Thomas, D. W., Fenton, M. B. & Barclay, R. M. R. Social-behavior of the little brown bat, myotis-lucifugus. 1. mating-behavior. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00292559 (1979).
Google Scholar
Weiner, J. Physiological limits to sustainable energy budgets in birds and mammals-ecological implications. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7, 384–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90009-z (1992).
Google Scholar
Becker, N. I., Encarnação, J. A., Kalko, E. K. V. & Tschapka, M. The effects of reproductive state on digestive efficiency in three sympatric bat species of the same guild. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 162, 386–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.021 (2012).
Google Scholar
Becker, N. I., Encarnação, J. A., Tschapka, M. & Kalko, E. K. V. Energetics and life-history of bats in comparison to small mammals. Ecol. Res. 28, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-012-1010-0 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ruf, T. & Bieber, C. Physiological, behavioral, and life-history adaptations to environmental fluctuations in the edible dormouse. Front. Physiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00423 (2020).
Google Scholar
Scholander, P. F., Hock, R., Walters, V. & Irving, L. Adaptation to cold in arctic and tropical mammals and birds in relation to body temperature, insulation, and basal metabolic rate. Biol. Bull. 99, 259–271. https://doi.org/10.2307/1538742 (1950).
Google Scholar
Geiser, F. & Ruf, T. Hibernation versus daily torpor in mammals and birds-physiological variables and classification of torpor patterns. Physiol. Zool. 68, 935–966. https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.68.6.30163788 (1995).
Google Scholar
Aschoff, J. Thermal conductance in mammals and birds-its dependence on body size and circadian phase. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 69, 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(81)90145-6 (1981).
Google Scholar
McNab, B. K. The economics of temperature regulation in neotropical bats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol 31, 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406X(69)91651-X (1969).
Google Scholar
Speakman, J. R. & Thomas, D. W. in Bat ecology (ed Thomas H. Kunz and M. Brock Fenton) 430–490 (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Wang, L. C. H. & Wolowyk, M. W. Torpor in mammals and birds. Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. 66, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-017 (1988).
Google Scholar
Geiser, F. Metabolic rate and body temperature reduction during hibernation and daily torpor. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66, 239–274. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.115105 (2004).
Google Scholar
Geiser, F. & Masters, P. Torpor in relation to reproduction in the mulgara, dasycercus-cristicauda (dasyuridae, marsupialia). J. Therm. Biol. 19, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)90007-8 (1994).
Google Scholar
Wojciechowski, M. S., Jefimow, M. & Tęgowska, E. Environmental conditions, rather than season, determine torpor use and temperature selection in large mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 147, 828–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.039 (2007).
Google Scholar
Ruf, T. & Geiser, F. Daily torpor and hibernation in birds and mammals. Biol. Rev. 90, 891–926. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12137 (2015).
Google Scholar
Tuttle, M. D. Population ecology of the gray bat (Myotis grisescens): factors Iifluencing growth and survival of newly volant young. Ecology 57, 587–595. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936443 (1976).
Google Scholar
Racey, P. A. & Swift, S. M. Variations in gestation length in a colony of Pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) from year to year. J. Reprod. Fertil. 61, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0610123 (1981).
Google Scholar
Audet, D. & Fenton, M. B. Heterothermy and the use of torpor by the bat Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)-a field study. Physiol. Zool. 61, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.3.30161232 (1988).
Google Scholar
Barnes, B. M., Kretzmann, M., Licht, P. & Zucker, I. The influence of hibernation on testis growth and spermatogenesis in the golden mantled ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis. Biol. Reprod. 35, 1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod35.5.1289 (1986).
Google Scholar
Gagnon, M. F., Lafleur, C., Landry-Cuerrier, M., Humphries, M. M. & Kimmins, S. Torpor expression is associated with differential spermatogenesis in hibernating eastern chipmunks. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 319, R455–R465. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00328.2019 (2020).
Google Scholar
McLean, J. A. & Speakman, J. R. Energy budgets of lactating and non-reproductive Brown Long-Eared Bats (Plecotus auritus) suggest females use compensation in lactation. Funct. Ecol. 13, 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00321.x (1999).
Google Scholar
Wilde, C. J., Knight, C. R. & Racey, P. A. Influence of torpor on milk protein composition and secretion in lactating bats. J. Exp. Zool. 284, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19990615)284:1%3c35::aid-jez6%3e3.0.co;2-z (1999).
Google Scholar
Racey, P. A. The prolonged storage and survival of spermatozoa in Chiroptera. J. Reprod. Fertil. 56, 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0560391 (1979).
Google Scholar
Racey, P. A. The reproductive cycle in male noctule bats, Nyctalus noctula. J. Reprod. Fertil. 41, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0410169 (1974).
Google Scholar
Gustafson, A. W. Male reproductive patterns in hibernating bats. J. Reprod. Fertil. 56, 317–0 (1979).
Google Scholar
Komar, E., Dechmann, D. K. N., Fasel, N. J., Zegarek, M. & Ruczyński, I. Food restriction delays seasonal sexual maturation but does not increase torpor use in male bats. J. Exp. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.214825 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wilkinson, G. S. & McCracken, G. F. in Bat ecology (eds Thomas H. Kunz & M. Brock Fenton) 128–155 (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
Pescovitz, O. H., Srivastava, C. H., Breyer, P. R. & Monts, B. A. Paracrine control of spermatogenesis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 5, 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(94)90094-9 (1994).
Google Scholar
Sharpe, R. M., Kerr, J. B., McKinnell, C. & Millar, M. Temporal relationship between androgen-dependent changes in the volume of seminiferous tubule fluid, lumen size and seminiferous tubule protein secretion in rats. J. Reprod. Fertil. 101, 193–198 (1994).
Google Scholar
Becker, N. I., Tschapka, M., Kalko, E. K. V. & Encarnacao, J. A. Balancing the energy budget in free ranging male Myotis daubentonii bats. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 86, 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1086/670527 (2013).
Google Scholar
Entwistle, A. C., Racey, P. A. & Speakman, J. R. The reproductive cycle and determination of sexual maturity in male brown long eared bats, Plecotus auritus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). J. Zool. 244, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00007.x (1998).
Google Scholar
Fasel, N. J., Kołodziej-Sobocińska, M., Komar, E., Zegarek, M. & Ruczyński, I. Penis size and sperm quality, are all bats grey in the dark?. Curr. Zool. 65, 697–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoy094 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dietz, M. & Kalko, E. K. V. Reproduction affects flight activity in female and male Daubenton’s bats, Myotis daubentoni. Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. 85, 653–664. https://doi.org/10.1139/z07-045 (2007).
Google Scholar
Encarnação, J. A. Spatiotemporal pattern of local sexual segregation in a tree dwelling temperate bat Myotis daubentonii. J. Ethol. 30, 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-011-0323-8 (2012).
Google Scholar
Safi, K. & Kerth, G. Comparative analyses suggest that information transfer promoted sociality in male bats in the temperate zone. Am. Nat. 170, 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1086/520116 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hałat, Z., Dechmann, D. K. N., Zegarek, M. & Ruczyński, I. Male bats respond to adverse conditions with larger colonies and increased torpor use during sperm production. Mamm. Biol. 22, 2109 (2020).
Dietz, M. & Horig, A. Thermoregulation of tree dwelling temperate bats-a behavioural adaptation to force live history strategy. Folia Zool. 60, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v60.i1.a2.2011 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ruczyński, I., Zahorowicz, P., Borowik, T. & Hałat, Z. Activity patterns of two syntopic and closely related aerial-hawking bat species during breeding season in Bialowieza Primaeval Forest. Mammal Res. 62, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-016-0298-5 (2017).
Google Scholar
Jolly, S. E. & Blackshaw, A. W. Prolonged epididymal sperm storage, and the temporal dissociation of testicular and accessory gland activity in the common sheath-tail bat, Taphozous georgianus, of tropical Australia. J. Reprod. Fertil. 81, 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0810205 (1987).
Google Scholar
Boyles, J. G., Dunbar, M. B., Storm, J. J. & Brack, V. Energy availability influences microclimate selection of hibernating bats. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 4345–4350. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.007294 (2007).
Google Scholar
Ruczyński, I., Hałat, Z., Zegarek, M., Borowik, T. & Dechmann, D. K. N. Camera transects as a method to monitor high temporal and spatial ephemerality of flying nocturnal insects. Methods Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13339 (2020).
Google Scholar
Safi, K. Social bats: the males’ perspective. J. Mammal. 89, 1342–1350. https://doi.org/10.1644/08-mamm-s-058.1 (2008).
Google Scholar
Webb, P. I., Speakman, J. R. & Racey, P. A. The implication of small reductions in body temperature for radiant and convective heat loss in resting endothermic brown long eared bats (Pecotus auritus). J. Therm. Biol. 18, 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(93)90026-p (1993).
Google Scholar
Boratyński, J. S., Iwińska, K. & Bogdanowicz, W. An intrapopulation heterothermy continuum: notable repeatability of body temperature variation in food deprived yellow necked mice. J. Exp. Biol. 222, 197152. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197152 (2019).
Google Scholar
Christian, N. & Geiser, F. To use or not to use torpor? Activity and body temperature as predictors. Naturwissenschaften 94, 483–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0215-5 (2007).
Google Scholar
Smith, L. B. & Walker, W. H. The regulation of spermatogenesis by androgens. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 30, 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.012 (2014).
Google Scholar
Macdonald, J. & Harrison, R. G. Effect of low temperatures on rat spermatogenesis. Fertil. Steril. 5, 205–216 (1954).
Google Scholar
Fowler, P. A. & Racey, P. A. Relationship between body and testis temperatures in the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, during hibernation and sexual reactivation. Reproduction 81, 567. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0810567 (1987).
Google Scholar
Davis, J. R., Firlit, C. F. & Hollinger, M. A. Effect of temperature on incorporation of l-lysine-U-C14 into testicular proteins. Am. J. Physiol. 204, 696–698. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1963.204.4.696 (1963).
Google Scholar
LeVier, R. R. & Spaziani, E. The influence of temperature on steroidogenesis in the rat testis. J. Exp. Zool. 169, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401690113 (1968).
Google Scholar
Geiser, F. & Brigham, R. M. in Living in a seasonal world (eds Thomas Ruf, Claudia Bieber, Walter Arnold, & Eva Millesi) 109–121 (Springer, 2012).
Safi, K. Die Zweifarbfledermaus in der Schweiz: Status und Grundlagen zum Schutz. (Haupt Verlag, 2006).
Hałat, Z., Dechmann, D. K. N., Zegarek, M., Visser, A. F. J. & Ruczyński, I. Sociality and insect abundance affect duration of nocturnal activity of male parti-colored bats. J. Mammal. 99, 1503–1509. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy141 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ruczyński, I. Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) and Leisler’s bats (N-leisleri) in Biaowieza Primeval Forest, Poland. Can. J. Zool. 84, 900–907. https://doi.org/10.1139/z06-060 (2006).
Google Scholar
Ruczyński, I. & Bartoń, K. A. Seasonal changes and the influence of tree species and ambient temperature on the fission-fusion dynamics of tree-roosting bats. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 74, 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-02840-1 (2020).
Google Scholar
Linton, D. M. & Macdonald, D. W. Phenology of reproductive condition varies with age and spring weather conditions in male Myotis daubentonii and Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Sci. Rep. 10, 6664. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63538-y (2020).
Google Scholar
Dammhahn, M., Landry-Cuerrier, M., Reale, D., Garant, D. & Humphries, M. M. Individual variation in energy-saving heterothermy affects survival and reproductive success. Funct. Ecol. 31, 866–875. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12797 (2017).
Google Scholar
Boyles, J. G., Johnson, J. S., Blomberg, A. & Lilley, T. M. Optimal hibernation theory. Mammal. Rev. 50, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12181 (2020).
Google Scholar
Boratyński, J. S., Willis, C. K. R., Jefimow, M. & Wojciechowski, M. S. Huddling reduces evaporative water loss in torpid Natterer’s bats, Myotis nattereri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 179, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.035 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ruczyński, I., Kalko, E. K. V. & Siemers, B. M. The sensory basis of roost finding in a forest bat, Nyctalus noctula. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 3607–3615. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.009837 (2007).
Google Scholar
Lovegrove, B. G. Modification and miniaturization of Thermochron iButtons for surgical implantation into small animals. J. Comp. Physiol. B 179, 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-008-0329-x (2009).
Google Scholar
Willis, C. K. R., Lane, J. E., Liknes, E. T., Swanson, D. L. & Brigham, R. M. Thermal energetics of female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Can. J. Zool. 83, 871–879. https://doi.org/10.1139/z05-074 (2005).
Google Scholar
Willis, C. K. R. An energy-based body temperature threshold between torpor and normothermia for small mammals. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 80, 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1086/521085 (2007).
Google Scholar
Krutzsch, P. H. in Reproductive Biology of Bats (ed Academic Press) 91–155 (2000).
Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction With R. Vol. 66 (2006).
Jackman, S. Bayesian Analysis for the Social Sciences. (Wiley, 2009).
Brooks, S. P. & Gelman, A. General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 7, 434–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/1390675 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kellner, K. jagsUI: A Wrapper Around ‘rjags’ to Streamline ‘JAGS’ Analyses. v.R package version 1.5.1. (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
