Steinhausen, W. Über die Beobachtungen der Cupula in den Bogengangsampullen des Labyrinthes des Lebendes Hechts. Pflug. Arch. 232, 500–512 (1933).
Google Scholar
Wever, E. G. The reptile ear. (Princeton University Press, 1978).
Wilson, V. J. & Melvill Jones, G. Mammalian vestibular physiology. (Plenum Press, 1979).
Spoor, F. & Zonneveld, F. Comparative review of the human bony labyrinth. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 41, 211–251 (1998).
Google Scholar
Rabbitt, R. D., Damiano, E. R. & Grant, J. W. Biomechanics of the semicircular canals and otolith organs. In: Highstein, F. M., Ray, R. R., Popper, A. N. (eds) Springer Handbook Of Auditory Research, vol. 19, The Vestibular System, pp. 153–201 (Springer, New York, 2004).
Georgi, J. A. & Sipla, J. S. Comparative and functional anatomy of balance in aquatic reptiles and birds. In: Thewissen, J. G. M., Nummela, S. (eds) Sensory Evolution On The Threshold, Adaptations In Secondarily Aquatic Vertebrates.pp. 233–256 (University of California Press, 2008).
David, R. et al. Motion from the past. A new method to infer vestibular capacities of extinct species. C. R. Palevol. 9, 397–410 (2010).
Google Scholar
Oman, C. M., Marcus, E. N. & Curthoys, I. S. The influence of the semicircular canal morphology on endolymph flow dynamics. Acta Otolaryngol. 103, 1–13 (1987).
Google Scholar
Georgi, J. A., Sipla, L. S. & Forster, C. A. Turning semicircular canal function on its head: dinosaurs and a novel vestibular analysis. PLoS One 8, e58517 (2013).
Google Scholar
Spoor, F., Bajpai, S., Hussain, S. T., Kumar, K. & Thewissen, J. G. M. Vestibular evidence for the evolution of aquatic behaviour in early cetaceans. Nature 417, 163–166 (2002).
Google Scholar
Spoor, F. et al. The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 10808–10812 (2007).
Google Scholar
Cox, P. G. & Jeffery, N. Geometry of the semicircular canals and extraocular muscles in rodents, lagomorphs, felids and modern humans. J. Anat. 213, 83–596 (2008).
Cox, P. G. & Jeffery, N. Semicircular canals and agility: the influence of size and shape measures. J. Anat. 216, 37–47 (2010).
Google Scholar
Silcox, M. T. et al. Semicircular canal system in early primates. J. Hum. Evol. 56, 315–327 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lebrun, R. et al. Deep evolutionary roots of strepsirrhine primate labyrinthine morphology. J. Anat. 216, 368–380 (2010).
Google Scholar
Billet, G. et al. High morphological variation of vestibular system accompanies slow and infrequent locomotion in three-toed sloths. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 279, 3932–3939 (2012).
Gunz, P., Ramsier, M., Kuhrig, M., Hublin, J.-J. & Spoor, F. The mammalian bony labyrinth reconsidered, introducing a comprehensive geometric morphometric approach. J. Anat. 220, 529–543 (2012).
Google Scholar
Malinzak, M. D., Kaya, R. F. & Hullar, T. E. Locomotor head movements and semicircular canal morphology in primates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 914–919 (2012).
Google Scholar
Alloing-Séguier, L. et al. The bony labyrinth in diprotodontian marsupial mammals: diversity in extant and extinct forms and relationships with size and phylogeny. J. Mamm. Evol. 20, 191–198 (2013).
Google Scholar
Berlin, J. C., Kirk, E. C. & Rowe, T. B. Functional implications of ubiquitous semicircular canal non-orthogonality in mammals. PLoS One 8, e79585 (2013).
Google Scholar
Davies, K. T. J., Bates, P. J. J., Maryanto, I., Cotton, J. A. & Rossiter, S. J. The evolution of bat vestibular systems in the face of potential antagonistic selection pressures for flight and echolocation. PLoS One 8, e61998 (2013).
Google Scholar
Grohé, C. et al. Bony labyrinth shape variation in extant Carnivora: a case study of Musteloidea. J. Anat. 228, 366–383 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pfaff, C., Martin, T. & Ruf, I. Bony labyrinth morphometry indicates locomotor adaptations in the squirrel-related clade (Rodentia, Mammalia). Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20150744 (2015).
Google Scholar
Melville Jones, G. & Spells, K. E. A theoretical and comparative study of the functional dependence of the semicircular canal upon its physical dimensions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 157, 403–419 (1963).
Google Scholar
Kemp, A. D. & Kirk, E. C. Eye size and visual acuity influence vestibular anatomy in mammals. Anat. Rec. 297, 781–790 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ekdale, E. G. Form and function of the mammalian ear. J. Anat. 228, 324–337 (2016).
Google Scholar
Goyens, J. High ellipticity reduces semicircular canal sensitivity in squamates compared to mammals. Sci. Rep. 9, 16428 (2019).
Google Scholar
Witmer, L. M., Chatterjee, S., Franzosa, J. & Rowe, T. Neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight, posture and behaviour. Nature 425, 950–953 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lautenschlager, S., Rayfield, E. J., Altangerel, P., Zanno, L. E. & Witmer, L. M. The endocranial anatomy of Therizinosauria and its implications for sensory and cognitive function. PLoS ONE 7, e52289 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cuthbertson, R. S., Maddin, H. C., Holmes, R. B. & Anderson, J. S. The braincase and endosseous labyrinth of Plioplatecarpus peckensis (Mosasauridae, Plioplatecarpinae), with functional implications for locomotor behavior. Anat. Rec. 298, 1597–1611 (2015).
Google Scholar
Schade, M., Rauhut, O. W. M. & Evers, S. W. Neuroanatomy of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda) indicates potential adaptations for piscivory. Sci. Rep. 10, 9259 (2020).
Google Scholar
Benson, R. B. J., Starmer-Jones, E., Close, R. A. & Walsh, S. A. Comparative analysis of vestibular ecomorphology in birds. J. Anat. 231, 990–1018 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dudgeon, T. W., Maddin, H. C., Evans, D. C. & Mallon, J. C. The internal cranial anatomy of Champsosaurus (Choristodera: Champsosauridae): implications for neurosensory function. Sci. Rep. 10, 7122 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bronzati, M. et al. Deep evolutionary diversification of semicircular canals in archosaurs. Curr. Biol. 31, 2520–2529 (2021).
Google Scholar
Hansen, M., Hoffman, E. A., Norell, M. A. & Bhullar, B.-A. S. The early origin of a birdlike inner ear and the evolution of dinosaurian movement and vocalization. Science 372, 601–609 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ernst, C. H. & Barbour, R. W. Turtles Of The World. (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1989).
Evers, S. W. & Benson, R. B. J. A new phylogenetic hypothesis of turtles with implications for the timing and number of evolutionary transitions to marine lifestyles in the group. Palaeontology 62, 93–134 (2019).
Google Scholar
Joyce, W. G. A review of the fossil record of basal Mesozoic turtles. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 58, 65–113 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lautenschlager, S., Ferreira, G. S. & Werneburg, I. Sensory evolution and ecology of early turtles revealed by digital endocranial reconstructions. Front. Ecol. Evol. 6, 1–7 (2018).
Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 123, 1–15 (1985).
Google Scholar
Sugiura, N. Further analysis of the data by Akaike’s information criterion and the finite corrections. Commun. Stat. Theory Methods 7, 13–26 (1978).
Google Scholar
Foth, C. et al. Comparative analysis of the shape and size of the middle ear cavity of turtles reveals no correlation with habitat ecology. J. Anat. 235, 1078–1097 (2019).
Google Scholar
Neenan, J. M. et al. Evolution of the sauropterygian labyrinth with increasingly pelagic lifestyles. Curr. Biol. 27, 3852–3858 (2017).
Google Scholar
Loza, C. M., Latimer, A. E., Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. & Carlini, A. A. Sensory anatomy of the most aquatic of carnivorans: the Antarctic Ross seal, and convergences with other mammals. Biol. Lett. 13, 20170489 (2017).
Google Scholar
Werneburg, I. & Maier, W. Diverging development of akinetic skulls in cryptodire and pleurodire turtles: an ontogenetic and phylogenetic study. Vertebr. Zool. 69, 113–143 (2019).
Ferreira, G. S. & Werneburg, I. Evolution, diversity, and development of the craniocervical system in turtles with special reference to jaw musculature. In: Ziermann, J., Diaz, R. R. Jr, Diogo, R. (eds) Heads, Jaws and Muscles: Evolution, Development, Anatomical Diversity And Function (Springer, Cham, 2019).
David, R. J. A. et al. Comment on “The early origin of a birdlike inner ear and the evolution of dinosaurian movement and vocalization”, Science (in press).
Schwab, J. A. et al. Inner ear sensory system changes as extinct crocodylomorphs transitioned from land to water. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 10422–10428 (2020).
Google Scholar
Yang, L. M. & Ornitz, D. M. Sculpturing the skull through neurosensory epithelial-mesenchymal signaling. Dev. Dyn. 248, 88–97 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kandel, B. M. & Hullar, T. E. The relationship of head movements to semicircular canal size in cetaceans. J. Exp. Biol. 213, 1175–1181 (2010).
Google Scholar
Moll, D. Food and feeding behavior of the turtle, Dermatemys mawei, in Belize. J. Herpetol. 23, 445–447 (1989).
Google Scholar
Evers, S. W. et al. Neurovascular anatomy of the protostegid turtle Rhinochelys pulchriceps and comparisons of membranous and endosseous labyrinth shape in an extant turtle. Zool. J. Linn. Soci. 187, 800–828 (2019).
Ekdale, E. G. Comparative anatomy of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) of placental mammals. PLoS One 8, e66624 (2013).
Google Scholar
Joyce, W. G. Phylogenetic relationships of Mesozoic turtles. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 48, 3–102 (2007).
Google Scholar
Sterli, J. & De La Fuente, M. S. Anatomy of Condorchelys antiqua Sterli, 2008, and the origin of the modern jaw closure mechanism in turtles. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 30, 351–366 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ferreira, G. S. et al. Feeding biomechanics suggests progressive correlation of skull architecture and neck evolution in turtles. Sci. Rep. 10, 5505 (2020).
Google Scholar
Aerts, P., Van Damme, J. & Herrel, A. Intrinsic mechanics and control of fast cranio-cervical movements in aquatic feeding turtles. Am. Zool. 41, 1299–1310 (2001).
Herrel, A., Van Damme, J. & Aerts, P. Cervical anatomy and function in turtles. In Biology Of Turtles. In: Wyneken, J., Godfrey, M. H., Bels, V. (eds) pp. 163–185 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2008).
Narazaki, T., Sato, K., Abernathy, K. J., Marshall, G. J. & Miyazaki, N. Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) use vision to forage on gelatinous prey in mid-water. PLoS One 8, e66043 (2013).
Google Scholar
Guthrie, D. M. “Role of vision in fish behaviour”. In: T. J. Pitcher (eds) The Behaviour Of Teleost Fishes. pp. 75–113 (Springer, Boston, 1986).
Sterli, J. & Joyce, W. G. The cranial anatomy of the Early Jurassic turtle Kayentachelys aprix. Acta Paleontol. Pol. 52, 675–694 (2007).
Werneburg, I. The tendinous framework in the temporal skull region of turtles and considerations about its morphological implications in amniotes: a review. Zool. Sci. 30, 141–153 (2013).
Google Scholar
Werneburg, I. Neck motion in turtles and its relation to the shape of the temporal skull region. C. R. Palevol. 14, 527–548 (2015).
Google Scholar
TTWG, Turtle Taxonomy Working Group, Rhodin, A. G. J. et al. Turtles of the world, 8th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. Chelonian Res. Monogr. 7, 1–292 (2017).
Gower, J. C. Generalized Procrustes analysis. Psychometrika 40, 33–50 (1975).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. C., Collyer, M. L., Kaliontzopoulou, A. Geomorph: Software for geometric morphometric analyses. R package version 3.1.0. https://cran.r-project.org/package=geomorph (2019).
R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/ (2019).
Rholf, E. J. & Corti, M. Use of two-block partial least-squares to study covariation in shape. Syst. Biol. 49, 740–753 (2000).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. C. & Felice, R. N. Assessing trait covariation and morphological integration on phylogenies using evolutionary covariance matrices. PLoS One 9, e94335 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kendall, D. G. The diffusion of shape. Adv. Appl. Probab. 9, 428–430 (1977).
Google Scholar
Bookstein, F. L. Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: morphometrics of group differences in outline shape. Med. Image Anal. 1, 97–118 (1997).
Google Scholar
Gunz, P., Mitteroecker, P. & Bookstein, F. L. “Semilandmarks in three dimensions. In: Slice, D. E. (ed) Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology, pp. 73–98 (Kluwer Academic, 2005).
Webster, M. & Sheets, H. A practical introduction to land- mark-based geometric morphometrics. In: Alroy, J., Hunt, G. (eds) Quantitative Methods in Paleobiology. Paleontological Society Papers 16, pp. 163–188 (Paleontological Society, 2010).
Gunz, P. & Mitteroecker, P. Semilandmarks: a method for quantifying curves and surfaces. Hystrix 24, 103–109 (2013).
Bookstein, F. L. Size and shape spaces for landmark data in two dimensions. Stat. Sci. 1, 181–242 (1986).
Google Scholar
Pereira, A. G., Sterli, J., Moreira, F. R. R. & Schrago, C. G. Multilocus phylogeny and statistical biogeography clarify the evolutionary history of major lineages of turtles. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 113, 59–66 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bapst, D. W. paleotree: an R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 803–807 (2012).
Google Scholar
Lloyd, G. T. Estimating morphological diversity and tempo with discrete character-taxon matrices: implementation, challenges, progress, and future directions. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 118, 131–151 (2016).
Google Scholar
Paradis, E. & Schliep, K. ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 35, 526–528 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ferreira, G. S., Bronzati, M., Langer, M. C. & Sterli, J. Phylogeny, biogeography, and diversification patterns of side-necked turtles (Testudines: Pleurodira). R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 171773 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bapst, D. W. A stochastic rate-calibrated method for time-scaling phylogenies of fossil taxa. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 724–733 (2013).
Google Scholar
Laurin, M. The evolution of body size, Cope’s Rule and the origin of amniotes. Syst. Biol. 53, 594–622 (2004).
Google Scholar
Pace, C. M., Blob, R. W. & Westneat, M. W. Comparative kinematics of the forelimb during swimming in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) and spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera) turtles. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3261–3271 (2001).
Google Scholar
Claude, J., Paradis, E., Tong, H. & Auffray, J.-C. A geometric morphometric assessment of the effects of environment and cladogenesis on the evolution of the turtle shell. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 79, 485–501 (2003).
Google Scholar
Angielczyk, K. D., Feldman, C. R. & Miller, G. R. Adaptive evolution of plastron shape in emydine turtles. Evolution 65, 377–394 (2011).
Google Scholar
Angielczyk, K. D., Burroughs, R. W. & Feldman, C. R. Do turtles follow the rules? Latitudinal gradients in species richness, body size, and geographic range area of the World’s turtles. J. Exp. Zool. Mol. Dev. Evol. 324, 270–294 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pritchard, P. C. H. Oiscivory in turtles, and evolution of the long-necked Chelidae. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 52, 87–110 (1984).
Joyce, W. G. et al. A new pelomedusoid turtle, Sahonachelys mailakavava, from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar provides evidence for convergent evolution of specialized suction feeding among pleurodires. R. Soc. Open Sci. 8, 210098 (2021).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. C. A method for assessing phylogenetic least squares models for shape and other high‐dimensional multivariate data. Evolution 68, 2675–2688 (2014).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. C., Collyer, M. L. & Kaliontzopoulou, A. Multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods: evaluations, comparisons, and recommendations. Syst. Biol. 67, 14–31 (2018).
Google Scholar
Collyer, M. L., Sekora, D. J. & Adams, D. C. A method for analysis of phenotypic change for phenotypes described by high-dimensional data. Heredity 115, 357–365 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lowi-Merri, T. M., Benson, R. B. J., Claramunt, S. & Evans, D. C. The relationship between sternum variation and mode of locomotion in birds. BMC Biol. 19, 1–23 (2021).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. C. & Collyer, M. L. Phylogenetic ANOVA: group-clade aggregation, biological challanges, and a refined permutation procedure. Evolution 72, 1204–1215 (2018).
Google Scholar
Friedman, S. T., Martinez, C. M., Price, S. A. & Wainwright, P. C. The influence of size on body shape diversification across Indo-Pacific shore fishes. Evolution 73, 1873–1884 (2019).
Google Scholar
Foth, C., Rabi, M. & Joyce, W. G. Skull variation in extant and extinct Testudinata and its relation to habitat and feeding ecology. Acta Zool. 98, 310–325 (2017).
Google Scholar
Grafen, A. The phylogenetic regression. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 326, 119–157 (1989).
Google Scholar
Ritz, C. & Spiess, A.-N. qpcR: an R package for sigmoidal model selection in quantitative real-rime polymerase chain reaction analysis. Bioinformatics 24, 1549–1551 (2008).
Google Scholar
Akaike, H. Information Theory As An extension Of The Maximum Likelihood Principle. In: Petrov, B. N., Csaki, F. (eds) Second International Symposium on Information Theory, pp. 267–281 (Akademiai Kiado, New York, 1973).
Burnham, K. P., Anderson, D. Model selection and multi-model inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. (Springer, New York, 2002).
Nagelkerke, N. J. D. A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika 78, 691–692 (1991).
Google Scholar
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S. & Sarkar, D., R. Core Team. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1–141, URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme. (2019).
Pagel, M. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877–884 (1999).
Google Scholar
Racicot, R. A. & Colbert, M. W. Morphology and variation in porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) cranial endocasts. Anat. Rec. 296, 979–992 (2013).
Google Scholar
Evers, S. W. Code and Data to “Independent origin of large labyrinth size in turtles”. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7024572 (2022).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
