Springer, A. M. et al. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 12223–12228. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1635156100 (2003).
Google Scholar
Estes, J. A., Heithaus, M., McCauley, D. J., Rasher, D. B. & Worm, B. Megafaunal impacts on structure and function of ocean ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 83–116. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085622 (2016).
Google Scholar
Newsome, S. D., Clementz, M. T. & Koch, P. L. Using stable isotope biogeochemistry to study marine mammal ecology. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 26, 509–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00354.x (2010).
Google Scholar
Bowen, W. D. & Iverson, S. J. Methods of estimating marine mammal diets: a review of validation experiments and sources of bias and uncertainty. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 29, 719–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00604.x (2013).
Google Scholar
Krahn, M. M. et al. Use of chemical tracers in assessing the diet and foraging regions of eastern North Pacific killer whales. Mar. Environ. Res. 63, 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.07.002 (2007).
Google Scholar
Remili, A. et al. Individual prey specialization drives PCBs in Icelandic killer whales. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 4923–4931. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08563 (2021).
Google Scholar
Foote, A. D., Vester, H., Vikingsson, G. A. & Newton, J. Dietary variation within and between populations of northeast Atlantic killer whales, Orcinus orca, inferred from d13C and d15N analyses. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 28, E472–E485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2012.00563.x (2012).
Google Scholar
Remili, A. et al. Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) breeding off Mozambique and Ecuador show geographic variation of persistent organic pollutants and isotopic niches. Environ. Pollut. 267, 115575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115575 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pinzone, M., Damseaux, F., Michel, L. N. & Das, K. Stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur and mercury concentrations as descriptors of trophic ecology and contamination sources of Mediterranean whales. Chemosphere 237, 124448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124448 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bourque, J. et al. Feeding habits of a new Arctic predator: insight from full-depth blubber fatty acid signatures of Greenland, Faroe Islands, Denmark, and managed-care killer whales Orcinus orca. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 603, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12723 (2018).
Google Scholar
Krahn, M. M., Pitman, R. L., Burrows, D. G., Herman, D. P. & Pearce, R. W. Use of chemical tracers to assess diet and persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic Type C killer whales. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24, 643–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00213.x (2008).
Google Scholar
Groß, J. et al. Interannual variability in the lipid and fatty acid profiles of east Australia-migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) across a 10-year timeline. Sci. Rep. 10, 18274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75370-5 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jory, C. et al. Individual and population dietary specialization decline in fin whales during a period of ecosystem shift. Sci. Rep. 11, 17181. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96283-x (2021).
Google Scholar
Iverson, S. J., Field, C., Bowen, W. D. & Blanchard, W. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis: a new method of estimating predator diets. Ecol. Monogr. 74, 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4105 (2004).
Google Scholar
McKinney, M. A. et al. Global change effects on the long-term feeding ecology and contaminant exposures of East Greenland polar bears. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 2360–2372. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12241 (2013).
Google Scholar
Nordstrom, C. A., Wilson, L. J., Iverson, S. J. & Tollit, D. J. Evaluating quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) using harbour seals Phoca vitulina richardsi in captive feeding studies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 360, 245–263. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07378 (2008).
Google Scholar
Bourque, J., Atwood, T. C., Divoky, G. J., Stewart, C. & McKinney, M. A. Fatty acid-based diet estimates suggest ringed seal remain the main prey of southern Beaufort Sea polar bears despite recent use of onshore food resources. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6043 (2020).
Google Scholar
Thiemann, G. W., Derocher, A. E. & Stirling, I. Polar bear Ursus maritimus conservation in Canada: an ecological basis for identifying designatable units. Oryx 42, 504–515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605308001877 (2008).
Google Scholar
Choy, E. S. et al. A comparison of diet estimates of captive beluga whales using fatty acid mixing models with their true diets. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 516, 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2019.05.005 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kirsch, P. E., Iverson, S. J. & Bowen, W. D. Effect of a low-fat diet on body composition and blubber fatty acids of captive Juvenile Harp Seals (Phoca groenlandica). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/316723 (2000).
Google Scholar
Koopman, H. N. Phylogenetic, ecological, and ontogenetic factors influencing the biochemical structure of the blubber of odontocetes. Mar. Biol. 151, 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0489-8 (2007).
Google Scholar
Strandberg, U. et al. Stratification, composition, and function of marine mammal blubber: the ecology of fatty acids in marine mammals. Physiol. Biochem. Zool 81, 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1086/589108 (2008).
Google Scholar
Choy, E. S. et al. Variation in the diet of beluga whales in response to changes in prey availability: insights on changes in the Beaufort Sea ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 647, 195–210 (2020).
Google Scholar
Koopman, H. N., Iverson, S. J. & Gaskin, D. E. Stratification and age-related differences in blubber fatty acids of the male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). J. Comp. Physiol. B. 165, 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301131 (1996).
Google Scholar
Budge, S. M., Iverson, S. J. & Koopman, H. N. Studying trophic ecology in marine ecosystems using fatty acids: a primer on analysis and interpretation. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 22, 759–801. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00079.x (2006).
Google Scholar
Krahn, M. M. et al. Stratification of lipids, fatty acids and organochlorine contaminants in blubber of white whales and killer whales. J. Cetacean Res. Manag. 6, 175–189 (2004).
Loseto, L. L. et al. Summer diet of beluga whales inferred by fatty acid analysis of the eastern Beaufort Sea food web. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 374, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2009.03.015 (2009).
Google Scholar
Heide-Jørgensen, M.-P. Occurrence and hunting of killer whales in Greenland. Rit Fiskedeildar 11, 115–135 (1988).
Nøttestad, L. et al. Prey selection of offshore killer whales Orcinus orca in the Northeast Atlantic in late summer: spatial associations with mackerel. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 499, 275–283 (2014).
Google Scholar
Nikolioudakis, N. et al. Drivers of the summer-distribution of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Nordic Seas from 2011 to 2017; a Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 76, 530–548. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy085 (2019).
Google Scholar
Olafsdottir, A. H. et al. Geographical expansion of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the Nordic Seas from 2007 to 2016 was primarily driven by stock size and constrained by low temperatures. Deep Sea Res. Part II 159, 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.05.023 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jansen, T. et al. Ocean warming expands habitat of a rich natural resource and benefits a national economy. Ecol. Appl. 26, 2021–2032. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1384 (2016).
Google Scholar
Ferguson, S. H., Higdon, J. W. & Westdal, K. H. Prey items and predation behavior of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Nunavut, Canada based on Inuit hunter interviews. Aquat. Biosyst. 8, 3–3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-9063-8-3 (2012).
Google Scholar
Laidre, K. L., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. & Orr, J. R. Reactions of narwhals, Monodon monoceros, to killer whale, Orcinus orca, attacks in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Can. Field-Naturalist 120, 457–465 (2006).
Google Scholar
Willoughby, A. L., Ferguson, M. C., Stimmelmayr, R., Clarke, J. T. & Brower, A. A. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and killer whale (Orcinus orca) co-occurrence in the U.S. Pacific Arctic, 2009–2018: evidence from bowhead whale carcasses. Polar Biol. 43, 1669–1679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02734-y (2020).
Google Scholar
Bloch, D. & Lockyer, C. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Faroese waters. Rit Fiskideildar 11, 55–64 (1988).
Pedro, S. et al. Blubber-depth distribution and bioaccumulation of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Arctic-invading killer whales. Sci. Total Environ. 601, 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.193 (2017).
Google Scholar
Samarra, F. I. P. et al. Prey of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Iceland. PLoS ONE 13, 20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207287 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jourdain, E. et al. Isotopic niche differs between seal and fish-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca) in northern Norway. Ecol. Evol. 10, 4115–4127. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6182 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bromaghin, J. F., Budge, S. M., Thiemann, G. W. & Rode, K. D. Assessing the robustness of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis to assumption violations. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12456 (2016).
Google Scholar
Jefferson, T. A., Stacey, P. J. & Baird, R. W. A review of Killer Whale interactions with other marine mammals: predation to co-existence. Mamm. Rev. 21, 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00291.x (1991).
Google Scholar
Bromaghin, J. F. QFASAR: quantitative fatty acid signature analysis with R. Methods Ecol. Evol. 8, 1158–1162. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12740 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stewart, C., Iverson, S. & Field, C. Testing for a change in diet using fatty acid signatures. Environ. Ecol. Stat. 21, 775–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-014-0280-9 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. Review of estimating trophic relationships by quantitative fatty acid signature analysis. J. Marine Sci. Eng. 8, 1030 (2020).
Google Scholar
Budge, S. M., Penney, S. N., Lall, S. P. & Trudel, M. Estimating diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using fatty acid signature analyses; validation with controlled feeding studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 69, 1033–1046. https://doi.org/10.1139/f2012-039 (2012).
Google Scholar
Happel, A. et al. Evaluating quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) in fish using controlled feeding experiments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 73, 1222–1229. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0328 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bromaghin, J. F. Simulating realistic predator signatures in quantitative fatty acid signature analysis. Eco. Inform. 30, 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.09.011 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bromaghin, J. F., Budge, S. M., Thiemann, G. W. & Rode, K. D. Simultaneous estimation of diet composition and calibration coefficients with fatty acid signature data. Ecol. Evol. 7, 6103–6113. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3179 (2017).
Google Scholar
Burns, J. M., Costa, D. P., Frost, K. & Harvey, J. T. Development of body oxygen stores in harbor seals: effects of age, mass, and body composition. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 78, 1057–1068. https://doi.org/10.1086/432922 (2005).
Google Scholar
Noren, D. P. & Mocklin, J. A. Review of cetacean biopsy techniques: Factors contributing to successful sample collection and physiological and behavioral impacts. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 28, 154–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00469.x (2012).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
