These authors contributed equally: John T. McCrone, Verity Hill, Sumali Bajaj, Rosario Evans Pena
These authors jointly supervised this work: Oliver G. Pybus, Andrew Rambaut, Moritz U.G. Kraemer
A list of authors and their affiliations appears in the Supplementary Information
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
John T. McCrone, Verity Hill, Ben Jackson, Rachel Colquhoun, Áine O’Toole & Andrew Rambaut
Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sumali Bajaj, Rosario Evans Pena, Rhys Inward, Alexander E. Zarebski, Jayna Raghwani, Nuno R. Faria, Louis du Plessis, Oliver G. Pybus & Moritz U. G. Kraemer
Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Ben C. Lambert
MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
Rhys Inward, Samir Bhatt, Erik Volz & Nuno R. Faria
Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Samir Bhatt
Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
Christopher Ruis
Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
Simon Dellicour
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Simon Dellicour & Guy Baele
Google, Mountain View, CA, USA
Adam Sadilek, Neo Wu & Aaron Schneider
Department of Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Xiang Ji
Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
Thomas P. Peacock & Wendy S. Barclay
UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
Thomas P. Peacock, Kate Twohig, Simon Thelwall, Gavin Dabrera, Richard Myers & Meera Chand
Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Nuno R. Faria
BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
Carmen Huber & Kamran Khan
Divisions of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
Isaac I. Bogoch
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Isaac I. Bogoch & Kamran Khan
Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Kamran Khan
Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Louis du Plessis
Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
Jeffrey C. Barrett & David M. Aanensen
Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
David M. Aanensen
Pathogen Genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
Thomas Connor
School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Thomas Connor
Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK
Thomas Connor
Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Nicholas J. Loman
Departments of Biostatistics, Biomathematics and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Marc A. Suchard
Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College London, London, UK
Oliver G. Pybus
Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oliver G. Pybus & Moritz U. G. Kraemer
