Meat, Milk and More: Policy Innovations to Shepherd Inclusive and Sustainable Livestock Systems in Africa (Malabo Montpellier Panel, 2020).
Value of Agricultural Production (FAO, accessed August 25, 2022); https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QV
Jayne, T. & Sanchez, P. A. Agricultural productivity must improve in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 372, 1045–1047 (2021).
Google Scholar
Dangal, S. R. S. et al. Methane emission from global livestock sector during 1890–2014: magnitude, trends and spatiotemporal patterns. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 4147–4161 (2017).
Google Scholar
Mottet, A. et al. Climate change mitigation and productivity gains in livestock supply chains: insights from regional case studies. Reg. Env. Change 17, 129–141 (2016).
Google Scholar
Valin, H. et al. Agricultural productivity and greenhouse gas emissions: trade-offs or synergies between mitigation and food security? Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 035019 (2013).
Google Scholar
González-Quintero, R. et al. Yield gap analysis to identify attainable milk and meat productivities and the potential for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation in cattle systems of Colombia. Agric. Syst. 195, 103303 (2022).
Google Scholar
Crops and Livestock Products (FAO, accessed August 17,2022); https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
Ledo, J. et al. Persistent challenges in safety and hygiene control practices in emerging dairy chains: the case of Tanzania. Food Control 105, 164–173 (2019).
Google Scholar
Häsler, B. et al. Integrated food safety and nutrition assessments in the dairy cattle value chain in Tanzania. Glob. Food Sec. 18, 102–113 (2018).
Google Scholar
Supply Utilization Accounts (FAO, accessed August 26, 2022); https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SCL
Michael, S. et al. Tanzania Livestock Master Plan (International Livestock Research Institute, 2018).
Tanzania Livestock Sector Analysis (2016/2017–2030/2031) (United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, 2017); https://www.mifugouvuvi.go.tz/uploads/projects/1553602287-LIVESTOCK%20SECTOR%20ANALYSIS.pdf
Nicholson, C. et al. Assessment of Investment Priorities for Tanzania’s Dairy Sector: Report on Activities and Accomplishments (International Livestock Research Institute, 2021).
Chagunda, M. G. C., Romer, D. A. M. & Roberts, D. J. Effect of genotype and feeding regime on enteric methane, non-milk nitrogen and performance of dairy cows during the winter feeding period. Livest. Sci. 122, 323–332 (2009).
Google Scholar
Notenbaert, A. et al. Towards environmentally sound intensification pathways for dairy development in the Tanga region of Tanzania. Reg. Environ. Change 20, 138 (2020).
Yesuf, G. A. et al. Embedding stakeholders’ priorities into the low-emission development of the East African dairy sector. Env. Res. Lett. 16, 064032 (2021).
Google Scholar
GLS (Greening Livestock Survey) (International Livestock Research Institute, 2019); https://data.ilri.org/portal/dataset/greeninglivestock
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (United Republic of Tanzania, 2021); https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/TANZANIA_NDC_SUBMISSION_30%20JULY%202021.pdf
Ndung’u, P. W. et al. Farm-level emission intensities of smallholder cattle (Bos indicus; B. indicus–B. taurus crosses) production systems in highlands and semi-arid regions. Animal 16, 100445 (2022).
Google Scholar
Goopy, J. P. et al. Severe below-maintenance feed intake increases methane yield from enteric fermentation in cattle. Br. J. Nutr. 123, 1239–1246 (2020).
Google Scholar
Goopy, J. P. et al. A new approach for improving emission factors for enteric methane emissions of cattle in smallholder systems of East Africa—results for Nyando, Western Kenya. Agric. Syst. 161, 72–80 (2018).
Google Scholar
Supporting Low Emissions Development in the Tanzanian Dairy Cattle Sector—Reducing Enteric Methane for Food Security and Livelihoods (FAO, 2019).
Gerssen-Gondelach, S. J. et al. Intensification pathways for beef and dairy cattle production systems: impacts on GHG emissions, land occupation and land use change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 240, 135–147 (2017).
Google Scholar
Havlik, P. et al. Climate change mitigation through livestock system transitions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 3709–3714 (2014).
Google Scholar
Herrero, M. et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 452–461 (2016).
Google Scholar
Dizyee, K., Baker, D. & Omore, A. Upgrading the smallholder dairy value chain: a system dynamics ex-ante impact assessment in Tanzania’s Kilosa district. J. Dairy Res. 86, 440–449 (2019).
Google Scholar
Simões, A. R. P., Nicholson, C. F., Novakovicc, A. M. & Protil, R. M. Dynamic impacts of farm-level technology adoption on the Brazilian dairy supply chain. Int. Food Agribus. Manag. Rev. 23, 71–84 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rahimi, J. et al. Heat stress will detrimentally impact future livestock production in East Africa. Nat. Food. 2, 88–96 (2021).
Google Scholar
Mbululo, Y. & Nyihirani, F. Climate characteristics over southern highlands Tanzania. Atmos. Clim. Sci. 2, 454–463 (2012).
Kihoro, E. M., Schoneveld, G. C. & Crane, T. A. Pathways toward inclusive low-emission dairy development in Tanzania: producer heterogeneity and implications for intervention design. Agric. Syst. 190, 103073 (2021).
Mruttu, H. et al. Animal Genetics Strategy and Vision for Tanzania (Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and ILRI, 2016).
Agricultural Sample Survey 2018/19 Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) (Central Statistical Agency, 2019).
2019/20 National Sample Census of Agriculture Main Report (Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, 2022).
Robinson, T. P. et al. Global Livestock Production Systems (FAO, 2011).
Herrero, M. et al. Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 20888–20893 (2013).
Google Scholar
Baseline Study of the Tanzania Dairy Value Chain (United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, 2016).
Mbwambo, N., Nandonde, S., Ndomba, C. & Desta, S. Assessment of Animal Feed Resources in Tanzania (Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and ILRI, 2016).
Hartung, C., Lerer, A., Anokwa, Y., Tseng, C., Brunette, W., & Borriello, G. Open data kit: tools to build information services for developing regions. Proc. 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (Association for Computing Machinery, 2010).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2022).https://www.r-project.org
Rufino, M. C. et al. Lifetime productivity of dairy cows in smallholder farming systems of the central highlands of Kenya. Animal 3, 1044–1056 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. et al. Feeding efficiency gains can increase the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of the Tanzanian dairy sector. Sci. Rep. 11, 4190 (2021).
Google Scholar
Python Software Foundation (Python Software Foundation, 2019); https://www.python.org/psf/
Kashoma, I. P. B. et al. Predicting body weight of Tanzania shorthorn zebu cattle using heart girth measurements. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 23, Table 1 (2011).
Galukande, E. B., Mahadevan, P. & Black, J. G. Milk production in East African zebu cattle. Anim. Sci. 4, 329–336 (1962).
Google Scholar
Gillah, K. A., Kifaro, G. C. & Madsen, J. Effects of pre partum supplementation on milk yield, reproduction and milk quality of crossbred dairy cows raised in a peri urban farm of Morogoro town Tanzania. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 26 (2014).
Njau, F. B. C., Lwelamira, J. & Hyandye, C. Ruminant livestock production and quality of pastures in the communal grazing land of semi-arid central Tanzania. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 8, Table 4 (2013).
Mwambene, P. L. et al. Selecting indigenous cattle populations for improving dairy production in the Southern Highlands and Eastern Tanzania. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 26 (2014).
Rege, J. E. O. et al. Cattle of Kenya: Uses, Performance, Farmer Preferences, Measures of Genetic Diversity and Options for Improved Use (International Livestock Research Institute, 2001).
Beffa, L. M. Genotype × Environment Interaction in Afrikaner Cattle. PhD thesis, Univ. of the Free State (2005).
Meaker, H. J., Coetsee, T. P. N. & Lishman, A. W. The effects of age at 1st calving on the productive and reproductive-performance of beef-cows. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 10, 105–113 (1980).
Chenyambuga, S. W. & Mseleko, K. F. Reproductive and lactation performances of Ayrshire and Boran crossbred cattle kept in smallholder farms in Mufindi district, Tanzania. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev. 21, 100 (2009).
Ojango, J. M. K. et al. Dairy production systems and the adoption of genetic and breeding technologies in Tanzania, Kenya, India and Nicaragua. Anim. Genet. Resour. 59, 81–95 (2016).
Google Scholar
Feedipedia—Animal Feed Resources Information System (FAO, accessed 2021); https://www.feedipedia.org/
Lukuyu, B. et al. (eds) Feeding Dairy Cattle in East Africa (East Africa Dairy Development Project, 2012).
Rubanza, C. D. K. et al. Biomass production and nutritive potential of conserved forages in silvopastoral traditional fodder banks (Ngitiri) of Meatu District of Tanzania. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19, 978–983 (2006).
Google Scholar
Food Balances (2010-) (FAO, accessed September 29, 2021); http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS
Crop Data for the United Republic of Tanzania (FAO, accessed September 22, 2021); http://www.fao.org/faost at/en/#data/QC
Gilbert, M. et al. Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010. Sci. Data. 5, 180227 (2018).
Google Scholar
2014/15 Annual Agricultural Sample Survey Report (The United Republic of Tanzania, 2016).
Basic Data for Livestock and Fisheries (The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, 2013).
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Vol. 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (IPCC, 2006).
2019 Refinement to the IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (eds Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. & Meyer L. A.) (IPCC, 2019).
Fertilizers by Nutrient (FAO, accessed July 6, 2022); https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN
Hutton, M. O. et al. Toward a nitrogen footprint calculator for Tanzania. Env. Res. Lett. 12, 034016 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tanzania Fertilizer Assessment (International Fertilizer Development Center, 2012); http://tanzania.countrystat.org/fileadmin/user_upload/countrystat_fenix/congo/docs/Tanzania%20Fertilizer%20Assessment%202012.pdf
A Common Carbon Footprint Approach for the Dairy Sector: The IDF Guide to Standard Life Cycle Methodology (International Dairy Federation, 2015); https://www.fil-idf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Bulletin479-2015_A-common-carbon-footprint-approach-for-the-dairy-sector.CAT.pdf
Bruzzone, L., Bovolo, F. & Arino, O. European Space Agency land cover climate change initiative. ESA LC CCI data: high resolution land cover data via Centre for Environmental Data Analysis; https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/high-resolution-land-cover/ (2021)
Characteristics of Markets for Animal Feeds Raw Materials in the East African Community: Focus on Maize Bran and Sunflower Seed Cake (Kilimo Trust, 2017).
Ngunga, D. & Mwendia, S. Forage Seed System in Tanzania: A Review Report (Alliance of Biodiversity and CIAT, 2020).
Nkombe, B.M. Investigation of the Potential for Forage Species to Enhance the Sustainability of Degraded Rangeland and Cropland Soils. MSc thesis, Ohio State Univ. (2016).
Producer Prices (FAO, accessed 2021); http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/PP
Source: Ecology - nature.com