Doney, S. C. et al. Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 4, 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E. S., Skirving, W. & Dove, S. Coral reef ecosystems under climate change and ocean acidification. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 158 (2017).
Google Scholar
Weis, V. M. Cellular mechanisms of Cnidarian bleaching: stress causes the collapse of symbiosis. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 3059–3066 (2008).
Google Scholar
Fitt, W., Brown, B., Warner, M. & Dunne, R. Coral bleaching: interpretation of thermal tolerance limits and thermal thresholds in tropical corals. Coral Reefs 20, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380100146 (2001).
Google Scholar
Fujise, L., Yamashita, H., Suzuki, G. & Koike, K. Expulsion of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium) from several species of scleractinian corals: comparison under non-stress conditions and thermal stress conditions. Galaxea, JCRS 15, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.15.29 (2013).
Google Scholar
Rädecker, N. et al. Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals. PNAS USA https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022653118 (2021).
Google Scholar
LaJeunesse, T. C. et al. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. Curr. Biol. 28, 2570-2580.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.008 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wooldridge, S. A. Breakdown of the coral-algae symbiosis. Towards formalising a linkage between warm-water bleaching thresholds and the growth rate of the intracellular zooxanthellae. Biogeosciences 10, 1647–1658 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wiedenmann, J. et al. Nutrient enrichment can increase the susceptibility of reef corals to bleaching. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 160–164 (2013).
Google Scholar
Peña-García, D., Ladwig, N., Turki, A. J. & Mudarris, M. S. Input and dispersion of nutrients from the Jeddah Metropolitan Area, Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 80, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.052 (2014).
Google Scholar
Morris, L. A., Voolstra, C. R., Quigley, K. M., Bourne, D. G. & Bay, L. K. Nutrient availability and metabolism affect the stability of coral–Symbiodiniaceae symbioses. Trends Microbiol. 27, 678–689 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ferrier-Pagés, C., Gattuso, J.-P., Dallot, S. & Jaubert, J. Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth and photosynthesis of the zooxanthellate coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 19, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380000078 (2000).
Google Scholar
Rosset, S., Wiedenmann, J., Reed, A. J. & D’angelo, C. Phosphate deficiency promotes coral bleaching and is reflected by the ultrastructure of symbiotic dinoflagellates. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 118, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.044 (2017).
Google Scholar
Patterson, K. et al. Distinct signalling pathways and transcriptome response signatures differentiate ammonium- and nitrate-supplied plants. Plant Cell Environ. 33, 1486–1501 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ezzat, L., Maguer, J.-F., Grover, R. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. New insights into carbon acquisition and exchanges within the coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis under NH 4+ and NO 3− supply. Proc. R. Soc. B. 282, 20150610 (2015).
Google Scholar
Guan, Y., Hohn, S., Wild, C. & Merico, A. Vulnerability of global coral reef habitat suitability to ocean warming, acidification and eutrophication. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 5646–5660 (2020).
Google Scholar
Roff, G. & Mumby, P. J. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 404–413 (2012).
Google Scholar
Knowlton, N. & Jackson, J. B. C. Shifting baselines, local impacts, and global change on coral reefs. PLoS Biol. 6, e54 (2008).
Google Scholar
Vollstedt, S., Xiang, N., Simancas-Giraldo, S. M. & Wild, C. Organic eutrophication increases resistance of the pulsating soft coral Xenia umbellata to warming. PeerJ 8, e9182 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fabricius, K. E., Cséke, S., Humphrey, C. & De’ath, G. Does trophic status enhance or reduce the thermal tolerance of scleractinian corals? A review, experiment and conceptual framework. PloS one 8, e54399 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cardini, U. et al. Functional significance of dinitrogen fixation in sustaining coral productivity under oligotrophic conditions. Proc. Biol. Sci. 282, 20152257 (2015).
Google Scholar
Baker, D. M., Freeman, C. J., Wong, J. C. Y., Fogel, M. L. & Knowlton, N. Climate change promotes parasitism in a coral symbiosis. ISME J. 12, 921–930. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0046-8 (2018).
Google Scholar
de Barros, F. et al. Unravelling the different causes of nitrate and ammonium effects on coral bleaching. Sci. Rep. 10, 11975 (2020).
Google Scholar
Steinberg, R. K., Dafforn, K. A., Ainsworth, T. & Johnston, E. L. Know thy anemone. A review of threats to octocorals and anemones and opportunities for their restoration. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 590 (2020).
Google Scholar
Norström, A. V., Nyström, M., Lokrantz, J. & Folke, C. Alternative states on coral reefs. Beyond coral–macroalgal phase shifts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 376, 295–306 (2009).
Google Scholar
van de Water, J. A. J. M., Allemand, D. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts—recent advances and perspectives. Microbiome 6, 64 (2018).
Google Scholar
Syms, C. & Jones, G. P. Dysturbance, habitat structure, and the dynamics of a coral-reef fish community. Ecology 81, 2714–2729 (2000).
Google Scholar
Syms, C. & Jones, G. P. Soft corals exert no direct effects on coral reef fish assemblages. Oecologia 127, 560–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000617 (2001).
Google Scholar
Epstein, H. E. & Kingsford, M. J. Are soft coral habitats unfavourable? A closer look at the association between reef fishes and their habitat. Environ. Biol. Fishes 102, 479–497 (2019).
Google Scholar
Janes, M. P. Distribution and diversity of the soft coral family Xeniidae (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) in Lembeh Strait, Indonesia. Galaxea, JCRS 15, 195–200 (2013).
Google Scholar
Fox, H. E., Pet, J. S., Dahuri, R. & Caldwell, R. L. Recovery in rubble fields. Long-term impacts of blast fishing. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 1024–1031 (2003).
Google Scholar
Al-Sofyani, A. A. & Niaz, G. R. A comparative study of the components of the hard coral Seriatopora hystrix and the soft coral Xenia umbellata along the Jeddah coast, Saudi Arabia. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 42, 207–219 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kremien, M., Shavit, U., Mass, T. & Genin, A. Benefit of pulsation in soft corals. PNAS USA 110, 8978–8983 (2013).
Google Scholar
Swart, P. K., Saied, A. & Lamb, K. Temporal and spatial variation in the δ 15 N and δ 13 C of coral tissue and zooxanthellae in Montastraea faveolata collected from the Florida reef tract. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1049–1058 (2005).
Google Scholar
Grottoli, A. G., Tchernov, D. & Winters, G. Physiological and biogeochemical responses of super-corals to thermal stress from the northern gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 215 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tanaka, Y., Miyajima, T., Koike, I., Hayashibara, T. & Ogawa, H. Imbalanced coral growth between organic tissue and carbonate skeleton caused by nutrient enrichment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 1139–1146 (2007).
Google Scholar
Marubini, F. & Davies, P. S. Nitrate increases zooxanthellae population density and reduces skeletogenesis in corals. Mar. Biol. 127, 319–328 (1996).
Google Scholar
Dagenais-Bellefeuille, S. & Morse, D. Putting the N in dinoflagellates. Front. Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00369 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wooldridge, S. A. A new conceptual model for the warm-water breakdown of the coral—algae endosymbiosis. Mar. Freshwater Res. 60, 483 (2009).
Google Scholar
Moed, J. R. & Hallegraeff, G. M. Some problems in the estimation of chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments from pre- and post-acidification spectrophotometrie measurements. Int. Revue Ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 63, 787–800 (1978).
Google Scholar
Redfield, A. C. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. Am. Sci. 46, A221-230A (1958).
Pupier, C. A., Bednarz, V. N. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. Studies with soft corals—recommendations on sample processing and normalization metrics. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 2620 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pupier, C. A. et al. Dissolved nitrogen acquisition in the symbioses of soft and hard corals with Symbiodiniaceae: A key to understanding their different nutritional strategies?. Front. Microbiol. 12, 657759 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bednarz, V. N., Naumann, M. S., Niggl, W. & Wild, C. Inorganic nutrient availability affects organic matter fluxes and metabolic activity in the soft coral genus Xenia. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 3672–3679 (2012).
Google Scholar
Béraud, E., Gevaert, F., Rottier, C. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. The response of the scleractinian coral Turbinaria reniformis to thermal stress depends on the nitrogen status of the coral holobiont. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 2665–2674 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ezzat, L., Towle, E., Irisson, J.-O., Langdon, C. & Ferrier-Pagès, C. The relationship between heterotrophic feeding and inorganic nutrient availability in the scleractinian coral T. reniformis under a short-term temperature increase. Limnol. Oceanogr. 61, 89–102 (2016).
Google Scholar
Dobson, K. L. et al. Moderate nutrient concentrations are not detrimental to corals under future ocean conditions. Mar. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03901-3 (2021).
Google Scholar
Strychar, K. B., Coates, M., Sammarco, P. W., Piva, T. J. & Scott, P. T. Loss of Symbiodinium from bleached soft corals Sarcophyton ehrenbergi, Sinularia sp. and Xenia sp.. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 320, 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.12.039 (2005).
Google Scholar
Sammarco, P. W. & Strychar, K. B. Responses to high seawater temperatures in zooxanthellate octocorals. PloS one 8, e54989 (2013).
Google Scholar
Osman, E. O. et al. Thermal refugia against coral bleaching throughout the northern Red Sea. Glob. Change Biol. 24, e474–e484. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13895 (2018).
Google Scholar
Fine, M., Gildor, H. & Genin, A. A coral reef refuge in the Red Sea. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 3640–3647 (2013).
Google Scholar
Evensen, N. R., Fine, M., Perna, G., Voolstra, C. R. & Barshis, D. J. Remarkably high and consistent tolerance of a Red Sea coral to acute and chronic thermal stress exposures. Limnol. Oceanogr. 66, 1718–1729 (2021).
Google Scholar
Sawall, Y. et al. Extensive phenotypic plasticity of a Red Sea coral over a strong latitudinal temperature gradient suggests limited acclimatization potential to warming. Sci. Rep. 5, 8940 (2015).
Google Scholar
Carpenter, E. J., Harvey, H., Fry, B. & Capone, D. G. Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Deep-Sea Res. I: Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 44, 27–38 (1997).
Google Scholar
Kürten, B. et al. Influence of environmental gradients on C and N stable isotope ratios in coral reef biota of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. J. Sea Res. 85, 379–394 (2014).
Google Scholar
Karcher, D. B. et al. Nitrogen eutrophication particularly promotes turf algae in coral reefs of the central Red Sea. PeerJ 8, e8737 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sterner, R. W. & Elser, J. J. Ecological Stoichiometry. The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere (Princeton University Press, 2002).
Tilstra, A. et al. Light induced intraspecific variability in response to thermal stress in the hard coral Stylophora pistillata. PeerJ 5, e3802 (2017).
Google Scholar
Siebeck, U. E., Marshall, N. J., Klüter, A. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Monitoring coral bleaching using a colour reference card. Coral Reefs 25, 453–460 (2006).
Google Scholar
Venn, A. A., Wilson, M. A., Trapido-Rosenthal, H. G., Keely, B. J. & Douglas, A. E. The impact of coral bleaching on the pigment profile of the symbiotic alga, Symbiodinium. Plant Cell Environ. 29, 2133–2142 (2006).
Google Scholar
Dubinsky, Z. V. Y. et al. The effect of external nutrient resources on the optical properties and photosynthetic efficiency of Stylophora pistillata. Proc. R. Soc. B.: Biol. Sci. 239, 231–246 (1990).
Google Scholar
Fabricius, K. E. Effects of irradiance, flow, and colony pigmentation on the temperature microenvironment around corals: Implications for coral bleaching?. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 30–37 (2006).
Google Scholar
Nordemar, I., Nyström, M. & Dizon, R. Effects of elevated seawater temperature and nitrate enrichment on the branching coral Porites cylindrica in the absence of particulate food. Mar. Biol. 142, 669–677 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lewis, J. B. Feeding behaviour and feeding ecology of the Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). J. Zool. 196, 371–384 (1982).
Google Scholar
Studivan, M. S., Hatch, W. I. & Mitchelmore, C. L. Responses of the soft coral Xenia elongata following acute exposure to a chemical dispersant. SpringerPlus 4, 80 (2015).
Google Scholar
Parrin, A. P. et al. Symbiodinium migration mitigates bleaching in three octocoral species. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 474, 73–80 (2016).
Google Scholar
Parrin, A. P. et al. Within-colony migration of symbionts during bleaching of octocorals. Biol. Bull. 223, 245–256 (2012).
Google Scholar
Bourne, D. G., Morrow, K. M. & Webster, N. S. Insights into the coral microbiome. Underpinning the health and resilience of reef ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 70, 317–340 (2016).
Google Scholar
Furnas, M., Mitchell, A., Skuza, M. & Brodie, J. In the other 90%: phytoplankton responses to enhanced nutrient availability in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 51, 253–265 (2005).
Google Scholar
Ziegler, M. et al. Coral microbial community dynamics in response to anthropogenic impacts near a major city in the central Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.045 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gruber, R. et al. Marine monitoring program: Annual report for inshore water quality monitoring 2018–19. Report for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. GBRMPA, Townsville (2020).
Dinesen, Z. D. Patterns in the distribution of soft corals across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 1, 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00304420 (1983).
Google Scholar
Benayahu, Y. et al. Octocorals of the Indo-Pacific. In Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Vol. 12 (eds Loya, Y. et al.) 709–728 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2019).
Google Scholar
Tilot, V., Leujak, W., Ormond, R. F. G., Ashworth, J. A. & Mabrouk, A. Monitoring of South Sinai coral reefs: Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Aquat. Conserv. 18, 1109–1126 (2008).
Google Scholar
D’Angelo, C. & Wiedenmann, J. Impacts of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. New perspectives and implications for coastal management and reef survival. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 7, 82–93 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wooldridge, S. A. & Done, T. J. Improved water quality can ameliorate effects of climate change on corals. Ecol. Appl. 19, 1492–1499 (2009).
Google Scholar
Nugues, M. M. & Roberts, C. M. Partial mortality in massive reef corals as an indicator of sediment stress on coral reefs. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 314–323 (2003).
Google Scholar
LeGresley, M. & McDermott, G. Counting chamber methods for quantitative phytoplankton analysis – haemocytometer, Palmer-Maloney cell and Sedgewick-Rafter cell. In Microscopic and Molecular Methods for Quantitative Phytoplankton Analysis, edited by B. Karlson, C. Cusack & E. Bresnan (IOC UNESCO, Paris, France, 2010), pp. 25–30.
Jeffrey, S. W. & Humphrey, G. F. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 167, 191–194 (1975).
Google Scholar
D’Angelo, C. et al. Blue light regulation of host pigment in reef-building corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 364, 97–106 (2008).
Google Scholar
Feys, J. Nonparametric tests for the interaction in two-way factorial designs using R. R J. 8, 367 (2016).
Google Scholar
Noguchi, K., Gel, Y. R., Brunner, E. & Konietschke, F. nparLD An R software package for the nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments. J. Stat. Soft. 50, 1–23 (2012).
Google Scholar
Schlöder, C. & D’Croz, L. Responses of massive and branching coral species to the combined effects of water temperature and nitrate enrichment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 313, 255–268 (2004).
Google Scholar
Faxneld, S., Jörgensen, T. L. & Tedengren, M. Effects of elevated water temperature, reduced salinity and nutrient enrichment on the metabolism of the coral Turbinaria mesenterina. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 88, 482–487 (2010).
Google Scholar
Chumun, P. K. et al. High nitrate levels exacerbate thermal photo-physiological stress of zooxanthellae in the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Eco-Eng. 25, 1–9 (2013).
Higuchi, T., Yuyama, I. & Nakamura, T. The combined effects of nitrate with high temperature and high light intensity on coral bleaching and antioxidant enzyme activities. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 2, 27–31 (2015).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
