Réale, D., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T. & Dingemanse, N. J. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biol. Rev. 82, 291–318 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kaiser, M. I. & Müller, C. What is an animal personality?. Biol. Philos. 36, 1 (2021).
Sih, A., Bell, A. & Johnson, J. C. Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 372–378 (2004).
Google Scholar
Gosling, S. D. From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research?. Psychol. Bull. 127, 45–86 (2001).
Google Scholar
Biro, P. A. & Stamps, J. A. Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 361–368 (2008).
Google Scholar
Koolhaas, J. M. Coping style and immunity in animals: Making sense of individual variation. Brain Behav. Immun. 22, 662–667 (2008).
Google Scholar
Réale, D. et al. Personality and the emergence of the pace-of-life syndrome concept at the population level. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365, 4051–4063 (2010).
Stamps, J. A. Growth-mortality tradeoffs and ‘personality traits’ in animals. Ecol. Lett. 10, 355–363 (2007).
Google Scholar
Finkemeier, M. A., Langbein, J. & Puppe, B. Personality research in mammalian farm animals: Concepts, measures, and relationship to welfare. Front Vet. Sci. 10(5), 355–363 (2018).
Murphy, E., Nordquist, R. E. & van der Staay, F. J. A review of behavioural methods to study emotion and mood in pigs. Sus. Scrofa. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci 159, 9–28 (2014).
Lauber, M. C. Y., Hemsworth, P. H. & Barnett, J. L. The effects of age and experience on behavioural development in dairy calves. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 99, 41–52 (2006).
Neave, H. W., Costa, J. H. C., Weary, D. M. & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. Personality is associated with feeding behavior and performance in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 101, 7437–7449 (2018).
Google Scholar
Foris, B., Zebunke, M., Langbein, J. & Melzer, N. Evaluating the temporal and situational consistency of personality traits in adult dairy cattle. Plos One 13, e0204619 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dingemanse, N. J. & Dochtermann, N. A. Quantifying individual variation in behaviour: Mixed-effect modelling approaches. J. Anim. Ecol. 82, 39–54 (2013).
Google Scholar
Dingemanse, N. J., Kazem, A. J. N., Réale, D. & Wright, J. Behavioural reaction norms: Animal personality meets individual plasticity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 81–89 (2010).
Google Scholar
Nakagawa, S. & Schielzeth, H. Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: A practical guide for biologists. Biol. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00141.x (2010).
Google Scholar
Bell, A. M., Hankison, S. J. & Laskowski, K. L. The repeatability of behaviour: A meta-analysis. Anim. Behav. 77, 771–783 (2009).
Google Scholar
Neave, H. W., Costa, J. H. C., Benetton, J. B., Weary, D. M. & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. Individual characteristics in early life relate to variability in weaning age, feeding behavior, and weight gain of dairy calves automatically weaned based on solid feed intake. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 10250–10265 (2019).
Google Scholar
Berckmans, D. Precision livestock farming technologies for welfare management in intensive livestock systems. Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE 33, 189–196 (2014).
Carslake, C., Vázquez-Diosdado, J. A. & Kaler, J. Machine learning algorithms to classify and quantify multiple behaviours in dairy calves using a sensor: Moving beyond classification in precision livestock. Sensors 21, 88 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hertel, A. G., Niemelä, P. T., Dingemanse, N. J. & Mueller, T. A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild. Mov. Ecol. 8(1), 1–18 (2020).
Occhiuto, F., Vázquez-Diosdado, J. A., Carslake, C. & Kaler, J. Personality and predictability in farmed calves using movement and space-use behaviours quantified by ultra-wideband sensors. R. Soc. Open Sci. 9, 212019 (2022).
Google Scholar
Carslake, C., Occhiuto, F., Vázquez-Diosdado, J. A. & Kaler, J. Repeatability and predictability of calf feeding behaviors—quantifying between- and within-individual variation for precision livestock farming. Front. Vet. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.827124 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tolkamp, B. J. & Kyriazakis, I. To split behaviour into bouts, log-transform the intervals. Anim. Behav. 57, 807–817 (1999).
Google Scholar
Houslay, T. M. & Wilson, A. J. Avoiding the misuse of BLUP in behavioural ecology. Behav. Ecol. 28, 948 (2017).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R. Preprint at (2021).
Bürkner, P.-C. Advanced bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms. R. J. 10, 395 (2018).
Dancey, C. P. & Reidy, J. Statistics without maths for psychology (Pearson education, 2007).
von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., Brusius, L. & Weary, D. M. Competition for teats and feeding behavior by group-housed dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 4190–4194 (2004).
Fraley, R. C. & Roberts, B. W. Patterns of continuity: A dynamic model for conceptualizing the stability of individual differences in psychological constructs across the life course. Psychol. Rev. 112, 60–74 (2005).
Google Scholar
Ashcroft, J., Semmler, C., Carnell, S., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M. & Wardle, J. Continuity and stability of eating behaviour traits in children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 985–990 (2008).
Google Scholar
Neave, H. W., Costa, J. H. C., Weary, D. M. & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. Long-term consistency of personality traits of cattle. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 191849 (2020).
Google Scholar
Müller, R. & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. Consistency of flight speed and its correlation to productivity and to personality in Bos taurus beef cattle. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 99, 193–204 (2006).
Neja, W., Sawa, A., Jankowska, M., Bogucki, M. & Krężel-Czopek, S. Effect of the temperament of dairy cows on lifetime production efficiency. Arch. Anim. Breed 58, 193–197 (2015).
Haskell, M. J., Simm, G. & Turner, S. P. Genetic selection for temperament traits in dairy and beef cattle. Front Genet. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00368 (2014).
Google Scholar
Whalin, L., Neave, H. W., Føske Johnsen, J., Mejdell, C. M. & Ellingsen-Dalskau, K. The influence of personality and weaning method on early feeding behavior and growth of Norwegian red calves. J. Dairy Sci. 105, 1369–1386 (2022).
Google Scholar
Dammhahn, M., Dingemanse, N. J., Niemelä, P. T. & Réale, D. Pace-of-life syndromes: A framework for the adaptive integration of behaviour, physiology and life history. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(3), 1–8 (2018).
Kelly, D. N. et al. Large variability in feeding behavior among crossbred growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 98, 1–10 (2020).
Neave, H. W., Weary, D. M. & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. Review: Individual variability in feeding behaviour of domesticated ruminants. Animal 12, S419–S430 (2018).
Google Scholar
DeVries, T. J., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., Weary, D. M. & Beauchemin, K. A. Measuring the feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows in early to peak lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 3354–3361 (2003).
Google Scholar
Kelly, D. N., Sleator, R. D., Murphy, C. P., Conroy, S. B. & Berry, D. P. Phenotypic and genetic associations between feeding behavior and carcass merit in crossbred growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 99, skab285 (2021).
Google Scholar
Weary, D. M., Huzzey, J. M. & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. Board-invited review: Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 770–777 (2009).
Google Scholar
Carter, A. J., Feeney, W. E., Marshall, H. H., Cowlishaw, G. & Heinsohn, R. Animal personality: What are behavioural ecologists measuring?. Biol. Rev. 88, 465–475 (2013).
Google Scholar
Biro, P. A. Do rapid assays predict repeatability in labile (behavioural) traits?. Anim Behav 83, 1295–1300 (2012).
Percie du Sert, N. et al. Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 20. Plos Biol. 18, e3000411 (2020).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
