Siegel, J. M. Do all animals sleep? Trends Neurosci. 31, 208–213 (2008).
Google Scholar
Lima, S. L., Rattenborg, N. C., Lesku, J. A. & Amlaner, C. J. Sleeping under the risk of predation. Anim. Behav. 70, 723–736 (2005).
Google Scholar
Tougeron, K. & Abram, P. K. An Ecological Perspective on Sleep Disruption. Am. Nat. 190, 55–66 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lesku, J. A., Aulsebrook, A. E., Kelly, M. L. & Tisdale, R. K. Evolution of Sleep and Adaptive Sleeplessness. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience vol. 30 (Elsevier B.V., 2019).
Smeltzer, E. A. et al. Social sleepers: The effects of social status on sleep in terrestrial mammals. Horm. Behav. 143, 105181 (2022).
Google Scholar
Chu, H. S., Oh, J. & Lee, K. The Relationship between Living Arrangements and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: Gender Differences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 3893 (2022).
Karamihalev, S., Flachskamm, C., Eren, N., Kimura, M. & Chen, A. Social context and dominance status contribute to sleep patterns and quality in groups of freely-moving mice. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–9 (2019).
Google Scholar
Capellini, I., Barton, R. A., McNamara, P., Preston, B. T. & Nunn, C. L. Phylogenetic analysis of the ecology and evolution of mammalian sleep. Evolution 62, 1764–1776 (2008).
Google Scholar
Ogawa, H., Idani, G., Moore, J., Pintea, L. & Hernandez-Aguilar, A. Sleeping Parties and nest distribution of chimpanzees in the Savanna woodland, Ugalla, Tanzania. Int. J. Primatol. 28, 1397–1412 (2007).
Google Scholar
Mulavwa, M. N. et al. Nest groups of wild bonobos at Wamba: Selection of vegetation and tree species and relationships between nest group size and party size. Am. J. Primatol. 72, 575–586 (2010).
Matsuda, I., Tuuga, A. & Higashi, S. Effects of water level on sleeping-site selection and inter-group association in proboscis monkeys: Why do they sleep alone inland on flooded days? Ecol. Res. 25, 475–482 (2010).
Google Scholar
Schreier, A. L. & Swedell, L. Ecology and sociality in a multilevel society: Ecological determinants of spatial cohesion in hamadryas baboons. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 148, 580–588 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kummer, H. & Kurt, F. Social units of free-living population of hamadryas baboons. Folia Primotol. 1, 4–19 (1963).
Ogawa, H. & Takahashi, H. Triadic positions of Tibetan macaques huddling at a sleeping site. Int. J. Primatol. 24, 591–606 (2002).
Google Scholar
Snyder-Mackler, N., Beehner, J. C. & Bergman, T. J. Defining Higher Levels in the Multilevel Societies of Geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Int. J. Primatol. 33, 1054–1068 (2012).
Google Scholar
Mochida, K. & Nishikawa, M. Sleep duration is affected by social relationships among sleeping partners in wild Japanese macaques. Behav. Process. 103, 102–104 (2014).
Google Scholar
Di Bitetti, M. S., Vidal, E. M. L., Baldovino, M. C. & Benesovsky, V. Sleeping site preferences in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus). Am. J. Primatol. 50, 257 (2000).
Google Scholar
Takahashi, H. Huddling relationships in night sleeping groups among wild Japanese macaques in Kinkazan Island during winter. Primates 38, 57–68 (1997).
Google Scholar
Park, O., Barden, A. & Williams, E. Studies in Nocturnal Ecology, IX. Further Analysis of Activity of Panama Rain Forest Animals. Ecology 21, 122 (1940).
Google Scholar
Gaston, K. J. Nighttime ecology: The “nocturnal problem” revisited. Am. Nat. 193, 481–502 (2019).
Google Scholar
Börger, L. et al. Biologging Special Feature. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 6–15 (2020).
Google Scholar
Krause, J. et al. Reality mining of animal social systems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 541–551 (2013).
Google Scholar
Zeus, V. M., Puechmaille, S. J. & Kerth, G. Conspecific and heterospecific social groups affect each other’s resource use: a study on roost sharing among bat colonies. Anim. Behav. 123, 329–338 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wey, T. W., Burger, J. R., Ebensperger, L. A. & Hayes, L. D. Reproductive correlates of social network variation in plurally breeding degus (Octodon degus). Anim. Behav. 85, 1407–1414 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hirsch, B. T., Prange, S., Hauver, S. A. & Gehrt, S. D. Genetic relatedness does not predict racoon social network structure. Anim. Behav. 85, 463–470 (2013).
Google Scholar
Robitaille, A. L., Webber, Q. M. R., Turner, J. W. & Wal Eric, V. The problem and promise of scale in multilayer animal social networks. Curr. Zool. 67, 113–123 (2021).
Google Scholar
Smith, J. E. et al. Split between two worlds: Automated sensing reveals links between above- and belowground social networks in a free-living mammal. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 373, 20170249 (2018).
Silk, M. J. et al. Seasonal variation in daily patterns of social contacts in the European badger Meles meles. Ecol. Evol. 7, 9006–9015 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gaynor, K. M., Hojnowski, C. E., Carter, N. H. & Brashares, J. S. The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. Science 360, 1232–1235 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barry, R. E. & Mundy, P. J. Seasonal variation in the degree of heterospecific association of two syntopic hyraxes (Heterohyrax brucei and Procavia capensis) exhibiting synchronous parturition. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52, 177–181 (2002).
Google Scholar
Barocas, A., Ilany, A., Koren, L., Kam, M. & Geffen, E. Variance in centrality within rock hyrax social networks predicts adult longevity. PLoS ONE 6, 1–8 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ilany, A., Barocas, A., Koren, L., Kam, M. & Geffen, E. Structural balance in the social networks of a wild mammal. Anim. Behav. 85, 1397–1405 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gravett, N., Bhagwandin, A., Lyamin, O. I., Siegel, M. & Manger, P. R. Sleep in the Rock Hyrax, Procavia capensis. Brain Behav. Evol. 79, 155–169 (2012).
Coe, M. J. Notes on the habits of the mount kenya hyrax (Procavia johnstoni mackinderi thomas). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 138, 638–644 (1961).
Viblanc, V. A., Pasquaretta, C., Sueur, C., Boonstra, R. & Dobson, F. S. Aggression in Columbian ground squirrels: relationships with age, kinship, energy allocation, and fitness. Behav. Ecol. 27, arw098 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wolf, J. B. W., Mawdsley, D., Trillmich, F. & James, R. Social structure in a colonial mammal: unravelling hidden structural layers and their foundations by network analysis. Anim. Behav. 74, 1293–1302 (2007).
Google Scholar
Podgórski, T., Lusseau, D., Scandura, M., Sönnichsen, L. & Jȩdrzejewska, B. Long-lasting, kin-directed female interactions in a spatially structured wild boar social network. PLoS ONE 9, 1–11 (2014).
Google Scholar
Druce, D. J. et al. Scale-dependent foraging costs: Habitat use by rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) determined using giving-up densities. Oikos 115, 513–525 (2006).
Google Scholar
Goll, Y. et al. Sex-associated and context-dependent leadership in the rock hyrax. iScience 104063 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104063 (2022).
Kelley, J. L., Morrell, L. J., Inskip, C., Krause, J. & Croft, D. P. Predation risk shapes social networks in fission-fusion populations. PLoS One 6, e24280 (2011).
Google Scholar
Brown, K. J. Seasonal variation in the thermal biology of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (Document N° 10413/10124) [Master Dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal]. ResearchSpace Digital Library for UKZN scholarly research. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10124.
Bar Ziv, E. et al. Individual, social, and sexual niche traits affect copulation success in a polygynandrous mating system. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 70, 901–912 (2016).
Google Scholar
McDonald, G. C., Spurgin, L. G., Fairfield, E. A., Richardson, D. S. & Pizzari, T. Differential female sociality is linked with the fine-scale structure of sexual interactions in replicate groups of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 286, 20191734 (2019).
Stanley, C. R., Liddiard Williams, H. & Preziosi, R. F. Female clustering in cockroach aggregations—A case of social niche construction? Ethology 124, 706–718 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pilastro, A., Benetton, S. & Bisazza, A. Female aggregation and male competition reduce costs of sexual harassment in the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. Anim. Behav. 65, 1161–1167 (2003).
Google Scholar
Schoepf, I. & Schradin, C. Better off alone! Reproductive competition and ecological constraints determine sociality in the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio). J. Anim. Ecol. 81, 649–656 (2012).
Google Scholar
Brent, L. J. N., MacLarnon, A., Platt, M. L. & Semple, S. Seasonal changes in the structure of rhesus macaque social networks. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67, 349–359 (2013).
Google Scholar
Sundaresan, S. R., Fischhoff, I. R., Dushoff, J. & Rubenstein, D. I. Network metrics reveal differences in social organization between two fission-fusion species, Grevy’s zebra and onager. Oecologia 151, 140–149 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hasenjager, M. J. & Dugatkin, L. A. Fear of predation shapes social network structure and the acquisition of foraging information in guppy shoals. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 284, 20172020 (2017).
Heathcote, R. J. P., Darden, S. K., Franks, D. W., Ramnarine, I. W. & Croft, D. P. Fear of predation drives stable and differentiated social relationships in guppies. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–10 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. Social structure as a strategy to mitigate the costs of group living: a comparison of gelada and guereza monkeys. Anim. Behav. 136, 53–64 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A., Dunbar, R., Binder, J. & Arrow, H. Relationships and the social brain: Integrating psychological and evolutionary perspectives. Br. J. Psychol. 103, 149–168 (2012).
Google Scholar
Brown, M. R. Comparing the Fission-Fusion Dynamics of Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) From Day to Night. https://doi.org/10.11575/PRISM/25371 (2014).
Fanson, K. V., Fanson, B. G. & Brown, J. S. Using path analysis to explore vigilance behavior in the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis). J. Mammal. 92, 78–85 (2011).
Google Scholar
Santema, P. & Clutton-Brock, T. Meerkat helpers increase sentinel behaviour and bipedal vigilance in the presence of pups. Anim. Behav. 85, 655–661 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wright, J., Berg, E., De Kort, S. R., Khazin, V. & Maklakov, A. A. Cooperative sentinel behaviour in the Arabian babbler. Anim. Behav. 62, 973–979 (2001).
Google Scholar
Moscovice, L. R., Sueur, C. & Aureli, F. How socio-ecological factors influence the differentiation of social relationships: An integrated conceptual framework. Biol. Lett. 16, 20200384 (2020).
Kotler, B. P., Brown, J. S. & Knight, M. H. Habitat and patch use by hyraxes: There’s no place like home? Ecol. Lett. 2, 82–88 (1999).
Google Scholar
Margolis, E. Dietary composition of the wolf Canis lupus in the Ein Gedi area according to analysis of their droppings (in Hebrew). In Proceedings of 45th Meeting of the Israel Zoological Society, Isr. J. Ecol. Evol. 55, 157–180 (2008).
Firth, J. A. & Sheldon, B. C. Social carry-over effects underpin trans-seasonally linked structure in a wild bird population. Ecol. Lett. 19, 1324–1332 (2016).
Google Scholar
Olds, N. & Shoshani, J. Procavia capensis. Mammalian Species 171, 1–7 (2016).
Fourie, L. J. & Perrin, M. R. Social behaviour and spatial relationships of the rock hyrax. South 17, 91–98 (1987).
Montiglio, P.-O., Ferrari, C. & Réale, D. Social niche specialization under constraints: Personality, social interactions and environmental heterogeneity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20120343 (2013).
Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M. Time: a hidden constraint on the behavioural ecology of baboons. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31, 35–49 (1992).
Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M., Korstjens, A. H. & Lehmann, J. Time as an ecological constraint. Biol. Rev. 84, 413–429 (2009).
Google Scholar
Zahavi, A. Arabian babbler. In Cooperative Breeding in Birds (eds. Staceyp, B. & Koenigw, D.) 103-130 (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Smith, J. E. et al. Greetings promote cooperation and reinforce social bonds among spotted hyenas. Anim. Behav. 81, 401–415 (2011).
Google Scholar
Aureli, F. & Schaffner, C. M. Aggression and conflict management at fusion in spider monkeys. Biol. Lett. 3, 147–149 (2007).
Google Scholar
Deag, J. M. The diurnal patterns of behaviour of the wild Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus. J. Zool. 206, 403–413 (1985).
Google Scholar
Canteloup, C., Cera, M. B., Barrett, B. J. & van de Waal, E. Processing of novel food reveals payoff and rank-biased social learning in a wild primate. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–13 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dragić, N., Keynan, O. & Ilany, A. Multilayer social networks reveal the social complexity of a cooperatively breeding bird. iScience 24, 103336 (2021).
Kulahci, I. G., Ghazanfar, A. A. & Rubenstein, D. I. Knowledgeable Lemurs Become More Central in Social Networks. Curr. Biol. 28, 1306–1310.e2 (2018).
Google Scholar
Schino, G. Grooming and agonistic support: A meta-analysis of primate reciprocal altruism. Behav. Ecol. 18, 115–120 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kutsukake, N. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. Social functions of allogrooming in cooperatively breeding meerkats. Anim. Behav. 72, 1059–1068 (2006).
Google Scholar
Schweinfurth, M. K., Stieger, B. & Taborsky, M. Experimental evidence for reciprocity in allogrooming among wild-type Norway rats. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–8 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nandini, S., Keerthipriya, P. & Vidya, T. N. C. Group size differences may mask underlying similarities in social structure: A comparison of female elephant societies. Behav. Ecol. 29, 145–159 (2018).
Google Scholar
Hamede, R. K., Bashford, J., McCallum, H. & Jones, M. Contact networks in a wild Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) population: using social network analysis to reveal seasonal variability in social behaviour and its implications for transmission of devil facial tumour disease. Ecol. Lett. 12, 1147–1157 (2009).
Google Scholar
Henkel, S., Heistermann, M. & Fischer, J. Infants as costly social tools in male Barbary macaque networks. Anim. Behav. 79, 1199–1204 (2010).
Google Scholar
Prehn, S. G. et al. Seasonal variation and stability across years in a social network of wild giraffe. Anim. Behav. 157, 95–104 (2019).
Google Scholar
Borgeaud, C., Sosa, S., Sueur, C. & Bshary, R. The influence of demographic variation on social network stability in wild vervet monkeys. Anim. Behav. 134, 155–165 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kerth, G., Perony, N. & Schweitzer, F. Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission-fusion dynamics of their groups. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 2761–2767 (2011).
Google Scholar
Silk, J. B. et al. The benefits of social capital: Close social bonds among female baboons enhance offspring survival. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 276, 3099–3104 (2009).
Google Scholar
Riehl, C. & Strong, M. J. Stable social relationships between unrelated females increase individual fitness in a cooperative bird. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20180130 (2018).
Shizuka, D. & Johnson, A. E. How demographic processes shape animal social networks. Behav. Ecol. 31, 1–11 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sick, C. et al. Evidence for varying social strategies across the day in chacma baboons. Biol. Lett. 10, 3–6 (2014).
Google Scholar
Barrett, L., Peter Henzi, S. & Lusseau, D. Taking sociality seriously: The structure of multi-dimensional social networks as a source of information for individuals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 367, 2108–2118 (2012).
Google Scholar
Henzi, S. P., Lusseau, D., Weingrill, T., Van Schaik, C. P. & Barrett, L. Cyclicity in the structure of female baboon social networks. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1015–1021 (2009).
Google Scholar
Ripperger, S. P. & Carter, G. G. Social foraging in vampire bats is predicted by long-term cooperative relationships. PLoS Biol. 19, 1–17 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wittemyer, G., Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Getz, W. M. The socioecology of elephants: analysis of the processes creating multitiered social structures. Anim. Behav. 69, 1357–1371 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wittemyer, G., Getz, W. M., Vollrath, F. & Douglas-Hamilton, I. Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: A contribution to conservation behavior. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61, 1919–1931 (2007).
Google Scholar
Gelardi, V., Fagot, J., Barrat, A. & Claidière, N. Detecting social (in)stability in primates from their temporal co-presence network. Anim. Behav. 157, 239–254 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hobson, E. A., Ferdinand, V., Kolchinsky, A. & Garland, J. Rethinking animal social complexity measures with the help of complex systems concepts. Anim. Behav. 155, 287–296 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kappeler, P. M. A framework for studying social complexity. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 73, 13 (2019).
Ballerini, M. et al. Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1232–1237 (2008).
Google Scholar
Bonabeau, E., Theraulaz, G., Deneubourg, J.-L., Aron, S. & Camazine, S. Self-organization in social insects. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 188–193 (1997).
Google Scholar
Wickramasinghe, A. & Muthukumarana, S. Assessing the impact of the density and sparsity of the network on community detection using a Gaussian mixture random partition graph generator. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 14, 607–618 (2022).
Motalebi, N., Stevens, N. T. & Steiner, S. H. Hurdle Blockmodels for Sparse Network Modeling. Am. Stat. 75, 383–393 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gokcekus, S., Cole, E. F., Sheldon, B. C. & Firth, J. A. Exploring the causes and consequences of cooperative behaviour in wild animal populations using a social network approach. Biol. Rev. 96, 2355–2372 (2021).
Google Scholar
Koren, L., Mokady, O. & Geffen, E. Social status and cortisol levels in singing rock hyraxes. Horm. Behav. 54, 212–216 (2008).
Google Scholar
Boyland, N. K., James, R., Mlynski, D. T., Madden, J. R. & Croft, D. P. Spatial proximity loggers for recording animal social networks: Consequences of inter-logger variation in performance. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 67, 1877–1890 (2013).
Google Scholar
Drewe, J. A. et al. Performance of proximity loggers in recording Intra- and Inter-species interactions: A laboratory and field-based validation study. PLoS ONE 7, e39068 (2012).
Hoppitt, W. & Farine, D. Association Indices For Quantifying Social Relationships: How To Deal With Missing Observations Of Individuals Or Groups. Anim. Behav. 136, 227–238 (2018).
Google Scholar
Farine, D. R. Animal social network inference and permutations for ecologists in R using asnipe. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 1187–1194 (2013).
Bejder, L., Fletcher, D. & Bräger, S. A method for testing association patterns of social animals. Anim. Behav. 56, 719–725 (1998).
Google Scholar
Kalinka, A. T. & Tomancak, P. linkcomm: An R package for the generation, visualization, and analysis of link communities in networks of arbitrary size and type. Bioinformatics 27, 2011–2012 (2011).
Google Scholar
R Core Team, R. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ (2020).
Wild, F. lsa: Latent Semantic Analysis. R package version 0.73.2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lsa (2020).
Han, J., Kamber, M. & Pei, J. Getting to Know Your Data. An R Companion Third Ed. Fundam. Polit. Sci. Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381479-1.00002-2 (2021).
Benjamini, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate – A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 57, 289–300 (1995).
Csardi, G. & Nepusz, T. The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, Complex Syst. 1695, 1–9 (2006).
Dai, H., Leeder, J. S. & Cui, Y. A modified generalized fisher method for combining probabilities from dependent tests. Front. Genet. 20, 2–7 (2014).
Source: Ecology - nature.com