Bolliger, J., Kienast, F. & Zimmermann, N. E. Risk of global warming on montane and subalpine forests in Switzerland—A modeling study. Reg. Environ. Change 1, 99–111 (2000).
Bugmann, H. & Pfister, Ch. Impacts of interannual climate variability on past and future forest composition. Reg. Environ. Change 1, 112–125 (2000).
Becker, A. & Bugmann, H. (eds.) Global change and mountain regions: The Mountain Research Initiative. IHDP Report 13, GTOS Report 28 and IGBP Report 49, Stockholm (2001).
Kullman, L. 20th Century climate warming and tree-limit rise in the southern Scandes of Sweden. Ambio 30, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-30.2.72 (2001).
Google Scholar
Körner, Ch. & Paulsen, J. A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. J. Biogeogr. 31, 713–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x (2004).
Harsch, M. A. & Bader, M. Y. Treeline form—A potential key to understanding treeline dynamics. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 582–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00622.x (2011).
Tokarczyk, N. Forest encroachment on temperate mountain meadows: scale, drivers, and current research directions. Geogr. Pol. 90, 463–480 (2017).
Vitali, A. et al. Pine recolonization dynamics in Mediterranean human-disturbed treeline ecotones. For. Ecol. Manag. 435, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.12.039 (2019).
Heikkinen, O., Obrębska-Starkel, B. & Tuhkanen, S. Introduction: the timberline—A changing battlefront. Prace Geograficzne UJ 98, 7–16 (1995).
Mattson, J. Human impact on the timberline in the far North of Europe. Zeszyty Naukowe UJ, Prace Geogr. 98, 41–56 (1995).
Stanisci, A., Lavieri, D., Acosta, A. & Blasi, C. Structure and diversity trends at Fagus timberline in central Italy. Community Ecol. 1, 133–138 (2000).
Gehrig-Fasel, J., Guisan, A. & Zimmermann, N. E. Tree line shifts in the Swiss Alps: Climate change or land abandonment?. J. Veg. Sci. 18, 571–582 (2007).
Feurdean, A. et al. Long-term land-cover/use change in a traditional farming landscape in Romania inferred from pollen data, historical maps and satellite images. Reg. Environ. Change 17, 2193–2207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1063-7 (2017).
Burga, C. A., Bührer, S. & Klötzli, F. Mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) forests of the Central and Southern Alps (Grisons and Ticino, Switzerland-Prov. Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, N-Italy): Plant ecological and phytosociological aspects. Tuexenia 39, 121–138 (2019).
Slayter, R. O. & Noble, I. R. Dynamics of Montane Treelines. In Landscape Boundaries, Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows. Ecological Studies Vol. 92 (eds Hansen, A. J. & di Castri, F.) 346–359 (Springer-Verlag, 1992).
Bryn, A. Recent forest limit changes in south-east Norway: Effects of climate change or regrowth after abandoned utilisation?. Nor. Geogr. Tidsskr. 62(4), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950802517551 (2008).
Lu, X., Liang, E., Wang, Y., Babst, F. & Camarero, J. J. Mountain treelines climb slowly despite rapid climate warming. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 30(1), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13214 (2021).
Armand, A. D. Sharp and Gradual Mountain Timberlines as Result of species Interaction. Landscape Boundaries, Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows. In Ecological Studies Vol. 92 (eds Hansen, A. J. & di Castri, F.) 360–377 (Springer-Verlag, 1992).
Kucharzyk, S. Ekologiczne znaczenie drzewostanów w strefie górnej granicy lasu w Karpatach Wschodnich i ich wrażliwość na zmiany antropogeniczne [Ecological importance of stands at the upper forest limit in the Eastern Carpathians and their sensibility to anthropogenic changes]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 14, 15–43 (2006) (in Polish with English summary).
Surina, B. & Rakaj, M. Subalpine beech forest with Hairy alpenrose (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum Rhododendretosum hirsuti subass. nova) on Mt. Snežnik (Liburnian Karst, Dinaric Mts). Hacquetia 6, 195–208 (2007).
Kucharzyk, S. Zmiany przebiegu górnej granicy lasu w pasmie Szerokiego Wierchu w Bieszczadzkim Parku Narodowym [Changes of upper forest limit in the Szeroki Wierch range (Bieszczady National Park)]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 12, 81–102 (2004) (in Polish with English summary).
Kucharzyk, S. & Augustyn, M. Dynamika górnej granicy lasu w Bieszczadach Zachodnich – zmiany w ciągu półtora wieku [The upper forest limit dynamics in the Western Bieszczady Mts.—Changes over a century and a half]. Stud. Nat. 54, 133–156 (2008) (in Polish with English summary).
Kubijowicz, W. Życie pasterskie w Beskidach Wschodnich [La Vie Pastorale dans les Beskides Orientales]. Prace Instytutu Geograficznego UJ 5, 3–30 (1926) (in Polish).
Zarzycki, K. Lasy Bieszczadów Zachodnich [The forests of the Western Bieszczady Mts (Polish Eastern Carpathians)]. Acta Agr. et Silv. Ser. Leśna 3, 1–131 (1963) (in Polish with English summary).
Augustyn, M. Połoniny w Bieszczadach Zachodnich [Almen im westlichen Bieszczady-Gebirge]. Materiały Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku 31, 88–98 (1993) (in Polish with German summary).
Winnicki, T. Zbiorowiska roślinne połonin Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego (Bieszczady Zachodnie, Karpaty Wschodnie) [Plant communities of subalpine poloninas in the Bieszczady National Park (Western Bieszczady Mts, Eastern Carpathians)]. Monogr. Bieszczadzkie 4, 1–215 (1999) (in Polish with English summary).
Mróz, W. Zróżnicowanie szaty roślinnej przy górnej granicy lasu w Bieszczadach Wschodnich i Zachodnich [The diversity of vegetation near the upper timberline in the Eastern and the Western Bieszczady Mts]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 14, 45–62 (2006) (in Polish with English summary).
Augustyn, M. & Kucharzyk, S. Górna granica lasu na terenie wsi Ustrzyki Górne i Wołosate w końcu XVIII wieku [Timberline in the Western Bieszczady Mts.]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 20, 15–27 (2012) (in Polish with English summary).
Jeník, J. Succession on the Połonina Balds in the Western Bieszczady, the Eastern Carpathians. Tuexenia 3, 207–216 (1983).
Michalik, S. & Szary, A. Zbiorowiska leśne Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego [The forest communities of the Bieszczady National Park]. Monogr. Bieszcz. 1, 1–175 (1997).
Zemanek, B. & Winnicki, T. Rośliny naczyniowe Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego [Vascular plants of the Bieszczady National Park]. Monogr. Bieszcz. 3, 1–249 (1999) (in Polish with English summary).
Kucharzyk, S. & Augustyn, M. Trwałość polan reglowych w Bieszczadzkim Parku Narodowym [Stability of mountain glades in the Bieszczady National Park]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 18, 45–58 (2010) (in Polish with English summary).
Durak, T., Żywiec, M. & Ortyl, B. Rozprzestrzenianie się zarośli drzewiastych w piętrze połonin Bieszczad Zachodnich [Expansion of brushwood in the subalpine zone of the Western Bieszczady Mts]. Sylwan 157, 130–138 (2013) (in Polish with English summary).
Durak, T., Żywiec, M., Kapusta, P. & Holeksa, J. Impact of land use and climate changes on expansion of woody species on subalpine meadows in the Eastern Carpathians. For. Ecol. Manag. 339, 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.12.014 (2015).
Durak, T., Żywiec, M., Kapusta, P. & Holeksa, J. Rapid spread of a fleshy-fruited species in abandoned subalpine meadows—Formation of an unusual forest belt in the eastern Carpathians. iForest – Biogeosci. For. 9, 337–343. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1470-008 (2015).
Wężyk, P. & Hawryło, P. Analiza struktury 3D drzewostanów Bieszczadzkiego PN na podstawie danych lotniczego skanowania laserowego oraz ortofotomap lotniczych CIR [3D structure analysis of stands of the Bieszczady National Park on the basis of airborne laser scanning data and CIR aerial ortho-photomaps] (ProGea Consulting, 2015) (in Polish).
Anselin, L. Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geogr. Anal. 27, 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x (1995).
Scott, L. M. & Janikas, M. V. Spatial Statistics in ArcGIS. In Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis (eds Fischer, M. M. & Getis, A.) 27–41 (Springer, 2010).
Cui, H., Wu, L., Hu, S., Lu, R. & Wang, S. Research on the driving forces of urban hot spots based on exploratory analysis and binary logistic regression model. Trans. GIS 25(3), 1522–1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12739 (2021).
Pierce, K. B., Lookingbill, T. & Urban, D. A simple method for estimating potential relative radiation (PRR) for landscape-scale vegetation analysis. Landsc. Ecol. 20, 137–147 (2005).
Riley, S. J., DeGloria, S. D. & Elliot, R. A terrain ruggedness index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity. Int. J. Sc. 5, 23–27 (1999).
Böhner, J. & Antonić, O. Land-surface parameters specific to topo-climatology. Geomorphometry – Concepts, Softw. Appl. Dev. Soil Sci. 33, 195–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2481(08)00008-1 (2009).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, 2021).
Agresti, A. An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis 2nd edn. (Wiley & Sons Inc., 2007).
Google Scholar
Cottrell, A. Gnu Regression, Econometrics and Time-series Library gretl. http://gretl.sourceforge.net/(2020).
Hellevik, O. Linear versus logistic regression when the dependent variable is a dichotomy. Qual. Quant. 43, 59–74 (2009).
Azen, R. & Traxel, N. Using dominance analysis to determine predictor importance in logistic regression. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 34, 319–347. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998609332754 (2009).
Borcard, P., Legendre, P. & Drapeau, P. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73, 1045–1055 (1992).
Przybylska, K. & Kucharzyk, S. Skład gatunkowy i struktura lasów Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego [Species composition and structure of forest of the Bieszczady National Park. Monogr. Bieszcz. 6, 1–159 (1999) (in Polish with English summary).
Bader, M. Y. et al. A global framework for linking alpine-treeline ecotone patterns to underlying processes. Ecography 44(2), 265–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05285 (2021).
Nowosad, M. Zarys klimatu Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego i jego otuliny w świetle dotychczasowych badań [Outlines of climate of the Bieszczady National Park and its bufferzone in the light of previous studies]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 4, 163–183 (1995) (in Polish with English summary).
Nowosad, M. & Wereski, S. Warunki klimatyczne. Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy–40 lat ochrony [Climatic conditions. Bieszczady National Park–40 years of protection]. In Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy [The Bieszczady National Park] (eds Górecki, A. & Zemanek, B.) 31–38 (Wyd. Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy, 2016) (in Polish with English summary).
Kukulak, J. Neotectonics and planation surfaces in the High Bieszczady Mountains (Outer Carpathians, Poland). Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 74, 339–350 (2004).
Haczewski, G., Kukulak, J. & Bąk, K. Budowa geologiczna i rzeźba Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego [Geology and relief of the Bieszczady National Park]. Prace monograficzne (Akademia Pedagogiczna im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie) 468, 1–156 (2007) (in Polish with English summary).
Skiba, S., Drewnik, M., Kacprzak, A. & Kołodziejczyk, M. Gleby litogeniczne Bieszczadów i Beskidu Niskiego [Lithogenous soils of the Bieszczady and Beskid Niski Mts (Polish Carpathians)]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 7, 387–396 (1998) (in Polish with English summary).
Skiba, S. & Winnicki, T. Gleby zbiorowisk roślinnych bieszczadzkich połonin [Soils of the subalpine meadows plant communities in the Bieszczady Mts]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 4, 97–109 (1995) (in Polish with English summary).
Musielok, Ł, Drewnik, M., Szymański, W. & Stolarczyk, M. Classification of mountain soils in a subalpine zone—A case study from the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland). Soil Sci. Annu. 70, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0015 (2019).
Google Scholar
Spatz, G. Succession patterns on mountain pastures. Vegetatio 43, 39–41 (1980).
Kozak, J. Zmiany powierzchni lasów w Karpatach Polskich na tle innych gór świata [Changes in the Land Cover in the Polish Carpathians at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Century in Relation to Local Development Level]. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków (2005) (in Polish with English summary).
Vitali, A., Urbinati, C., Weisberg, P. J., Urza, A. K. & Garbarino, M. Effects of natural and anthropogenic drivers on land-cover change and treeline dynamics in the Apennines (Italy). J. Veg. Sci. 29(2), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12598 (2018).
Micu, D. M., Dumitrescu, A., Cheval, S., Nita, I.-A. & Birsan, M.-V. Temperature changes and elevation-warming relationships in the Carpathian Mountains. Int. J. Climatol. 41, 2154–2172. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6952 (2020).
Rehman, A. Ziemie dawnej Polski. Cz. I. Karpaty [The lands of ancient Poland. Part I. The Carpathians]. (Gubrynowicz i Schmidt, Lwów) (1895) (in Polish).
Frey, W. The influence of snow on growth and survival of planted trees. Arct. Alp. Res. 15, 241–251 (1983).
Malanson, G. P. et al. Alpine treeline of Western North America: Linking organism-to-landscape dynamics. Phys. Geogr. 28, 378–396. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.28.5.378 (2007).
Holtmeier, F. K. & Broll, G. Wind as an ecological agent at treelines in North America, the Alps, and the European Subarctic. Phys. Geogr. 31, 203–233. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.31.3.203 (2010).
Barclay, A. M. & Crawford, R. M. M. Winter desiccation stress and resting bud viability in relation to high altitude survival in Sorbus aucuparia L. Flora 172, 21–34 (1982).
Raspé, O., Findlay, C. & Jacquemart, A. L. Sorbus aucuparia L. J. Ecol. 88, 910–930 (2000).
Zerbe, S. On the ecology of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae) with special regard to germination, establishment and growth. Pol. Bot. J. 46, 229–239 (2001).
Smith, W. K., Germino, M. J., Hancock, T. E. & Johnson, D. M. Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines. Tree Physiol. 23, 1101–1112 (2003).
Google Scholar
Trant, A., Higgs, E. & Starzomski, B. M. A century of high elevation ecosystem change in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Sci. Rep. 10, 9698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66277-2 (2020).
Google Scholar
Barbeito, I., Dawes, M. A., Rixen, C., Senn, J. & Bebi, P. Factors driving mortality and growth at treeline: A 30-year experiment of 92 000 conifers. Ecology 93(2), 389–401 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kullman, L. A 25-year survey of geoecological change in the scandes mountains of Sweden. Geogr. Ann. Ser. B 79, 139–165 (1997).
Pękala, K. Rzeźba Bieszczadzkiego Parku Narodowego [Relief of the Bieszczady National Park]. Roczn. Bieszcz. 6, 19–38 (1997) (in Polish with English summary).
Kullman, L. Temporal and spatial aspects of subalpine populations of Sorbus aucuparia in Sweden. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 23, 267–275 (1986).
Hoersch, B. Modelling the spatial distribution of montane and subalpine forests in the Central Alps using digital elevation models. Ecol. Model. 168, 267–282 (2003).
Resler, L. M., Butler, D. R. & Malanson, G. P. Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana. Phys. Geogr. 26, 112–125 (2005).
Kollmann, J. Regeneration window for fleshy-fruited plants during scrub development on abandoned grassland. Ecoscience 2, 213–222 (1995).
Lediuk, K. D., Damascos, M. A., Puntieri, J. G. & de Torres Curth, M. I. Population dynamics of an invasive tree, Sorbus aucuparia, in the understory of a Patagonian forest. Plant Ecol. 217, 899–911 (2016).
McCutchan, M. H. & Fox, D. G. Effect of elevation and aspect on wind, temperature and humidity. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 25(12), 1996–2013 (1986).
Google Scholar
Stage, A. R. & Salas, C. Interactions of elevation, aspect, and slope in models of forest species composition and productivity. For. Sci. 53, 486–492 (2007).
Pocewicz, A. L., Gessler, P. & Robinson, A. P. The relationship between effective plant area index and Landsat spectral response across elevation, solar insolation, and spatial scales in a northern Idaho forest. Can. J. For. Res. 34, 465–480 (2004).
Kucharzyk, S. & Sugiero, D. Zróżnicowanie dynamiki procesów lasotwórczych w buczynach bieszczadzkich w zależności od wystawy i wzniesienia [Variability of the dynamics of forest development processes in the Bieszczady beech forests in relation to exposition and altitude]. Sylwan 7, 29–38 (2007) (in Polish with English summary).
Drewnik, M., Musielok, Ł, Stolarczyk, M., Mitka, J. & Gus, M. Effects of exposure and vegetation type on organic matter stock in the soils of subalpine meadows in the Eastern Carpathians. CATENA 147, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.014 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zheng, L. et al. Tree regeneration patterns on contrasting slopes at treeline ecotones in Eastern Tibet. Forests 12, 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111605 (2021).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
