Pigliucci, M. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: Where are we going now?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 481–486 (2005).
Google Scholar
Pfennig, D. W. et al. Phenotypic plasticity’s impacts on diversification and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25, 459–467 (2010).
Google Scholar
Xue, B. & Leibler, S. Benefits of phenotypic plasticity for population growth in varying environments. PNAS 115, 12745–12750 (2018).
Google Scholar
Murren, C. J. et al. Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: Limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity. Heredity 115, 293–301 (2015).
Google Scholar
Scheiner, S. Selection experiments and the study of phenotypic plasticity. J. Evol. Biol. 15, 889–898 (2002).
Google Scholar
Garland, T. & Kelly, S. A. Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2344–2361 (2006).
Google Scholar
DeWitt, T. J., Sih, A. & Wilson, D. S. Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 77–81 (1998).
Google Scholar
Oostra, V., Saastamoinen, M., Zwaan, B. J. & Wheat, C. W. Strong phenotypic plasticity limits potential for evolutionary responses to climate change. Nat. Commun. 9, 1005 (2018).
Google Scholar
Snell-Rood, E. C. An overview of the evolutionary causes and consequences of behavioural plasticity. Anim. Behav. 85, 1004–1011 (2013).
Google Scholar
Gu, L. et al. Induction and reversibility of Ceriodaphnia cornuta horns under varied intensity of predation risk and their defensive effectiveness against Chaoborus larvae. Freshw. Biol. 66, 1200–1210 (2021).
Google Scholar
Van Buskirk, J. & Steiner, U. The fitness costs of developmental canalization and plasticity. J. Evol. Biol. 22, 852–860 (2009).
Google Scholar
Zhang, C. et al. Resurrecting the metabolome: Rapid evolution magnifies the metabolomic plasticity to predation in a natural Daphnia population. Mol. Ecol. 30, 2285–2297 (2021).
Google Scholar
Auld, J. R., Agrawal, A. A. & Relyea, R. A. Re-evaluating the costs and limits of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 20, 25 (2009).
Tsuji, H., Taoka, K.-I. & Shimamoto, K. Regulation of flowering in rice: Two florigen genes, a complex gene network, and natural variation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 14, 45–52 (2011).
Google Scholar
Bay, R. A. & Palumbi, S. R. Multilocus adaptation associated with heat resistance in reef-building corals. Curr. Biol. 24, 2952–2956 (2014).
Google Scholar
Nei, M., Niimura, Y. & Nozawa, M. The evolution of animal chemosensory receptor gene repertoires: Roles of chance and necessity. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9, 951–963 (2008).
Google Scholar
Nozawa, M., Kawahara, Y. & Nei, M. Genomic drift and copy number variation of sensory receptor genes in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104, 20421–20426 (2007).
Google Scholar
Raible, F. et al. Opsins and clusters of sensory G-protein-coupled receptors in the sea urchin genome. Dev. Biol. 300, 461–475 (2006).
Google Scholar
Abbott, L. F. & Nelson, S. B. Synaptic plasticity: Taming the beast. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1178–1183 (2000).
Google Scholar
Andersen, S. L. Trajectories of brain development: Point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 27, 3–18 (2003).
Google Scholar
Miyakawa, H. et al. Gene up-regulation in response to predator kairomones in the water flea, Daphnia pulex. BMC Dev. Biol. 10, 1 (2010).
Google Scholar
Dennis, S. R., LeBlanc, G. A. & Beckerman, A. P. Endocrine regulation of predator-induced phenotypic plasticity. Oecologia 176, 625–635 (2014).
Google Scholar
Boidron-Metairon, I. F. Morphological plasticity in laboratory-reared echinoplutei of Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) and Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) in response to food conditions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 119, 31–41 (1988).
Google Scholar
Miner, B. G. Larval feeding structure plasticity during pre-feeding stages of echinoids: Not all species respond to the same cues. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 343, 158–165 (2007).
Google Scholar
Chaturvedi, A. et al. Extensive standing genetic variation from a small number of founders enables rapid adaptation in Daphnia. Nat. Commun. 12, 4306 (2021).
Google Scholar
Byrne, M., Sewell, M. & Prowse, T. Nutritional ecology of sea urchin larvae: Influence of endogenous and exogenous nutrition on echinopluteal growth and phenotypic plasticity in Tripneustes gratilla. Funct. Ecol. 22, 643–648 (2008).
Google Scholar
Sewell, M. A., Cameron, M. J. & McArdle, B. H. Developmental plasticity in larval development in the echinometrid sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus with varying food ration. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 309, 219–237 (2004).
Google Scholar
Adams, D. K., Sewell, M. A., Angerer, R. C. & Angerer, L. M. Rapid adaptation to food availability by a dopamine-mediated morphogenetic response. Nat. Commun. 2, 592 (2011).
Google Scholar
Williamson, D. The Origins of Larvae (Springer, 2003).
Google Scholar
McIntyre, D. C., Lyons, D. C., Martik, M. & McClay, D. R. Branching out: Origins of the sea urchin larval skeleton in development and evolution. Genesis 52, 173–185 (2014).
Google Scholar
Littlewood, D. & Smith, A. A combined morphological and molecular phylogeny for sea urchins (Echinoidea: Echinodermata). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 347, 213–234 (1995).
Google Scholar
Kroh, A. & Smith, A. B. The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. J. Syst. Paleontol. 8, 147–212 (2010).
Google Scholar
Smith, A. B. et al. Testing the molecular clock: Molecular and paleontological estimates of divergence times in the Echinoidea (Echinodermata). Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1832–1851 (2006).
Google Scholar
Reitzel, A. M. & Heyland, A. Reduction in morphological plasticity in echinoid larvae: Relationship of plasticity with maternal investment and food availability. Evol. Ecol. Res. 9, 109–121 (2007).
McAlister, J. S. Evolutionary responses to environmental heterogeneity in Central American echinoid larvae: Plastic versus constant phenotypes. Evolution 62, 1358–1372 (2008).
Google Scholar
Soars, N. A., Prowse, T. A. A. & Byrne, M. Overview of phenotypic plasticity in echinoid larvae, ‘Echinopluteus transversus’ type vs typical echinoplutei. Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser. 383, 113–125 (2009).
Google Scholar
Eckert, G. L. A novel larval feeding strategy of the tropical sand dollar, Encope michelini (Agassiz): Adaptation to food limitation and an evolutionary link between planktotrophy and lecithotrophy. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 187, 103–128 (1995).
Google Scholar
Miner, B. G. & Vonesh, J. R. Effects of fine grain environmental variability on morphological plasticity. Ecol. Lett. 7, 794–801 (2004).
Google Scholar
Strathmann, R. R., Fenaux, L. & Strathmann, M. F. Heterochronic developmental plasticity in larval sea urchins and its implications for evolution of nonfeeding larvae. Evolution 20, 972–986 (1992).
Google Scholar
Poorbagher, H., Lamare, M. D., Barker, M. F. & Rayment, W. Relative importance of parental diet versus larval nutrition on development and phenotypic plasticity of Pseudechinus huttoni larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Mar. Biol. Res. 6, 302–314 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bertram, D. F. & Strathmann, R. R. Effects of maternal and larval nutrition on growth and form of planktotrophic larvae. Ecology 79, 315–327 (1998).
Google Scholar
Miner, B. G. Evolution of feeding structure plasticity in marine invertebrate larvae: A possible trade-off between arm length and stomach size. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 315, 117–125 (2005).
Google Scholar
McAlister, J. S. Egg size and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in larvae of the echinoid genus Strongylocentrotus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 352, 306–316 (2007).
Google Scholar
McIntyre, D. C., Seay, N. W., Croce, J. C. & McClay, D. R. Short-range Wnt5 signaling initiates specification of sea urchin posterior ectoderm. Development 140, 4881–4889 (2013).
Google Scholar
Adomako-Ankomah, A. & Ettensohn, C. A. Growth factor-mediated mesodermal cell guidance and skeletogenesis during sea urchin gastrulation. Development 140, 4214–4225 (2013).
Google Scholar
Duloquin, L., Lhomond, G. & Gache, C. Localized VEGF signaling from ectoderm to mesenchyme cells controls morphogenesis of the sea urchin embryo skeleton. Development 134, 2293–2302 (2007).
Google Scholar
Ettensohn, C. A. Lessons from a gene regulatory network: Echinoderm skeletogenesis provides insights into evolution, plasticity and morphogenesis. Development 136, 11–21 (2009).
Google Scholar
Rafiq, K., Shashikant, T., McManus, C. J. & Ettensohn, C. A. Genome-wide analysis of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network of sea urchins. Development 141, 950–961 (2014).
Google Scholar
Röttinger, E. et al. FGF signals guide migration of mesenchymal cells, control skeletal morphogenesis and regulate gastrulation during sea urchin development. Development 135, 353–365 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cavalieri, V., Spinelli, G. & Di Bernardo, M. Impairing Otp homeodomain function in oral ectoderm cells affects skeletogenesis in sea urchin embryos. Dev. Biol. 262, 107–118 (2003).
Google Scholar
Hegarty, S. V., Sullivan, A. M. & O’Keeffe, G. W. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons: A review of the molecular circuitry that regulates their development. Dev. Biol. 379, 123–138 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ryu, S. et al. Orthopedia homeodomain protein is essential for diencephalic dopaminergic neuron development. Curr. Biol. 17, 873–880 (2007).
Google Scholar
Smidt, M. P., Smits, S. M. & Burbach, J. P. H. Molecular mechanisms underlying midbrain dopamine neuron development and function. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 480, 75–88 (2003).
Google Scholar
Rast, J. P., Smith, L. C., Loza-Coll, M., Hibino, T. & Litman, G. W. Genomic insights into the immune system of the sea urchin. Science 314, 952–956 (2006).
Google Scholar
Hibino, T. et al. The immune gene repertoire encoded in the purple sea urchin genome. Dev. Biol. 300, 349–365 (2006).
Google Scholar
Zigler, K. S. & Lessios, H. Speciation on the coasts of the new world: Phylogeography and the evolution of bindin in the sea urchin genus Lytechinus. Evolution 58, 1225–1241 (2004).
Google Scholar
Maggio, R. & Millan, M. J. Dopamine D2–D3 receptor heteromers: Pharmacological properties and therapeutic significance. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 10, 100–107 (2010).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
