Pushkin, V. I., Nehkorosheva, L. V., Kopaevich, G. V. & Yaroshinskaya, A. M. Přídolian Bryozoa of the USSR 1–125 (Nauka, 1990) (in Russian).
Kopaevich, G. V. Silurian Bryozoa of Estonia and Podolia (Cryptostomata and Rhabdomesonata). Trudy Paleontol. Inst Akad. Nauk SSSR 151, 5–153 (1975) (in Russian).
Tuckey, M. E. Biogeography of Ordovician bryozoans. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 77, 91–126 (1990).
Google Scholar
McCoy, V. E. & Anstey, R. L. Biogeographic associations of Silurian bryozoan genera in North America, Baltica and Siberia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 297, 420–427 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. The early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic provinces. Bull. U. S. Natl. Museum 77, 1–382 (1911).
Vinn, O. & Wilson, M. A. Symbiotic interactions in the Silurian of Baltica. Lethaia 49, 413–420 (2016).
Google Scholar
Vinn, O. Symbiotic interactions in the Silurian of North America. Hist. Biol. 29, 341–347 (2017).
Google Scholar
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A. & Toom, U. Symbiosis of cornulitids with the cystoporate bryozoan Fistulipora in the Přídolí of Saaremaa, Estonia. Lethaia 54, 90–95 (2021).
Google Scholar
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A. & Toom, U. Intergrowth of bryozoans with other invertebrates in the late Přídolí of Saaremaa, Estonia. Ann. Soc. Geol. Poloniae 91, 101–111 (2021).
Jackson, J. B. C. & Buss, L. Allelopathy and spatial competition among coral reef invertebrates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 5160–5163 (1975).
Google Scholar
Osman, R. W. & Haugsness, J. A. Mutualism among sessile invertebrates: A mediator of competition and predation. Science 211(4484), 846–848 (1981).
Google Scholar
Pawlik, J. R. Marine invertebrate chemical defenses. Chem. Rev. 93, 1911–1922 (1993).
Google Scholar
Figuerola, B., Núñez-Pons, L., Moles, J. & Avila, C. Feeding repellence in Antarctic bryozoans. Naturwissenschaften 100, 1069–1081 (2013).
Google Scholar
Puce, S., Bavestrello, G., Di Camillo, C. G. & Boero, F. Symbiotic relationships between hydroids and bryozoans. Symbiosis 44, 137–143 (2007).
López-Gappa, J. & Liuzzi, M. G. An unusual symbiotic relationship between a cyclostome bryozoan and a thecate hydroid. Symbiosis 85, 217–223 (2021).
Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K., Broadhead, T. W. & Gibson, M. A. Coral-bryozoan mutualism: Structural innovation and greater resource exploitation. Science 248(4954), 466–468 (1990).
Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. Bryozoan-hydroid symbiosis and a new ichnogenus, Caupokeras. Ichnos 16, 193–201 (2009).
Google Scholar
Suárez-Andrés, J. L., Sendino, C. & Wilson, M. A. Life in a living substrate: Modular endosymbionts of bryozoan hosts from the Devonian of Spain. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 559, 109897 (2020).
Google Scholar
Okamura, B. The influence of neighbors on the feeding of an epifaunal bryozoan. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 120, 105–123 (1988).
Google Scholar
Sendino, C., Suárez-Andrés, J. L. S. & Wilson, M. A. A rugose coral–bryozoan association from the Lower Devonian of NW Spain. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 530, 271–280 (2019).
Google Scholar
Suárez-Andrés, J., Sendino, C. & Wilson, M. A. Caupokeras badalloi, a new ichnospecies of impedichnia from the Lower Devonian of Spain. Palaeoecological significance. Hist. Biol. 34, 62–66 (2021).
Google Scholar
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A. & Toom, U. Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 518, 89–96 (2019).
Google Scholar
Melchin, M. J., Cooper, R. A. & Sadler, P. M. The Silurian period. In A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (eds Gradstein, F. M. et al.) 188–201 (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Torsvik, T. H. & Cocks, L. R. M. New global palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Early Palaeozoic and their generation. Geol. Soc. Lond. Memoirs 38, 5–24 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hints, O. The Silurian system in Estonia. in The Seventh Baltic Stratigraphical Conference. Abstracts and Field Guide (Hints, O. Ainsaar, L. Männik, P. & Meidla, T. eds.). 1–46. (Geological Society of Estonia, 2008).
Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. Facies-sedimentary model of the Silurian Paleobaltic pericontinental basin. in (Kaljo, D. ed.) Facies and Fauna of the Baltic Silurian. 89–121 (Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S. S. R. Institute of Geology, 1977) (in Russian, English summary).
Nestor, H. & Einasto, R. Ordovician and Silurian carbonate sedimentation basin. In Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia (eds Raukas, A. & Teedumäe, A.) 192–205 (Estonian Academy Publishers, 1997).
Nestor, H. Locality 7: 4 Ohesaare cliff. in Field Meeting, Estonia 1990. An Excursion Guidebook (Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H. eds.). 175–178. (Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, 1990).
Klaamann, E. R. Tabulate corals of the Upper Silurian of Estonia. Trudy Inst. Gieol. AN Estonskoi SSR 9, 25–74 (1962) (in Russian).
Hill, D. Tabulata. in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterate, Supplement 1, Rugosa and Tabulata (Teichert, C. ed.). F430–F762 (The Geological Society of America, Inc./The University of Kansas, 1981).
Zapalski, M. K. Tabulate corals from the Givetian and Frasnian of the southern region of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 87, 1–100 (2012).
Stasińska, A. Colony structure and systematic assignment of Cladochonus tenuicollis McCoy, 1847 (Hydroidea). Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 27, 59–64 (1982).
Król, J., Zapalski, M. K. & Berkowski, B. Emsian tabulate corals of Hamar Laghdad (Morocco): Taxonomy and ecological interpretation. Neues Jahrbuch Geol. Palaontol.-Abhandlungen 290, 75–102 (2018).
Google Scholar
Coronado, I. Biomineral analysis of the enigmatic fossil Cladochonus Mccoy, 1847: A representative of calcifiying hydrozoa? In New Perspectives on the Evolution of Phanerozoic Biotas and Ecosystems (Manzanares, E. et al. eds.). Vol. 24.
Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. An Introduction to Hydrozoa (ResearchGate, 2006).
Tassia, M. G. et al. The global diversity of Hemichordata. PLoS ONE 11(10), e0162564 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zapalski, M. K. & Clarkson, E. N. Enigmatic fossils from the Lower Carboniferous shrimp bed, Granton, Scotland. PLoS ONE 10(12), e0144220 (2015).
Google Scholar
Sato, A. Seasonal reproductive activity in the pterobranch hemichordate Rhabdopleura compacta. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 88, 1033–1041 (2008).
Google Scholar
Underwood, C. J. Graptolite preservation and deformation. Palaios 7, 178–186 (1992).
Google Scholar
Maletz, J. Hemichordata (Enteropneusta & Pterobranchia, incl. Graptolithina): A review of their fossil preservation as organic material. Bull. Geosci. 95(1), 41–80 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tapanila, L. Direct evidence of ancient symbiosis using trace fossils. Paleontol. Soc. Pap. 14, 271–287 (2008).
Google Scholar
Zapalski, M. K. Is absence of proof a proof of absence? Comments on commensalism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 302, 484–488 (2011).
Google Scholar
Mathis, K. A. & Bronstein, J. L. Our current understanding of commensalism. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 51, 167–189 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zapalski, M. K., Berkowski, B. & Klug, C. Subepidermal Emsian” auloporids” on crinoids from Hamar Laghdad (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. 290, 103–110 (2018).
Google Scholar
Winston, J. E. Feeding in marine bryozoans. In Biology of Bryozoans (eds Wollacott, W. S. & Zimmer, R. L.) 233–271 (Academic Press, 1977).
Google Scholar
Okamura, B. & Partridge, J. C. Suspension feeding adaptations to extreme flow environments in a marine bryozoan. Biol. Bull. 196, 205–215 (1999).
Google Scholar
Ernst, A. Fossil Record and Evolution of Bryozoa. Handbook of Zoology. Bryozoa 11–55 (De Gruyter, 2020).
Riisgård, H. U. & Manríquez, P. Filter-feeding in fifteen marine ectoprocts (Bryozoa): Particle capture and water pumping. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 154, 223–239 (1997).
Google Scholar
Boero, F. & Hewitt, C. L. A hydrozoan, Zanclella bryozoophila n. gen, n.sp. (Zancleidae) symbiotic with a bryozoan, and a discussion of the Zancleidae. Can. J. Zool. 70, 1645–1651 (1992).
Google Scholar
Piraino, S., Bouillon, J. & Boero, F. Halocoryne epizoica (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), a hydroid that “bites”. Sci. Mar. 56(2), 141–147 (1992).
Maggioni, D. et al. Evolution and biogeography of the Zanclea-Scleractinia symbiosis. Coral Reefs 12, 1–17 (2020).
Taylor, P. D. Competition between encrusters on marine hard substrates and its fossil record. Palaeontology 59, 481–497 (2016).
Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. & Wilson, M. A. Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities. Earth Sci. Rev. 62, 1–103 (2003).
Google Scholar
Gordon, D. P. Biological relationships of an intertidal bryozoan population. J. Nat. Hist. 6, 503–514 (1972).
Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. & Winston, J. E. Ecology of cryptic coral reef communities. I. Distribution and abundance of major groups of encrusting organisms. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 57, 135–147 (1982).
Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. & Jackson, J. B. C. Bryozoan Evolution 238 (Unwin Hyman, 1989).
Wicander, R. & Playford, G. Acritarchs and prasinophytes from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Ross Formation, Tennessee, USA: Stratigraphic and paleogeographic distribution. Palynology 46(2), 1–50 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ristedt, H. & Schuhmacher, H. The bryozoan Rhynchozoon larreyi (Audouin, 1826)—A successful competitor in coral reef communities of the Red Sea. Mar. Ecol. 6, 167–179 (1985).
Google Scholar
Puce, S., Cerrano, C., Di Camillo, C. & Bavestrello, G. Hydroidomedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) symbiotic radiation. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 88(8), 1715–1721 (2008).
Google Scholar
Winston, J. E. & Migotto, A. E. Behavior. In Phylum Bryozoa (ed. Schwaha, T.) 143–187 (De Gruyter, 2020).
Google Scholar
Cadée, G. C. & McKinney, F. K. A coral-bryozoan association from the Neogene of northwestern Europe. Lethaia 27, 59–66 (1994).
Google Scholar
Jackson, P. N. W. & Key, M. M. Jr. Borings in trepostome bryozoans from the Ordovician of Estonia: Two ichnogenera produced by a single maker, a case of host morphology control. Lethaia 40, 237–252 (2007).
Google Scholar
Jackson, P. N. W. & Key, M. M. Epizoan and endoskeletozoan distribution across reassembled ramose stenolaemate bryozoan zoaria from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of the Cincinnati Arch region, USA. Aust. Palaeontol. Memoirs 52, 169–178 (2019).
Ma, J., Taylor, P. D. & Buttler, C. J. Sclerobionts associated with Orbiramus from the Early Ordovician of Hubei, China, the oldest known trepostome bryozoan. Lethaia 54, 443–456 (2020).
Bambach, R. K., Bush, A. M. & Erwin, D. H. Autecology and the filling of ecospace: Key metazoan radiations. Palaeontology 50, 1–22 (2007).
Google Scholar
Vinn, O., Ernst, A. & Toom, U. Symbiosis of cornulitids and bryozoans in the Late Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica). Palaios 33, 290–295 (2018).
Google Scholar
Palmer, T. J. & Wilson, M. A. Parasitism of Ordovician bryozoans and the origin of pseudoborings. Palaeontology 31, 939–949 (1988).
Ernst, A. Trepostome and cryptostome bryozoans from the Koněprusy Limestone (Lower Devonia, Pragian) of Zlatý Kůň (Czech republic). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 114(3), 329–348 (2008).
Morozova, I. P. Devonskie mshanki Minusinskikh i Kuznetskoy kotlovin. Trudy Paleontol. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 86, 1–207 (1961) (in Russian).
Source: Ecology - nature.com