicke, S., Ricardo, G. F., Hoogenboom, M. O. & Negri, A. P. Climate change doubles sedimentation-induced coral recruit mortality. Sci. Total Environ. 768, 143897 (2021).
Google Scholar
Birrell, C. L., McCook, L. J., Willis, B. L. & Diaz-Pulido, G. A. Effects of benthic algae on the replenishment of corals and the implications for the resilience of coral reefs. In Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 25–63 (CRC Press, 2008).
Google Scholar
Karcher, D. B. et al. Nitrogen eutrophication particularly promotes turf algae in coral reefs of the central Red Sea. PeerJ 2020, 1–25 (2020).
Kirschner, C. M. & Brennan, A. B. Bio-inspired antifouling strategies. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 42, 211–229 (2012).
Google Scholar
Webster, N. S. et al. Metamorphosis of a scleractinian coral in response to microbial biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 1213–1221 (2004).
Google Scholar
Heyward, A. J. & Negri, A. P. Natural inducers for coral larval metamorphosis. Coral Reefs 18, 273–279 (1999).
Google Scholar
Negri, A. P., Webster, N. S., Hill, R. T. & Heyward, A. J. Metamorphosis of broadcast spawning corals in response to bacteria isolated from crustose algae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 223, 121–131 (2001).
Google Scholar
Tebben, J. et al. Induction of larval metamorphosis of the coral Acropora millepora by tetrabromopyrrole isolated from a Pseudoalteromonas bacterium. PLoS ONE 6, 1–8 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sneed, J. M., Sharp, K. H., Ritchie, K. B. & Paul, V. J. The chemical cue tetrabromopyrrole from a biofilm bacterium induces settlement of multiple Caribbean corals. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 1–9 (2014).
Tebben, J. et al. Chemical mediation of coral larval settlement by crustose coralline algae. Sci. Rep. 5, 1–11 (2015).
Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. C. & Edmunds, P. J. Local and regional scale recovery of Diadema promotes recruitment of scleractinian corals. Ecol. Lett. 9, 268–277 (2006).
Google Scholar
Box, S. J. & Mumby, P. J. Effect of macroalgal competition on growth and survival of juvenile Caribbean corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 342, 139–149 (2007).
Google Scholar
Linares, C., Cebrian, E. & Coma, R. Effects of turf algae on recruitment and juvenile survival of gorgonian corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 452, 81–88 (2012).
Google Scholar
McCook, L. J., Jompa, J. & Diaz-Pulido, G. Competition between corals and algae on coral reefs: A review of evidence and mechanisms. Coral Reefs 19, 400–417 (2001).
Google Scholar
Nugues, M. M., Smith, G. W., Van Hooidonk, R. J., Seabra, M. I. & Bak, R. P. M. Algal contact as a trigger for coral disease. Ecol. Lett. 7, 919–923 (2004).
Google Scholar
Fong, J. et al. Allelopathic effects of macroalgae on Pocillopora acuta coral larvae. Mar. Environ. Res. 151, 104745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.007 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hauri, C., Fabricius, K. E., Schaffelke, B. & Humphrey, C. Chemical and physical environmental conditions underneath mat- and canopy-forming macroalgae, and their effects on understorey corals. PLoS ONE 5, 1–9 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bay, L. K. et al. Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program : Intervention Technical Summary. A report provided to the Australian Government by the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program. (2019).
Anthony, K. R. N. et al. Interventions to help coral reefs under global change—A complex decision challenge. PLoS ONE 15, 1–14 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vardi, T. et al. Six priorities to advance the science and practice of coral reef restoration worldwide. Restor. Ecol. 29, 1–7 (2021).
Google Scholar
Heyward, A. J., Rees, M. & Smith, L. D. Coral spawning slicks harnessed for large-scale coral culture. Progr. Abstr. Int. Conf. Sci. Asp. Coral Reef Assess. Monit. Restor. 104, 188–189 (1999).
Harrison, P., Villanueva, R. & De la Cruz, D. Coral Reef Restoration using Mass Coral Larval Reseeding (Southern Cross University, 2016).
de la Cruz, D. W. & Harrison, P. L. Enhancing coral recruitment through assisted mass settlement of cultured coral larvae. PLoS ONE 15, e0242847. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242847 (2020).
Google Scholar
Chamberland, V. F., Snowden, S., Marhaver, K. L., Petersen, D. & Vermeij, M. J. A. The reproductive biology and early life ecology of a common Caribbean brain coral, Diploria labyrinthiformis (Scleractinia: Faviinae). Coral Reefs 36, 83–94 (2017).
Google Scholar
Randall, C. J. et al. Sexual production of corals for reef restoration in the Anthropocene. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 635, 203–232 (2020).
Google Scholar
Miller, M. W. et al. Settlement yields in large-scale in situ culture of Caribbean coral larvae for restoration. Restor. Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13512 (2021).
Google Scholar
Baria-Rodriguez, M. V., de la Cruz, D. W., Dizon, R. M., Yap, H. T. & Villanueva, R. D. Performance and cost-effectiveness of sexually produced Acropora granulosa juveniles compared with asexually generated coral fragments in restoring degraded reef areas. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 29, 891–900 (2019).
Google Scholar
Doropoulos, C., Elzinga, J., ter Hofstede, R., van Koningsveld, M. & Babcock, R. C. Optimizing industrial-scale coral reef restoration: Comparing harvesting wild coral spawn slicks and transplanting gravid adult colonies. Restor. Ecol. 27, 758–767 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kuffner, I. B., Andersson, A. J., Jokiel, P. L., Rodgers, K. S. & MacKenzie, F. T. Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification. Nat. Geosci. 1, 114–117 (2008).
Google Scholar
Webster, N. S., Uthicke, S., Botté, E. S., Flores, F. & Negri, A. P. Ocean acidification reduces induction of coral settlement by crustose coralline algae. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 303–315 (2013).
Google Scholar
Randall, C. J., Giuliano, C., Heyward, A. J. & Negri, A. P. Enhancing coral survival on deployment devices with microrefugia. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 662263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.662263 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kuffner, I. B. et al. Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 323, 107–117 (2006).
Google Scholar
Arnold, S. N., Steneck, R. S. & Mumby, P. J. Running the gauntlet: Inhibitory effects of algal turfs on the processes of coral recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 414, 91–105 (2010).
Google Scholar
Speare, K. E., Duran, A., Miller, M. W. & Burkepile, D. E. Sediment associated with algal turfs inhibits the settlement of two endangered coral species. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 144, 189–195 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tebben, J., Guest, J. R., Sin, T. M., Steinberg, P. D. & Harder, T. Corals like it waxed: Paraffin-based antifouling technology enhances coral spat survival. PLoS ONE 9, 1–8 (2014).
Google Scholar
Almeida, E., Diamantino, T. C. & de Sousa, O. Marine paints: The particular case of antifouling paints. Prog. Org. Coat. 59, 2–20 (2007).
Google Scholar
Negri, A. P., Smith, L. D., Webster, N. S. & Heyward, A. J. Understanding ship-grounding impacts on a coral reef: Potential effects of anti-foulant paint contamination on coral recruitment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44, 111–117 (2002).
Google Scholar
Smith, L. D., Negri, A. P., Philipp, E., Webster, N. S. & Heyward, A. J. The effects of antifoulant-paint-contaminated sediments on coral recruits and branchlets. Mar. Biol. 143, 651–657 (2003).
Google Scholar
Jacobson, A. H. & Willingham, G. L. Sea-nine antifoulant: An environmentally acceptable alternative to organotin antifoulants. Sci. Total Environ. 258, 103–110 (2000).
Google Scholar
Silva, V. et al. Isothiazolinone biocides: Chemistry, biological, and toxicity profiles. Molecules 25, 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040991 (2020).
Google Scholar
da Silva, A. R., da Guerreiro, A. S., Martins, S. E. & Sandrini, J. Z. DCOIT unbalances the antioxidant defense system in juvenile and adults of the marine bivalve Amarilladesma mactroides (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C 250, 109169 (2021).
Cima, F. et al. Preliminary evaluation of the toxic effects of the antifouling biocide Sea-Nine 211TM in the soft coral Sarcophyton cf. glaucum (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) based on PAM fluorometry and biomarkers. Mar. Environ. Res. 83, 16–22 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wendt, I., Backhaus, T., Blanck, H. & Arrhenius, Å. The toxicity of the three antifouling biocides DCOIT, TPBP and medetomidine to the marine pelagic copepod Acartia tonsa. Ecotoxicology 25, 871–879 (2016).
Google Scholar
Chen, L. et al. Identification of molecular targets for 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) in teleosts: New insight into mechanism of toxicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 1840–1847 (2017).
Google Scholar
Martins, S. E., Fillmann, G., Lillicrap, A. & Thomas, K. V. Review: Ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems. Biofouling 34, 34–52 (2018).
Google Scholar
Moon, Y. S., Kim, M., Hong, C. P., Kang, J. H. & Jung, J. H. Overlapping and unique toxic effects of three alternative antifouling biocides (Diuron, Irgarol 1051 ®, Sea-Nine 211 ® ) on non-target marine fish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 180, 23–32 (2019).
Google Scholar
Su, Y. et al. Toxicity of 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) in the marine decapod Litopenaeus vannamei. Environ. Pollut. 251, 708–716 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fonseca, V. B., da Guerreiro, A. S., Vargas, M. A. & Sandrini, J. Z. Effects of DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) to the haemocytes of mussels Perna perna. Comp. Biochem. Physiol Part C 232, 108737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108737 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ferreira, V. et al. Effects of nanostructure antifouling biocides towards a coral species in the context of global changes. Sci. Total Environ. 799, 149324 (2021).
Google Scholar
de Campos, B. G. et al. A preliminary study on multi-level biomarkers response of the tropical oyster Crassostrea brasiliana to exposure to the antifouling biocide DCOIT. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 174, 112141 (2022).
Google Scholar
Maia, F. et al. Incorporation of biocides in nanocapsules for protective coatings used in maritime applications. Chem. Eng. J. 270, 150–157 (2015).
Google Scholar
Santos, J. V. N. et al. Can encapsulation of the biocide DCOIT affect the anti-fouling efficacy and toxicity on tropical bivalves?. Appl. Sci. 10, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar
Detty, M. R., Ciriminna, R., Bright, F. V. & Pagliaro, M. Environmentally benign sol-gel antifouling and foul-releasing coatings. Acc. Chem. Res. 47, 678–687 (2014).
Google Scholar
Korschelt, K., Tahir, M. N. & Tremel, W. A Step into the future: Applications of nanoparticle enzyme mimics. Chemistry 24, 9703–9713 (2018).
Google Scholar
Herget, K. et al. Haloperoxidase mimicry by CeO2-x nanorods combats biofouling. Adv. Mater. 29, 1–8 (2017).
Google Scholar
Korschelt, K. et al. CeO2-: X nanorods with intrinsic urease-like activity. Nanoscale 10, 13074–13082 (2018).
Google Scholar
Herget, K., Frerichs, H., Pfitzner, F., Tahir, M. N. & Tremel, W. Functional enzyme mimics for oxidative halogenation reactions that combat biofilm formation. Adv. Mater. 30, 1–28 (2018).
Google Scholar
Doropoulos, C., Ward, S., Marshell, A., Diaz-Pulido, G. & Mumby, P. J. Interactions among chronic and acute impacts on coral recruits: The importance of size-escape thresholds. Ecology 93, 2131–2138 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ji, Z. et al. Designed synthesis of CeO2 nanorods and nanowires for studying toxicological effects of high aspect ratio nanomaterials. ACS Nano 6, 5366–5380 (2012).
Google Scholar
Herget, K. et al. Supporting Information: Haloperoxidase mimicry by CeO2-x nanorods combats biofouling. Adv. Mater. 29, 1603823 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sokolova, A. et al. Spontaneous multiscale phase separation within fluorinated xerogel coatings for fouling-release surfaces. Biofouling 28, 143–157 (2012).
Google Scholar
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671–675 (2012).
Google Scholar
ImageJ Release Notes. https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/notes.html.
Arganda-Carreras, I. et al. Trainable Weka Segmentation: A machine learning tool for microscopy pixel classification. Bioinformatics 33, 2424–2426 (2017).
Google Scholar
Arganda-Carreras, I. et al. Supplementary Data: Trainable Weka Segmentation: A Machine Learning Tool for Microscopy Pixel Classification: Trainable Weka Segmentation User Manualhttps://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx180 (2017).
Vyas, N., Sammons, R. L., Addison, O., Dehghani, H. & Walmsley, A. D. A quantitative method to measure biofilm removal efficiency from complex biomaterial surfaces using SEM and image analysis. Sci. Rep. 6, 2–11 (2016).
Google Scholar
Carbone, D. A., Gargano, I., Pinto, G., De Natale, A. & Pollio, A. Evaluating microalgae attachment to surfaces: A first approach towards a laboratory integrated assessment. Chem. Eng. Trans. 57, 73–78 (2017).
Moreno Osorio, J. H. et al. Early colonization stages of fabric carriers by two Chlorella strains. J. Appl. Phycol. 32, 3631–3644 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ricardo, G. F. et al. Impacts of water quality on Acropora coral settlement: The relative importance of substrate quality and light. Sci. Total Environ. 777, 146079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146079 (2021).
Google Scholar
Macadam, A., Nowell, C. J. & Quigley, K. Machine learning for the fast and accurate assessment of fitness in coral early life history. Remote Sens. 13, 1–17 (2021).
Google Scholar
Negri, A. P. & Heyward, A. J. Inhibition of Fertilization and Larval Metamorphosis of the Coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) by Petroleum Products. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 41, 420–427 (2000).
Google Scholar
Nordborg, F. M., Flores, F., Brinkman, D. L., Agustí, S. & Negri, A. P. Phototoxic effects of two common marine fuels on the settlement success of the coral Acropora tenuis. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–12 (2018).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (2021).
Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., Debroy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team. Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models contact. Linear nonlinear Mix. Eff. Model. 3, 103–135 (2021).
Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R Companion to Applied Regression (Sage Publications, 2019).
Lenth, R. V. Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means. https://cran.r-project.org/package=emmeans (2021).
Brooks, M. E. et al. glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling. R J. 9, 378–400 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dafforn, K. A., Lewis, J. A. & Johnston, E. L. Antifouling strategies: History and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 453–465 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wu, R. et al. Room temperature synthesis of defective cerium oxide for efficient marine anti-biofouling. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00256-7 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hu, M. et al. Nanozymes in nanofibrous mats with haloperoxidase-like activity to combat biofouling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 44722–44730 (2018).
Google Scholar
He, X. et al. Haloperoxidase mimicry by CeO2-x nanorods of different aspect ratios for antibacterial performance. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 6744–6752 (2020).
Google Scholar
Saxena, P. & Harish,. Nanoecotoxicological reports of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles on algae. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 4, 128–142 (2018).
Google Scholar
Xu, Y. et al. Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on bacterial growth and behaviors: Induction of biofilm formation and stress response. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 9293–9304 (2019).
Google Scholar
Xu, Y. et al. Mechanistic understanding of cerium oxide nanoparticle-mediated biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 34765–34776 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tang, Y. et al. Hybrid xerogel films as novel coatings for antifouling and fouling release. Biofouling 21, 59–71 (2005).
Google Scholar
Gunari, N. et al. The control of marine biofouling on xerogel surfaces with nanometer-scale topography. Biofouling 27, 137–149 (2011).
Google Scholar
Maia, F. et al. Silica nanocontainers for active corrosion protection. Nanoscale 4, 1287–1298 (2012).
Google Scholar
Martins, R. et al. Effects of a novel anticorrosion engineered nanomaterial on the bivalve: Ruditapes philippinarum. Environ. Sci. Nano 4, 1064–1076 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gutner-Hoch, E. et al. Antimacrofouling efficacy of innovative inorganic nanomaterials loaded with booster biocides. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 6, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6010006 (2018).
Google Scholar
Negri, A. P. & Heyward, A. J. Inhibition of coral fertilisation and larval metamorphosis by tributyltin and copper. Mar. Environ. Res. 51, 17–27 (2001).
Google Scholar
Morse, D. E., Hooker, N., Morse, A. N. C. & Jensen, R. A. Control of larval metamorphosis and recruitment in sympatric agariciid corals. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 116, 193–217 (1988).
Google Scholar
Harrington, L., Fabricius, K., De’ath, G. & Negri, A. Recognition and selection of settlement substrata determine post-settlement survival in corals. Ecology 85, 3428–3437 (2004).
Google Scholar
Jorissen, H., Baumgartner, C., Steneck, R. S. & Nugues, M. M. Contrasting effects of crustose coralline algae from exposed and subcryptic habitats on coral recruits. Coral Reefs 39, 1767–1778 (2020).
Google Scholar
Figueiredo, J. et al. Toxicity of innovative anti-fouling nano-based solutions to marine species. Environ. Sci. Nano 6, 1418–1429 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shafir, S., Abady, S. & Rinkevich, B. Improved sustainable maintenance for mid-water coral nursery by the application of an anti-fouling agent. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 368, 124–128 (2009).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
