Eisner, R., Seabrook, L. M. & McAlpine, C. A. Are changes in global oil production influencing the rate of deforestation and biodiversity loss?. Biol. Conserv. 196, 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.017 (2016).
Google Scholar
Fahrig, L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 487–515. https://doi.org/10.1146/132419 (2003).
Google Scholar
Pfeifer, M. et al. Creation of forest edges has a global impact on forest vertebrates. Nature 551, 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24457 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D., May, R., Lehman, C. & Nowak, M. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/371065a0 (1994).
Google Scholar
Fisher, J. T. & Burton, C. A. Wildlife winners and losers in an oil sands landscape. Front Ecol. Environ. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1807 (2018).
Google Scholar
Heim, N., Fisher, J. T., Volpe, J., Clevenger, A. P. & Paczkowski, J. Carnivore community response to anthropogenic landscape change: species-specificity foils generalizations. Landscape Ecol. 34, 2493–2507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00882-z (2019).
Google Scholar
Pereira, H. M., Navarro, L. & Martins, I. Global biodiversity change: the bad, the good, and the unknown. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511 (2012).
Google Scholar
Northrup, J. M., Anderson, C. R. Jr. & Wittemyer, G. Quantifying spatial habitat loss from hydrocarbon development through assessing habitat selection patterns of mule deer. Glob Change Biol. 21, 3961–3970. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13037 (2015).
Google Scholar
Holbrook, S. J. & Schmitt, R. J. The combined effects of predation risk and food reward on patch selection. Ecology 69, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1943167 (1988).
Google Scholar
Moody, A. L., Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. Ideal free distributions under predation risk. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 38, 131–143 (1996).
Google Scholar
Dietz, H. & Edwards, P. J. Recognition that causal processes change during plant invasion helps explain conflicts in evidence. Ecology 87, 1359–1367 (2006).
Google Scholar
Hobbs, R. J. & Huenneke, L. F. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conserv. Biol. 6, 324–337 (1992).
Google Scholar
Van der Graaf, S., Stahl, J., Klimkowska, A. & Drent, J. P. B. Surfing on a green wave—How plant growth drives spring migration in the Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis. Ardea -Wageningen- 94, 567 (2006).
Parker, I. M. et al. Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biol. Invasions 1, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010034312781 (1999).
Google Scholar
Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R. & Morrison, D. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol. Econ. 52, 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002 (2005).
Google Scholar
Shackelford, N. et al. Primed for change: developing ecological restoration for the 21st Century. Restor. Ecol. 21, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12012 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pickell, P. D., Pickell, P. D., Andison, D. W., Coops, N. C. & Gergel, S. E. The spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance in the western Canadian boreal forest following oil and gas development. Can. J. For. Res. 45, 732–743. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0546 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fisher, J. T. & Wilkinson, L. The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest. Mammal Rev. 35, 51–81 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wittische, J., Heckbert, S., James, P. M. A., Burton, A. C. & Fisher, J. T. Community-level modelling of boreal forest mammal distribution in an oil sands landscape. Sci. Total Environ. 755, 142500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142500 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hewitt, D. G. Biology and management of white-tailed deer (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011).
Google Scholar
McCabe, R. E. & McCabe, T. R. in White tailed deer: ecology and management Ch. Chapter 2, 19–72 (Stackpole, A Wildlife Management Institute Book, 1984).
Webb, R. The range of white-tailed deer in Alberta (Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division Edmonton, Alberta, 1967).
Dawe, K. L. & Boutin, S. Climate change is the primary driver of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) range expansion at the northern extent of its range; land use is secondary. Ecol. Evol. 6, 6435–6451. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2316 (2016).
Google Scholar
DeCesare, N. J., Hebblewhite, M., Robinson, H. S. & Musiani, M. Endangered, apparently: the role of apparent competition in endangered species conservation. Anim. Conserv. 13, 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00328.x (2010).
Google Scholar
Latham, A. D. M., Latham, M. C., McCutchen, N. A. & Boutin, S. Invading white-tailed deer change wolf-caribou dynamics in northeastern Alberta. J. Wildl. Manag. 75, 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.28 (2011).
Google Scholar
Latham, A. D. M., Latham, M. C., Boyce, M. C. & Boutin, S. Movement responses by wolves to industrial linear features and their effect on woodland caribou in northeastern Alberta. Ecol. Appl. 21, 11 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fisher, J. T., Burton, A. C., Nolan, L. & Roy, L. Influences of landscape change and winter severity on invasive ungulate persistence in the Nearctic boreal forest. Sci. Rep. 10, 8742. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65385-3 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dabros, A., Pyper, M. & Castilla, G. Seismic lines in the boreal and arctic ecosystems of North America: environmental impacts, challenges, and opportunities. Environ. Rev. 26, 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0080 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dickie, M., Serrouya, R., McNay, R. S., Boutin, S. & du Toit, J. Faster and farther: wolf movement on linear features and implications for hunting behaviour. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12732 (2017).
Google Scholar
Finnegan, L., MacNearney, D. & Pigeon, K. E. Divergent patterns of understory forage growth after seismic line exploration: implications for caribou habitat restoration. For. Ecol. Manag. 409, 634–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.12.010 (2018).
Google Scholar
Prokopenko, C. M., Boyce, M. S., Avgar, T. & Tulloch, A. Characterizing wildlife behavioural responses to roads using integrated step selection analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 470–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12768 (2017).
Google Scholar
Waring, G. H., Griffis, J. L. & Vaughn, M. E. White-tailed deer roadside behavior, wildlife warning reflectors, and highway mortality. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 29, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(91)90249-W (1991).
Google Scholar
Bowman, J., Ray, J. C., Magoun, A. J., Johnson, D. S. & Dawson, F. N. Roads, logging, and the large-mammal community of an eastern Canadian boreal forest. Can. J. Zool. 88, 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1139/z10-019 (2010).
Google Scholar
Munro, K. G., Bowman, J. & Fahrig, L. Effect of paved road density on abundance of white-tailed deer. Wildl. Res. 39, 478. https://doi.org/10.1071/wr11152 (2012).
Google Scholar
Fisher, J. T. & Burton, A. C. Spatial structure of reproductive success infers mechanisms of ungulate invasion in Nearctic boreal landscapes. Ecol. Evol. 11, 900–911. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7103 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kie, J. G. Optimal foraging and risk of predation effects on behavior and social structure in ungulates. J. Mammal. 80, 1114–1129 (1999).
Google Scholar
Brown, J. S., Laundré, J. W. & Gurung, M. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J. Mammal. 80, 385–399. https://doi.org/10.2307/1383287 (1999).
Google Scholar
Kittle, A. M., Fryxell, J. M., Desy, G. E. & Hamr, J. The scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates. Oecologia 157, 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1051-9 (2008).
Google Scholar
Moen, A. N. Energy conservation by white-tailed deer in the winter. Ecology 57, 192–198. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936411 (1976).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. Winter ecology of nonmigratory Alpine red deer. Oecologia 95, 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00323494 (1993).
Google Scholar
Kilgo, J. C., Ray, H. S., Vukovich, M., Goode, M. J. & Ruth, C. Predation by coyotes on white-tailed deer neonates in South Carolina. J. Wildl. Manag. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.393 (2012).
Google Scholar
Laurent, M., Dickie, M., Becker, M., Serrouya, R. & Boutin, S. Evaluating the mechanisms of landscape change on white-tailed deer populations. J. Wildl. Manag. 85, 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21979 (2020).
Google Scholar
Schneider, R. R., Hauer, G., Adamowicz, W. L. & Boutin, S. Triage for conserving populations of threatened species: the case of woodland caribou in Alberta. Biol. Conserv. 143, 1603–1611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.002 (2010).
Google Scholar
Kilkenny, C., Browne Wj Fau – Cuthill, I. C., Cuthill Ic Fau – Emerson, M., Emerson M Fau – Altman, D. G. & Altman, D. G. Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS biol. 8(6), e1000412 (2010).
DelGiudice, G. D., Mangipane, B. A., Sampson, B. A. & Kochanny, C. O. Chemical immobilization, body temperature, and post-release mortality of white-tailed deer captured by clover trap and net-gun. Wildl. Soc. Bull. (1973-2006) 29, 1147–1157 (2001).
Droge, E., Creel, S., Becker, M. S. & M’Soka, J. Risky times and risky places interact to affect prey behaviour. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1123–1128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0220-9 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kunkel, K. E. & Mech, L. D. Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota. Can. J. Zool. 72, 1557–1565 (1994).
Google Scholar
Latham, A., Latham, M., Knopff, K., Hebblewhite, M. & Boutin, S. Wolves, white-tailed deer, and beaver: Implications of seasonal prey switching for woodland caribou declines. Ecography https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00035.x (2013).
Google Scholar
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development. Alberta Vegetation Index. Accessed October 2016. https://geodiscover.alberta.ca/
Manly, B., McDonald, L., Thomas, D., McDonald, T. & Erickson, W.Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies. Vol. 63, pp. 1-10 (Springer Science & Business Media, 2007).
Boyce, M. S., Vernier, P. R., Nielsen, S. E. & Schmiegelow, F. K. A. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecol. Model. 157, 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00200-4 (2002).
Google Scholar
Hijmans, R. & van Etten, J. Raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling. CRAN R package 2 (2016).
R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (Vienna, Austria, 2013).
Zuur, A., Hilbe, J. & Ieno, E. A Beginner’s Guide to GLM and GLMM with R: a frequentist and Bayesian perspective for ecologists. (Highland Statistics, 2013).
Gillies, C. S. et al. Application of random effects to the study of resource selection by animals. J. Anim. Ecol. 75, 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01106.x (2006).
Google Scholar
Craney, T. A. & Surles, J. G. Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Qual. Eng. 14, 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1081/QEN-120001878 (2002).
Google Scholar
Akaike, H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. Selected papers of hirotugu akaike 199–213 (Springer, New York, 1998).
Google Scholar
Burnham, K. P. & Anderson, D. R. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol. Methods Res. 33, 261–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124104268644 (2004).
Google Scholar
Boulanger, Y. et al. Climate change impacts on forest landscapes along the Canadian southern boreal forest transition zone. Landscape Ecol. 32, 1415–1431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0421-7 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sulla-Menashe, D., Woodcock, C. E. & Friedl, M. A. Canadian boreal forest greening and browning trends: an analysis of biogeographic patterns and the relative roles of disturbance versus climate drivers. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 014007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9b88 (2018).
Google Scholar
St-Pierre, F., Drapeau, P. & St-Laurent, M.-H. Drivers of vegetation regrowth on logging roads in the boreal forest: Implications for restoration of woodland caribou habitat. For. Ecol. Manag. 482, 118846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118846 (2021).
Google Scholar
Berger, J. Fear, human shields and the redistribution of prey and predators in protected areas. Biol. Let. 3, 620–623. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0415 (2007).
Google Scholar
Heyes, A., Leach, A. & Mason, C. F. The economics of Canadian oil sands. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 12, 242–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rey006 (2018).
Google Scholar
Komers, P. E. & Stanojevic, Z. Rates of disturbance vary by data resolution: implications for conservation schedules using the Alberta boreal forest as a case study. Global Change Biol. 19, 2916–2928 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hebblewhite, M. & Merrill, E. H. Trade-offs between predation risk and forage differ between migrant strategies in a migratory ungulate. Ecology 90, 3445–3454. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2090.1 (2009).
Google Scholar
Mech, D. L. & Boitani, L. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation Vol. 57 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004).
Creel, S., Winnie, J. A., Christianson, D. & Liley, S. Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk. Anim. Behav. 76, 1139–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.07.006 (2008).
Google Scholar
Steenweg, R. et al. Scaling-up camera traps: monitoring the planet’s biodiversity with networks of remote sensors. Front. Ecol. Environ. 15, 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1448 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hebblewhite, M. Billion dollar boreal woodland caribou and the biodiversity impacts of the global oil and gas industry. Biol. Cons. 206, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.014 (2017).
Google Scholar
Côté, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J.-P., Dussault, C. & Waller, D. M. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35, 113–147 (2004).
Google Scholar
McCullough, D. R. Evaluation of night spotlighting as a deer study technique. J. Wildl. Manag. 46, 963–973. https://doi.org/10.2307/3808229 (1982).
Google Scholar
Preston, T., Wildhaber, M., Green, N., Albers, J. & Debenedetto, G. Enumerating white-tailed deer using unmanned aerial vehicles. Wildlife Soc. Bull. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1149 (2021).
Google Scholar
Parks, A. E. Provincial woodland caribou range plan. 212 (Edmonton, Alberta, 2017).
Tattersall, E. R., Burgar, J. M., Fisher, J. T. & Burton, A. C. Boreal predator co-occurrences reveal shared use of seismic lines in a working landscape. Ecol. Evol. 10, 1678–1691. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6028 (2020).
Google Scholar
Diaz, S. et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science (New York N.Y.) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bayoumi, T. & Muhleisen, M. Energy, the exchange rate, and the economy: macroeconomic benefits of Canada’s oil sands production (International Monetary Fund, Washington, 2006).
Zhu, K., Song, Y. & Qin, C. Forest age improves understanding of the global carbon sink. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 3962. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900797116 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
