Longhurst, A., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T. & Caverhill, C. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res. 17, 1245–1271 (1995).
Karl, D. M. et al. Seasonal and interannual variability in primary production and particle flux at station ALOHA. Deep Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 43, 539–568 (1996).
Google Scholar
Yang, B., Emerson, S. R. & Quay, P. D. The subtropical ocean’s biological carbon pump determined from O2 and DIC/DI13C tracers. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 5361–5368 (2019).
Nowicki, M., DeVries, T. & Siegel, D. A. Quantifying the carbon export and sequestration pathways of the ocean’s biological carbon pump. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 36, 1–22 (2022).
Chávez, F. P., Messié, M. & Pennington, J. T. Marine primary production in relation to climate variability and change. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 3, 227–260 (2011).
Polovina, J. J., Howell, E. A. & Abecassis, M. Ocean’s least productive waters are expanding. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, 2–6 (2008).
Irwin, A. J. & Oliver, M. J. Are ocean deserts getting larger? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, 1–5 (2009).
Signorini, S. R., Franz, B. A. & McClain, C. R. Chlorophyll variability in the oligotrophic gyres: Mechanisms, seasonality and trends. Front. Mar. Sci. 2, 1–11 (2015).
Sarmiento, J. L., Hughes, T. M. C., Stouffer, R. J. & Manabe, S. Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming. Nature 393, 245–249 (1998).
Google Scholar
Bopp, L. et al. Potential impact of climate change on marine export production. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 81–99 (2001).
Google Scholar
Taucher, J. & Oschlies, A. Can we predict the direction of marine primary production change under global warming? Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, 1–6 (2011).
Flombaum, P., Wang, W. L., Primeau, F. W. & Martiny, A. C. Global picophytoplankton niche partitioning predicts overall positive response to ocean warming. Nat. Geosci. 13, 116–120 (2020).
Google Scholar
Behrenfeld, M. Uncertain future for ocean algae. Nat. Clim. Chang. 1, 33–34 (2011).
Google Scholar
Flombaum, P. & Martiny, A. C. Diverse but uncertain responses of picophytoplankton lineages to future climate change. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 4171–4181 (2021).
Eppley, R. W. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fish. Bull. 10, 1063–1085 (1972).
Falkowski, P. G. & Oliver, M. J. Mix and max: how climate selects phytoplankton. Nature. Rev. Microbiol. 5, 813–819 (2007).
Google Scholar
van de Waal, D. B. & Litchman, E. Multiple global change stressor effects on phytoplankton nutrient acquisition in a future ocean. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 375, 1–8 (2020).
Kremer, C. T., Thomas, M. K. & Litchman, E. Temperature- and size-scaling of phytoplankton population growth rates: reconciling the Eppley curve and the metabolic theory of ecology. Limnol. Oceanogr. 62, 1658–1670 (2017).
Cross, W. F., Hood, J. M., Benstead, J. P., Huryn, A. D. & Nelson, D. Interactions between temperature and nutrients across levels of ecological organization. Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 1025–1040 (2015).
Google Scholar
Marañón, E., Lorenzo, M. P., Cermeño, P. & Mouriño-Carballido, B. Nutrient limitation suppresses the temperature dependence of phytoplankton metabolic rates. ISME J. 12, 1836–1845 (2018).
Google Scholar
Skau, L. F., Andersen, T., Thrane, J.-E. & Hessen, D. O. Growth, stoichiometry and cell size; temperature and nutrient responses in haptophytes. PeerJ 5, e3743 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fernández‐González, C. et al. Effects of temperature and nutrient supply on resource allocation, photosynthetic strategy and metabolic rates of Synechococcus sp. J. Phycol. 56, 818–829 (2020).
Google Scholar
O’Connor, M. I., Piehler, M. F., Leech, D. M., Anton, A. & Bruno, J. F. Warming and resource availability shift food web structure and metabolism. PLoS Biol. 7, e1000178 (2009).
Google Scholar
Liu, K., Suzuki, K., Chen, B. & Liu, H. Are temperature sensitivities of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus impacted by nutrient availability in the subtropical northwest Pacific? Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 639–651 (2020).
Hayashida, H., Matear, R. J. & Strutton, P. G. Background nutrient concentration determines phytoplankton bloom response to marine heatwaves. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 4800–4811 (2020).
Google Scholar
Davey, M. et al. Nutrient limitation of picophytoplankton photosynthesis and growth in the tropical North Atlantic. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53, 1722–1733 (2008).
Google Scholar
Moore, C. M. et al. Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nat. Geosci. 6, 701–710 (2013).
Google Scholar
Browning, T. J. et al. Nutrient co-limitation at the boundary of an oceanic gyre. Nature 551, 242–246 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ustick, L. J. et al. Metagenomic analysis reveals global-scale patterns of ocean nutrient limitation. Science 372, 287–291 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zubkov, M. V., Sleigh, M. A., Tarran, G. A., Burkill, P. H. & Leakey, R. J. G. Picoplanktonic community structure on an Atlantic transect from 50°N to 50°S. Deep Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 45, 1339–1355 (1998).
Marañón, E., Behrenfeld, M. J., González, N., Mouriño, B. & Zubkov, M. V. High variability of primary production in oligotrophic waters of the Atlantic Ocean: Uncoupling from phytoplankton biomass and size structure. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 257, 1–11 (2003).
Marañón, E. Cell size as a key determinant of phytoplankton metabolism and community structure. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 7, 241–264 (2015).
Worden, A. Z., Nolan, J. K. & Palenik, B. Assessing the dynamics and ecology of marine picophytoplankton: the importance of the eukaryotic component. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49, 168–179 (2004).
Google Scholar
Visintini, N., Martiny, A. C. & Flombaum, P. Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotic phytoplankton abundances in the global ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 6, 207–215 (2021).
Chen, B., Liu, H., Huang, B. & Wang, J. Temperature effects on the growth rate of marine picoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 505, 37–47 (2014).
Stawiarski, B., Buitenhuis, E. T. & Le Quéré, C. The physiological response of picophytoplankton to temperature and its model representation. Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 1–13 (2016).
Marañón, E. et al. Unimodal size scaling of phytoplankton growth and the size dependence of nutrient uptake and use. Ecol. Lett. 16, 371–379 (2013).
Google Scholar
Duhamel, S., Kim, E., Sprung, B. & Anderson, O. R. Small pigmented eukaryotes play a major role in carbon cycling in the P-depleted western subtropical North Atlantic, which may be supported by mixotrophy. Limnol. Oceanogr. 64, 2424–2440 (2019).
Google Scholar
Berthelot, H. et al. NanoSIMS single cell analyses reveal the contrasting nitrogen sources for small phytoplankton. ISME J. 13, 651–662 (2019).
Google Scholar
Berthelot, H., Duhamel, S., L’Helguen, S., Maguer, J. F. & Cassar, N. Inorganic and organic carbon and nitrogen uptake strategies of picoplankton groups in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 3682–3696 (2021).
Google Scholar
Marañón, E. et al. Degree of oligotrophy controls the response of microbial plankton to Saharan dust. Limnol. Oceanogr. 55, 2339–2352 (2010).
Mouriño-Carballido, B. et al. Nutrient supply controls picoplankton community structure during three contrasting seasons in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 543, 1–19 (2016).
Thomas, M. K., Kremer, C. T., Klausmeier, C. A. & Litchman, E. A global pattern of thermal adaptation in marine phytoplankton. Science 338, 1085–1088 (2012).
Google Scholar
Doney, S. C. et al. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 4, 11–37 (2012).
Frölicher, T. L., Fischer, E. M. & Gruber, N. Marine heatwaves under global warming. Nature 560, 360–364 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gruber, N., Boyd, P. W., Frölicher, T. L. & Vogt, M. Biogeochemical extremes and compound events in the ocean. Nature 600, 395–407 (2021).
Google Scholar
Babin, S. M., Carton, J. A., Dickey, T. D. & Wiggert, J. D. Satellite evidence of hurricane-induced phytoplankton blooms in an oceanic desert. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 109, 1–21 (2004).
Walker, N. D., Leben, R. R. & Balasubramanian, S. Hurricane-forced upwelling and chlorophyll a enhancement within cold-core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 1–5 (2005).
Boyd, P. W. et al. Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change—a review. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 2239–2261 (2018).
Google Scholar
Mills, M. M., Ridame, C., Davey, M., La Roche, J. & Geider, R. J. Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Nature 429, 292–294 (2004).
Google Scholar
Marañón, E. Phytoplankton growth rates in the Atlantic subtropical gyres. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 299–310 (2005).
Halsey, K. H. & Jones, B. M. Phytoplankton strategies for photosynthetic energy allocation. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 7, 265–297 (2015).
Quevedo, M. & Anadón, R. Protist control of phytoplankton growth in the subtropical north-east Atlantic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 221, 29–38 (2001).
Schmoker, C., Hernández-León, S. & Calbet, A. Microzooplankton grazing in the oceans: Impacts, data variability, knowledge gaps and future directions. J. Plankton Res. 35, 691–706 (2013).
Landry, M. R. & Hassett, R. P. Estimating the grazing impact of marine micro-zooplankton. Mar. Biol. 67, 283–288 (1982).
Kiørboe, T. Turbulence, phytoplankton cell size, and the structure of pelagic food webs. Adv. Mar. Biol. 29, 1–72 (1993).
Cermeño, P. et al. Marine primary productivity is driven by a selection effect. Front. Mar. Sci. 3, 1–10 (2016).
Browning, T. J. et al. Nutrient co-limitation in the subtropical Northwest Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 7, 52–61 (2022).
Klausmeier, C. A., Litchman, E. & Levin, S. A. Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry under multiple nutrient limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49, 1463–1470 (2004).
Behrenfeld, M. J. & Milligan, A. J. Photophysiological expressions of iron stress in phytoplankton. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 5, 217–246 (2013).
Geider, R. J. Light and temperature dependence of the carnon to chlorophyll a ratio in microalgae and cyanobacteria: implications for physiology and growth of phytoplankton. N. Phytol. 106, 1–34 (1987).
Google Scholar
Maxwell, D. P., Laudenbach, D. E. & Huner, N. P. Redox regulation of light-harvesting complex II and cab mRNA abundance in Dunaliella salina. Plant Physiol. 109, 787–795 (1995).
Google Scholar
Ye, H. J., Sui, Y., Tang, D. L. & Afanasyev, Y. D. A subsurface chlorophyll a bloom induced by typhoon in the South China Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 128, 138–145 (2013).
Zhang, H., He, H., Zhang, W. Z. & Tian, D. Upper ocean response to tropical cyclones: a review. Geosci. Lett. 8, 1–12 (2021).
Lin, I. et al. New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1–4 (2003).
Chai, F. et al. A limited effect of sub-tropical typhoons on phytoplankton dynamics. Biogeosciences 18, 849–859 (2021).
Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. & Charnov, E. L. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251 (2001).
Google Scholar
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M. & West, G. B. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771–1789 (2004).
Davidson, E. A. & Janssens, I. A. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature 440, 165–173 (2006).
Google Scholar
Somero, G. N. Adaptation of enzymes to temperature: Searching for basic ‘strategies’. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.—B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 139, 321–333 (2004).
Google Scholar
Rose, J. M. & Caron, D. A. Does low temperature constrain the growth rates of heterotrophic protists? Evidence and implications for algal blooms in cold waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 886–895 (2007).
Harvey, B. P., Marshall, K. E., Harley, C. D. G. & Russell, B. D. Predicting responses to marine heatwaves using functional traits. Trends Ecol. Evol. 37, 20–29 (2022).
Google Scholar
Staehr, P. A. & Birkeland, M. J. Temperature acclimation of growth, photosynthesis and respiration in two mesophilic phytoplankton species. Phycologia 45, 648–656 (2006).
Morán, X. A. G., Calvo-Díaz, A., Arandia-Gorostidi, N. & Huete-Stauffer, T. M. Temperature sensitivities of microbial plankton net growth rates are seasonally coherent and linked to nutrient availability. Environ. Microbiol. 20, 3798–3810 (2018).
Google Scholar
Courboulès, J. et al. Effects of experimental warming on small phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses in autumn in the Mediterranean coastal Thau Lagoon. Aquat. Ecol. 55, 647–666 (2021).
López-Sandoval, D. C., Duarte, C. M. & Agustí, S. Nutrient and temperature constraints on primary production and net phytoplankton growth in a tropical ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 2923–2935 (2021).
Landry, M. R., Selph, K. E., Hood, R. R., Davies, C. H. & Beckley, L. E. Low temperature sensitivity of picophytoplankton P:B ratios and growth rates across a natural 10 °C temperature gradient in the oligotrophic Indian Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10224 (2021)
Martiny, A. C. et al. Strong latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter. Nat. Geosci. 6, 279–283 (2013).
Google Scholar
Fernández-González, C. & Marañón, E. Effect of temperature on the unimodal size scaling of phytoplankton growth. Sci. Rep. 11, 1–9 (2021).
Marañón, E. et al. Patterns of phytoplankton size structure and productivity in contrasting open-ocean environments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 216, 43–56 (2001).
Tarran, G. A., Heywood, J. L. & Zubkov, M. V. Latitudinal changes in the standing stocks of nano- and picoeukaryotic phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53, 1516–1529 (2006).
Hillebrand, H. et al. Cell size as driver and sentinel of phytoplankton community structure and functioning. Funct. Ecol. 1–18 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13986 (2021).
Partensky, F. & Garczarek, L. Prochlorococcus: advantages and limits of minimalism. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2, 305–331 (2010).
Landry, M. R. et al. Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). I. Microplankton community abundances and biomass. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 201, 27–42 (2000).
Google Scholar
Morel, A. et al. Examining the consistency of products derived from various ocean color sensors in open ocean (Case 1) waters in the perspective of a multi-sensor approach. Remote Sens. Environ. 111, 69–88 (2007).
Fofonoff, N. P. & Millard, R. C. Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci. 44, 1–53 (1983).
Becker, S. et al. GO-SHIP repeat hydrography nutrient manual: the precise and accurate determination of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater, using continuous flow analysis methods. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.581790 (2020).
Marañón, E. et al. Resource supply overrides temperature as a controlling factor of marine phytoplankton growth. PLoS ONE 9, 20–23 (2014).
Schuback, N. et al. Single-turnover variable chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for assessing phytoplankton photosynthesis and primary productivity: opportunities, caveats and recommendations. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 1–24 (2021).
Piggott, J. J., Townsend, C. R. & Matthaei, C. D. Reconceptualizing synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1538–1547 (2015).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
