in

SEM/EDX analysis of stomach contents of a sea slug snacking on a polluted seafloor reveal microplastics as a component of its diet

  • Derraik, J. G. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44(9), 842–852 (2002).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, M. R. Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—Entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 364(1526), 2013–2025 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Claessens, M., Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vandegehuchte, M. B. & Janssen, C. R. New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 70(1–2), 227–233 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U. & Fauziah, S. H. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environ. Int. 102, 165–176 (2017).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobkov, M. B. & Esiukova, E. E. Microplastics in a Marine Environment: Review of Methods for Sampling, Processing, and Analyzing Microplastics in Water, Bottom Sediments, and Coastal Deposits (2018).

  • Coyle, R., Hardiman, G. & O’Driscoll, K. Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of their sources, distribution processes, uptake and exchange in ecosystems. Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 2, 100010 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D. K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C. & Barlaz, M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 364, 1985–1998 (2009).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • GESAMP. Sources, Fate and Effects of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Part 2 of a Global Assessment. A Report to Inform the Second United Nations Environment Assembly, 220 (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, 2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroon, F. J., Motti, C. E., Jensen, L. H. & Berry, K. L. Classification of marine microdebris: A review and case study on fish from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34590-6 (2018).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62(12), 2588–2597 (2011).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. A novel method for preparing microplastic fibers. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34519 (2016).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, M. et al. On the importance of size of plastic fragments and pellets on the strandline: A snapshot of a Brazilian beach. Environ. Monit. Assess. 168, 299–304 (2010).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kershaw, P. J. et al. (eds) GESAMP Guidelines or the Monitoring and Assessment of Plastic Litter and Microplastics in the Ocean, Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 99 130 (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP/ISA Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, 2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusher, A. L., Welden, N. A., Sobral, P. & Cole, M. Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates. Anal. Methods 9, 1346 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusher, A., Bråte, I. L. N., Hurley, R., Iversen, K. & Olsen, M. Testing of Methodology for Measuring Microplastics in Blue Mussels (Mytilus spp) and Sediments, and Recommendations for Future Monitoring of Microplastics (R & D-project) (2017).

  • Laist, D. W. Impacts of marine debris: Entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In Marine debris, 99–139 (Springer, 1997).

  • Denuncio, P. et al. Plastic ingestion in Franciscana dolphins, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais and d’Orbigny, 1844), from Argentina. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62(8), 1836–1841 (2011).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Do Sul, J. A. I., Santos, I. R., Friedrich, A. C., Matthiensen, A. & Fillmann, G. Plastic pollution at a sea turtle conservation area in NE Brazil: Contrasting developed and undeveloped beaches. Estuar. Coasts 34(4), 814–823 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, B. & Gračan, R. Ingestion of marine debris by loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, in the Adriatic Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62(1), 43–47 (2011).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Poppi, L. et al. Post-mortem investigations on a leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea stranded along the Northern Adriatic coastline. Dis. Aquat. Org. 100(1), 71–76 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Franeker, J. A. et al. Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea. Environ. Pollut. 159(10), 2609–2615 (2011).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts, K. Why Small Plastic Particles May Pose a Big Problem in the Oceans 8995–8995 (ACS Publications, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cefas, L. Programme 8: Bass gillnet selectivity. Fish. Sci. 09 (2008).

  • Priscilla, V., Sedayu, A. & Patria, M. P. Microplastic abundance in the water, seagrass, and sea hare Dolabella auricularia in Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1402, 033073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/3/033073 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, E. R. & Thompson, J. T. Deposit-and suspension-feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 368(1), 22–29 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. C. et al. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? Science 304(5672), 838–838 (2004).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämer, J., Gutow, L., Köhler, A. & Saborowski, R. Fate of microplastics in the marine isopod Idotea emarginata. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48(22), 13451–13458 (2014).

    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Setälä, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V. & Lehtiniemi, M. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. Environ. Pollut. 185, 77–83 (2014).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. et al. Microplastics alter the properties and sinking rates of zooplankton faecal pellets. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50(6), 3239–3246 (2016).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutow, L., Eckerlebe, A., Giménez, L. & Saborowski, R. Experimental evaluation of seaweeds as a vector for microplastics into marine food webs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50(2), 915–923 (2016).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Naji, A., Nuri, M. & Vethaak, A. D. Microplastics contamination in molluscs from the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Environ. Pollut. 235, 113–120 (2018).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, J. et al. Detection of microplastics in local marine organisms using a multi-technology system. Anal. Methods 11(1), 78–87 (2019).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gniadek, M. & Dąbrowska, A. The marine nano-and microplastics characterisation by SEM-EDX: The potential of the method in comparison with various physical and chemical approaches. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 148, 210–216 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dąbrowska, A. A roadmap for a plastisphere. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 167, 112322 (2021).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebere, E. C. & Ngozi, V. E. Microplastics, an emerging concern: A review of analytical techniques for detecting and quantifying microplatics. Anal. Methods Environ. Chem. J. 2(2), 13–30 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariano, S., Tacconi, S., Fidaleo, M., Rossi, M. & Dini, L. Micro and nanoplastics identification: Classic methods and innovative detection techniques. Front. Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.636640 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante, M. et al. Microplastics in fillets of Mediterranean seafood. A risk assessment study. Environ. Res. 204, 112247 (2022).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. et al. Characterization, source, and retention of microplastic in sandy beaches and mangrove wetlands of the Qinzhou Bay, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 136, 401–406 (2018).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. et al. Pollution characteristics of microplastics in mollusks from the coastal Area of Yantai. China. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 107, 1–7 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarjuelo, I., Posada, D., Crandall, K., Pascual, M. & Turon, X. Cryptic species of Clavelina (Ascidiacea) in two different habitats: Harbours and rocky littoral zones in the northwestern Mediterranean. Mar. Biol. 139(3), 455–462 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunetti, R. & Mastrototaro, F. Botrylloides pizoni, a new species of Botryllinae (Ascidiacea) from the Mediterranean Sea R. Zootaxa 3258(1), 28–36 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beli, E. et al. The zoogeography of extant rhabdopleurid hemichordates (Pterobranchia: Graptolithina), with a new species from the Mediterranean Sea. Invertebr. Syst. 32(1), 100–110 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chimienti, G., Angeletti, L., Furfaro, G., Canese, S. & Taviani, M. Habitat, morphology and trophism of Tritonia callogorgiae sp. nov., a large nudibranch inhabiting Callogorgia verticillata forests in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 165, 103364 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Furfaro, G. & Mariottini, P. A new Dondice Marcus Er. 1958 (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea reveals interesting insights into the phylogenetic history of a group of Facelinidae taxa. Zootaxa 4731(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4731.1.1 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cózar, A. et al. Plastic accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 10(4), e0121762. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121762 (2015).

    CAS 
    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Sharma, V. & Chatterjee, S. Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Sources, pollution intensity, sea health, and regulatory policies. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 634934. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.634934 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinardi, N. & Masetti, E. Variability of the large scale general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from observations and modelling: A review. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 158(3–4), 153–173 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Suaria, G. et al. The Mediterranean Plastic soup: Synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 1–10 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vianello, A. et al. Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci. 130, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022 (2013).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parenzan, P. Il Mar Piccolo di Taranto. Ciem. Comm. Taranto (1984).

  • Cavallo, R. A. & Stabili, L. Presence of vibrios in seawater and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.) from the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea). Water Res. 36(15), 3719–3726 (2002).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardellicchio, N. et al. Organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs) in sediments from the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 55(10–12), 451–458 (2007).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardellicchio, N., Annicchiarico, C., Di Leo, A., Giandomenico, S. & Spada, L. The Mar Piccolo of Taranto: An interesting marine ecosystem for the environmental problems studies. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23(13), 12495–12501 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tursi, A. et al. Mega-litter and remediation: The case of Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea). Rendiconti Lincei. Sci. Fisiche e Nat. 29(4), 817–824 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastrototaro, F. et al. Benthic diversity of the soft bottoms in a semi-enclosed basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 88(2), 247 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. et al. Using mussel as a global bioindicator of coastal microplastic pollution. Environ. Pollut. 244, 522–533 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Corami, F. et al. Evidence of small microplastics (< 100 μm) ingestion by Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas): A novel method of extraction, purification, and analysis using Micro-FTIR. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 160, 111606 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • De-la-Torre, G. E., Apaza-Vargas, D. M. & Santillán, L. L. Microplastic ingestion and feeding ecology in three intertidal mollusk species from Lima, Peru. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 55(2), 167–171 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y. et al. A review of microplastic pollution in seawater, sediments and organisms of the Chinese coastal and marginal seas. Chemosphere 286, 131677 (2021).

    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Haszprunar, G. The heterobranchia—A new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 23(1), 15–37 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Vonnemann, V. & Medina, M. Heterobranchia I: The Opisthobranchia. In Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca (eds Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D.) 385–408 (University of California Press, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prkic, J. et al. First record of Calma gobioophaga Calado and Urgorri, 2002 (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 15(2), 423–428 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Furfaro, G., Trainito, E., De Lorenzi, F., Fantin, M. & Doneddu, M. Tritonia nilsodhneri Marcus Ev., 1983 (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Tritoniidae): First records for the Adriatic Sea and new data on ecology and distribution of Mediterranean populations. Acta Adriat. 58, 2 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. E. Studies on ontogeny of Tritonia hombergi Cuvier (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 245, 171–218. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1962.0009 (1962).

    ADS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Angelini, S. & Bavestrello, G. Skin and gut spicules in Discodoris atromaculata (Bergh, 1880) (Mollusca: Nudibranchia). Bollettino Malacol. 28, 173–180 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Angelini, S., Gaggero, L. & Lucchetti, G. Mineral composition of nudibranch spicules. J. Molluscan Stud. 61(3), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/61.3.331 (1995).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Garese, A., García-Matucheski, S., Acuña, F. H. & Muniain, C. Feeding behavior of Spurilla sp. (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) with a description of the kleptocnidae sequestered from its sea anemone prey. Zool. Stud. 51(7), 905–912 (2012).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Braga, T. et al. Bursatella leachii from Mar Menor as a source of bioactive molecules: Preliminary evaluation of the nutritional profile, in vitro biological activities and fatty acids contents. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 26(10), 1337–1350 (2017).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, T. J. et al. Kleptopredation: A mechanism to facilitate planktivory in a benthic mollusc. Biol. Let. 13, 20170447. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0447 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodheart, J. A. et al. Comparative morphology and evolution of the cnidosac in Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia). Front. Zool. 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0289-2 (2018).

    CAS 
    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Marin, A. & Ros, J. Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutive implications. Sci. Mar. 67(Suppl. 1), 227–241 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wägele, H., Ballestero, M. & Avila, C. Defensive glandular structures in opisthobranch molluscs—From histology to ecology. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 44, 197–276 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlik, J. R. Antipredatory defensive roles of natural products from marine invertebrates. In Handbook of Marine Natural Products Vol. 12 (eds Fattorusso, E. et al.) 677–710 (Springer, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Avila, C., Nuñez-Pons, L. & Moles, J. From the tropics to the poles chemical defense strategies in sea slugs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia). In Chemical Ecology: The Ecological Impact of Marine Natural Products (eds Puglisi, M. P. & Becerro, M. A.) 93 (CRC Press, 2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Capper, A., Tibbetts, I. R., O’Neil, J. M. & Shaw, G. R. The fate of Lyngbya majuscula toxins in three potential consumers. J. Chem. Ecol. 31(7), 1595–1606 (2005).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, L. J. & Prinsep, M. R. The chemistry and chemical ecology of nudibranchs. Nat. Prod. Rep. 34(12), 1359–1390 (2017).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, T. L., Andrianasolo, E., McPhail, K., Flatt, P. & Gerwick, W. H. Marine natural products as anticancer drugs. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4(2), 333–342 (2005).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Klussmann-Kolb, A. Phylogeny of the Aplysiidae (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) with new aspects of the evolution of seahares. Zool. Scr. 33, 439–462 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Willan, R. C. Phylogenetic systematics of the Notaspidea (Opisthobranchia) with reappraisal of families and genera. Am. Malacol. Bull. 5, 215–241 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Medina, M. & Walsh, P. J. Molecular systematics of the order Anaspidea based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (12S, 16S, and COI). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 15, 41–58 (2000).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Furfaro, G., De Matteo, S., Mariottini, P. & Giacobbe, S. Ecological notes of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) occurring in Faro Lake (Italy). J. Nat. Hist. 52(11–12), 645–657 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleton, D. R., Sewell, M. A., Berridge, M. V. & Copp, B. R. A new biologically active malyngamide from a New Zealand collection of the sea hare Bursatella leachii. J. Nat. Prod. 65(4), 630–631 (2002).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajaganapathi, J., Kathiresan, K. & Singh, T. P. Purification of anti-HIV protein from purple fluid of the sea hare Bursatella leachii de Blainville. Mar. Biotechnol. 4(5), 447–453 (2002).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Suntornchashwej, S., Chaichit, N., Isobe, M. & Suwanborirux, K. Hectochlorin and morpholine derivatives from the Thai Sea Hare, Bursatella leachii. J. Nat. Prod. 68(6), 951–955 (2005).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhahri, M. et al. Extraction, characterization, and anticoagulant activity of a sulfated polysaccharide from Bursatella leachii viscera. ACS Omega 5(24), 14786–14795 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, C. L. The population dynamics and feeding preferences of Bursatella leachii (Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) in northeast Queensland, Australia. Rec. West. Austral. Museum Suppl. 69, 11–21 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blainville, H. M. D. de. Bursatella, p. 138, in: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (F. Cuvier, ed.), Vol. 5, Supplément. Levrault, Strasbourg & Le Normant, Paris (1817).

  • Trainito, E. & Doneddu, M. Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo 2nd edn, 192 (Il Castello, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zbyszewski, M., Corcoran, P. L. & Hockin, A. Comparison of the distribution and degradation of plastic debris along shorelines of the Great Lakes, North America. J. Great Lakes Res. 40(2), 288–299 (2014).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z. M., Wagner, J., Ghosal, S., Bedi, G. & Wall, S. SEM/EDS and optical microscopy analyses of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish guts. Sci. Total Environ. 603, 616–626 (2017).

    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewert, B., Plassmann, M. & MacLeod, M. Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 17, 1513–1521 (2015).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewert, B., Plassmann, M., Sandblom, O. & MacLeod, M. Identification of chain scission products released to water by plastic exposed to ultraviolet light. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 5, 272–276 (2018).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, M. et al. Fenton aging significantly affects the heavy metal adsorption capacity of polystyrene microplastics. Sci. Total Environ. 722, 137762 (2020).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, L., Mao, R., Ma, S., Guo, X. & Zhu, L. High temperature depended on the ageing mechanism of microplastics under different environmental conditions and its effect on the distribution of organic pollutants. Water Res. 174, 115634 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F. et al. The influence of polyethylene microplastics on pesticide residue and degradation in the aquatic environment. J. Hazard. Mater. 394, 122517 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouyang, Z. et al. The aging behavior of polyvinyl chloride microplastics promoted by UV-activated persulfate process. J. Hazard. Mater. 424, 127461 (2022).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehaut, A. et al. Microplastics in seafood: Benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization. Environ. Pollut. 215, 223–233 (2016).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Besley, A., Vijver, M. G., Behrens, P. & Bosker, T. A standardized method for sampling and extraction methods for quantifying microplastics in beach sand. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 114(1), 77–83 (2017).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Karami, A. et al. A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Sci. Total Environ. 578, 485–494 (2017).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Caron, A. G. et al. Ingestion of microplastic debris by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Great Barrier Reef: Validation of a sequential extraction protocol. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 127, 743–751 (2018).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Piarulli, S. et al. Microplastic in wild populations of the omnivorous crab Carcinus aestuarii: A review and a regional-scale test of extraction methods, including microfibres. Environ. Pollut. 251, 117–127 (2019).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfohl, P. et al. Microplastic extraction protocols can impact the polymer structure. Microplast. Nanoplast. 1(1), 1–13 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Q. et al. Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 176, 102–109 (2016).

    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lusher, A. L., Munno, K., Hermabessiere, L. & Carr, S. Isolation and extraction of microplastics from environmental samples: An evaluation of practical approaches and recommendations for further harmonization. Appl. Spectrosc. 74(9), 1049–1065 (2020).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellasi, A., Binda, G., Pozzi, A., Boldrocchi, G. & Bettinetti, R. The extraction of microplastics from sediments: An overview of existing methods and the proposal of a new and green alternative. Chemosphere 278, 130357 (2021).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Essa, A. M. & Khallaf, M. K. Antimicrobial potential of consolidation polymers loaded with biological copper nanoparticles. BMC Microbiol. 16(1), 1–8 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Etcheverry, M., Ferreira, M. L., Capiati, N. J., Pegoretti, A. & Barbosa, S. E. Strengthening of polypropylene–glass fiber interface by direct metallocenic polymerization of propylene onto the fibers. Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 39(12), 1915–1923 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanič, A., Kravanja, G., Kidess, W., Rudolf, R. & Lubej, S. The influences of moisture on the mechanical, morphological and thermogravimetric properties of mineral wool made from basalt glass fibers. Materials 13(10), 2392 (2020).

    ADS 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavad, B. V., Pandey, A. B., Tadavi, M. V. & Jakharia, H. C. A review paper on effects of drilling on glass fiber reinforced plastic. Procedia Technol. 14, 457–464 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsayed, S. H., Al-Salloum, Y. A. & Almusallam, T. H. Performance of glass fiber reinforced plastic bars as a reinforcing material for concrete structures. Compos. B Eng. 31(6–7), 555–567 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, E. et al. Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysis-GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts 15(10), 1949–1956 (2013).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A. & Filella, M. The influence of additives on the fate of plastics in the marine environment, exemplified with barium sulphate. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 158, 111352 (2020).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Barathi, M., Kumar, A. S. K. & Rajesh, N. Efficacy of novel Al–Zr impregnated cellulose adsorbent prepared using microwave irradiation for the facile defluoridation of water. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 1(4), 1325–1335 (2013).

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahsis, L. et al. Cellulose-copper as bio-supported recyclable catalyst for the clickable azide-alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition reaction in water. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 119, 849–856 (2018).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, N. A., Eid, B. M., Abd El-Aziz, E., Abou Elmaaty, T. M. & Ramadan, S. M. Multifunctional cellulose-containing fabrics using modified finishing formulations. RSC Adv. 7(53), 33219–33230 (2017).

    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Van, H. T., Le Sy, H., Nguyen, T. M. L. & Nguyen, D. K. Application of Mussell-derived biosorbent to remove NH 4+ from aqueous solution: Equilibrium and Kinetics. SN Appl. Sci. 3(4), 1–12 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmanna, B. et al. Data on Molluscan Shells in parts of Nellore Coast, southeast coast of India. Data Brief 16, 705–712 (2018).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., Vinn, O., Kudryavtsev, A. & Schopf, J. W. Raman spectroscopic study of the mineral composition of cirratulid tubes (Annelida, Polychaeta). J. Struct. Biol. 171(3), 402–405 (2010).

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schröder, V. et al. Micromorphological details and identification of chitinous wall structures in Rapana venosa (Gastropoda, Mollusca) egg capsules. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–13 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngamniyom, A., Wongroj, W., Karnchaisri, K. & Siriwattanarat, R. Ophidascaris baylisi (Nematoda: Ascarididae): Scanning electron microscopic study of the adult surface with ultrastructure and chemical composition analysis of eggshells. Sci. Technol. Asia 26, 189–198 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabra, M. et al. The plastic Trojan horse: Biofilms increase microplastic uptake in marine filter feeders impacting microbial transfer and organism health. Sci. Total Environ. 797, 149217 (2021).

    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquin, J. et al. Microbial ecotoxicology of marine plastic debris: A review on colonization and biodegradation by the “Plastisphere”. Front. Microbiol. 10, 865 (2019).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 


  • Source: Ecology - nature.com

    Population dynamics of synanthropic rodents after a chemical and infrastructural intervention in an urban low-income community

    Gridded maps of wetlands dynamics over mid-low latitudes for 1980–2020 based on TOPMODEL