Gryseels, S., Bruyn, L. D., Gyselings, R., Leendertz, H. & Leirs, H. Risk of human-to-wildlife transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Mammal Rev. 51, 272–292 (2020).
Google Scholar
Townsend, A. K., Hawley, D. M., Stephenson, J. F. & Williams, K. E. G. Emerging infectious disease and the challenges of social distancing in human and non-human animals: EIDs and sociality. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 287, 20201039 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dickman, A. J. From Cheetahs to Chimpanzees: A comparative review of the drivers of human–carnivore conflict and human–primate conflict. Folia Primatol. 83, 377–387 (2013).
Google Scholar
Nyhus, P. J. Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 143–171 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cunningham, A. A. One health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 372, 4 (2017).
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A. & Hyatt, A. D. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife—Threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287, 443–449 (2000).
Google Scholar
Fagre, A. C. et al. Assessing the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health. Ecol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14003 (2022).
Google Scholar
Messenger, A. M., Barnes, A. N. & Gray, G. C. Reverse zoonotic disease transmission (Zooanthroponosis): A systematic review of seldom-documented human biological threats to animals. PLoS One 9, 1–9 (2014).
Craft, M. E. Infectious disease transmission and contact networks in wildlife and livestock. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 370, 20140107 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bradley, C. A. & Altizer, S. Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 95–102 (2007).
Google Scholar
Balasubramaniam, K. N., Huffman, M. A., Sueur, C. & Macintosh, A. J. J. Primate infectious disease ecology: Insights and future directions at the human–macaque interface. In The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque. Fascinating Life Sciences (eds Li, J. et al.) 249–284 (Springer, 2020).
Google Scholar
McCabe, C. M., Reader, S. M. & Nunn, C. L. Infectious disease, behavioural flexibility and the evolution of culture in primates. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20140862 (2014).
Google Scholar
Silk, M. J. et al. Integrating social behaviour, demography and disease dynamics in network models: Applications to disease management in eclining wildlife populations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 374, 20180211 (2019).
Google Scholar
Engel, G. A. & Jones-Engel, L. The role of Macaca fascicularis in infectious disease transmission. In Monkeys on the Edge: Ecology and Management of Long-Tailed Macaques and Their Interface with Humans (eds Gumert, M. D. et al.) 183–203 (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Google Scholar
Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford University Press, 1992).
Drewe, J. A. & Perkins, S. E. Disease transmission in animal social networks. In Animal Social Networks (eds Krause, J. et al.) 95–110 (Oxford University Press, 2015).
Godfrey, S. S. Networks and the ecology of parasite transmission: A framework for wildlife parasitology. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 2, 235–245 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gomez, J. M., Nunn, C. L. & Verdu, M. Centrality in primate–parasite networks reveals the potential for the transmission of emerging infectious diseases to humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 7738–7741 (2013).
Google Scholar
Godfrey, S. S., Bull, C. M., James, R. & Murray, K. Network structure and parasite transmission in a group living lizard, the gidgee skink, Egernia stokesii. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1045–1056 (2009).
Google Scholar
VanderWaal, K. L., Atwill, E. R., Isbell, L. A. & McCowan, B. Linking social and pathogen transmission networks using microbial genetics in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). J. Anim. Ecol. 83, 406–414 (2014).
Google Scholar
Drewe, J. A. Who infects whom? Social networks and tuberculosis transmission in wild meerkats. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 277, 633–642 (2010).
Google Scholar
MacIntosh, A. J. J. et al. Monkeys in the middle: Parasite transmission through the social network of a wild primate. PLoS One 7, 15–21 (2012).
Epstein, J. & Axtell, R. Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up (MIT Press, 1996).
Google Scholar
Bansal, S., Grenfell, B. T. & Meyers, L. A. When individual behaviour matters: Homogeneous and network models in epidemiology. J. R. Soc. Interface 4, 879–891 (2007).
Google Scholar
Brauer, F. Compartmental models in epidemiology, chapter 2. In Mathematical Epidemiology (eds Brauer, F. et al.) (Springer, 2008).
Google Scholar
Carne, C., Semple, S., MacLarnon, A., Majolo, B. & Maréchal, L. Implications of tourist–macaque interactions for disease transmission. EcoHealth 14, 704–717 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rushmore, J. et al. Network-based vaccination improves prospects for disease control in wild chimpanzees. J. R. Soc. Interface 11, 20140349 (2014).
Google Scholar
Sah, P., Mann, J. & Bansal, S. Disease implications of animal social network structure: A synthesis across social systems. J. Anim. Ecol. 87, 546–558 (2018).
Google Scholar
Griffin, R. H. & Nunn, C. L. Community structure and the spread of infectious disease in primate social networks. Evol. Ecol. 26, 779–800 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H. & Yano, T. Dating of the human–ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 22, 160–174 (1985).
Google Scholar
Fuentes, A. & Hockings, K. J. The ethnoprimatological approach in primatology. Am. J. Primatol. 72, 841–847 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lappan, S., Malaivijitnond, S., Radhakrishna, S., Riley, E. P. & Ruppert, N. The human–primate interface in the new normal: Challenges and opportunities for primatologists in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Am. J. Primatol. 82, 1–12 (2020).
Google Scholar
Mckinney, T. A classification system for describing anthropogenic influence on nonhuman primate populations. Am. J. Primatol. 77, 715–726 (2015).
Google Scholar
Devaux, C. A., Mediannikov, O., Medkour, H. & Raoult, D. Infectious disease risk across the growing human–non human primate interface: A review of the evidence. Front. Public Health 7, 1–22 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kaur, T. & Singh, J. Primate-parasitic zoonoses and anthropozoonoses: A literature review. In Primate Parasite Ecology: The Dynamics and Study of Host–Parasite Relationships (eds Huffman, M. A. & Chapman, C. A.) 199–230 (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
Melin, A. D., Janiak, M. C., Marrone, F., Arora, P. S. & Higham, J. P. Comparative ACE2 variation and primate COVID-19 risk. Commun. Biol. 3, 641 (2020).
Google Scholar
Klegarth, A. Synanthropy. In The International Encyclopedia of Primatology (Wiley, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0448.
Google Scholar
Gumert, M. D. A common monkey of Southeast Asia: Longtailed macaque populations, ethnophoresy, and their occurrence in human environments. In Monkeys on the Edge: Ecology and Management of Longtailed Macaques and Their Interface with Humans (eds Gumert, M. D. et al.) 3–43 (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Google Scholar
Riley, E. P. The human–macaque interface: Conservation implications of current and future overlap and conflict in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Am. Anthropol. 109, 473–484 (2007).
Google Scholar
Thierry, B. Unity in diversity: Lessons from macaque societies. Evol. Anthropol. 16, 224–238 (2007).
Google Scholar
Balasubramaniam, K. N. et al. The influence of phylogeny, social style, and sociodemographic factors on macaque social network structure. Am. J. Primatol. 80, e227227 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sueur, C. et al. A comparative network analysis of social style in macaques. Anim. Behav. 82(4), 845–852 (2011).
Google Scholar
Balasubramaniam, K. N. et al. Implementing social network analysis to understand the socioecology of wildlife co-occurrence and joint interactions with humans in anthropogenic environments. J. Anim. Ecol. 90, 2819–2833 (2021).
Google Scholar
Henzi, S. P. & Barrett, L. The value of grooming to female primates. Primates 40, 47–59 (1999).
Google Scholar
Schino, G. & Aureli, F. Trade-offs in primate grooming reciprocation: Testing behavioural flexibility and correlated evolution. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 95, 439–446 (2008).
Google Scholar
Radhakrishna, S. & Sinha, A. Less than wild? Commensal primates and wildlife conservation. J. Biosci. 36, 749–753 (2011).
Google Scholar
Balasubramaniam, K. N. et al. Impact of individual demographic and social factors on human–wildlife interactions: A comparative study of three macaque species. Sci. Rep. 10, 21991 (2020).
Google Scholar
Marty, P. R. et al. Time constraints imposed by anthropogenic environments alter social behaviour in long-tailed macaques. Anim. Behav. 150, 157–165 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kaburu, S. S. K. et al. Interactions with humans impose time constraints on urban-dwelling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Behaviour 156, 1255–1282 (2019).
Google Scholar
Altmann, J. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49, 227–267 (1974).
Google Scholar
Kaburu, S. S. K. et al. Rates of human–monkey interactions affect grooming behaviour among urban-dwelling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 168, 92–103 (2019).
Google Scholar
Martin, P. & Bateson, P. Measuring Behaviour (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Google Scholar
Farine, D. R. & Whitehead, H. Constructing, conducting and interpreting animal social networks. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 1144–1163 (2015).
Google Scholar
Rozins, C. et al. Social structure contains epidemics and regulates individual roles in disease transmission in a group-living mammal. Ecol. Evol. 8, 12044–12055 (2018).
Google Scholar
Fujii, K., Jin, J., Shev, A., Beisner, B., McCowan, B. & Fushing, H. Perc: Using percolation and conductance to find information flow certainty in a direct network (R Package Version 0.1.2.) https://rdrr.io/cran/Perc/ (2016).
Funkhouser, J. A., Mayhew, J. A., Sheeran, L. K. & Mulcahy, J. B. comparative investigations of social context-dependent dominance in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and wild Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana). Sci. Rep. 8, 1–15 (2018).
Google Scholar
McCowan, B. J. et al. Measuring dominance certainty and assessing its impact on individual and societal health in a nonhuman primate: A network approach. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 377, 20200438 (2022).
Google Scholar
Bjornstad, O. N. Package ‘epimdr’ (2020).
Tuite, A. R. et al. Estimated epidemiologic parameters and morbidity associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza. CMAJ 182, 131–136 (2010).
Google Scholar
Arienzo, M. D. & Coniglio, A. Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 basic reproduction number, R0, based on the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Biosaf. Health 2, 57–59 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bailey, N. T. The Mathematical Theory of Epidemics (Griffin, 1957).
Magnusson, A., Skaug, H., Nielsen, A., Berg, C., Kristensen, K., Maechler, M., van Bentham, K., Sadat, N., Bolker, B. & Brooks, M. Package ‘glmmTMB’. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/glmmTMB/glmmTMB.pdf (2019).
Quinn, G. P. & Keough, M. J. Experimental Designs and Data Analysis for Biologists (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Google Scholar
Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P. & Makowski, D. Performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3139 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chiyo, P. I., Moss, C. J. & Alberts, S. C. The influence of life history milestones and association networks on crop-raiding behavior in male African elephants. PLoS One 7, e31382 (2012).
Google Scholar
VanderWaal, K. L., Atwill, E. R., Isbell, L. A. & McCowan, B. Quantifying microbe transmission networks for wild and domestic ungulates in Kenya. Biol. Conserv. 169, 136–146 (2014).
Google Scholar
Berman, C. M. Primate kinship: Contributions from Cayo Santiago. Am. J. Primatol. 78, 63–77 (2016).
Google Scholar
Balasubramaniam, K. N. et al. Social network community structure and the contact-mediated sharing of commensal E. coli among captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). PeerJ 6, e4271 (2018).
Google Scholar
Marty, P. R. et al. Individuals in urban dwelling primate species face unequal benefits associated with living in an anthropogenic environment. Primates 61, 245–259 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Waltner-Toews, D. & Tanner, M. From ‘one medicine’ to ‘one health’ and systemic approaches to health and well-being. Prev. Vet. Med. 101, 148–156 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Schreiber, S. J., Kopp, P. E. & Getz, W. M. Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature 438, 355–359 (2005).
Google Scholar
Schülke, O. et al. Quantifying within-group variation in sociality—covariation among metrics and patterns across primate groups and species. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 76, 50 (2022).
Google Scholar
Romano, V., Shen, M., Pansanel, J., MacIntosh, A. J. J. & Sueur, C. Social transmission in networks: Global efficiency peaks with intermediate levels of modularity. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72, 154 (2018).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com