Waters, C. N. et al. The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science 351, 137. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2622 (2016).
Google Scholar
Thomas, J. A. & Morris, M. G. Patterns, mechanisms and rates of extinction among invertebrates in the United Kingdom. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344, 47–54 (1994).
Google Scholar
Thomas, J. A. et al. Comparative losses of british butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis. Science 303, 1879–1881. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095046 (2004).
Google Scholar
van Klink, R. et al. Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances. Science 368, 417–420. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9931 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hallmann, C. A. et al. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS ONE 12, 21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809 (2017).
Google Scholar
Barmentlo, S. H. et al. Experimental evidence for neonicotinoid driven decline in aquatic emerging insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, 8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105692118j1of8 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ehlers, B. K., Bataillon, T. & Damgaard, C. F. Ongoing decline in insect-pollinated plants across Danish grasslands. Biol. Lett. 17, 20210493. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0493 (2021).
Google Scholar
Seibold, S. et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature 574, 671–674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cardoso, P. et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity on insect extinctions. Biol. Conserv. 242, 108426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108426 (2020).
Google Scholar
Montgomery, G. A. et al. Is the insect apocalypse upon us? How to find out. Biol. Conserv. 241, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108327 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jactel, H. et al. Insect decline: immediate action is needed. C. R. Biol. 343, 267–293. https://doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.37 (2020).
Google Scholar
Owens, A. C. S. et al. Light pollution is a driver of insect declines. Biol. Conserv. 241, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108259 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sanchez-Bayo, F. & Wyckhuys, K. A. G. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biol. Conserv. 232, 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 (2019).
Google Scholar
Michalko, R., Pekar, S. & Entling, M. H. An updated perspective on spiders as generalist predators in biological control. Oecologia https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4313-1 (2018).
Google Scholar
Nyffeler, M., Sterling, W. & Dean, D. How spiders make a living. Environ. Entomol. 23, 1357–1367 (1994).
Google Scholar
Branco, V. V. & Cardoso, P. An expert-based assessment of global threats and conservation measures for spiders. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 24, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01290 (2020).
Google Scholar
Gobbi, M., Fontaneto, D. & De Bernardi, F. Influence of climate changes on animal communities in space and time: The case of spider assemblages along an alpine glacier foreland. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 1985–1992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01236.x (2006).
Google Scholar
Mammola, S., Goodacre, S. L. & Isaia, M. Climate change may drive cave spiders to extinction. Ecography 41, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02902 (2018).
Google Scholar
Potapov, A. M. et al. Functional losses in ground spider communities due to habitat structure degradation under tropical land-use change. Ecology 101, e02957. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2957 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kormann, U. et al. Local and landscape management drive trait-mediated biodiversity of nine taxa on small grassland fragments. Divers. Distrib. 21, 1204–1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12324 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hogg, B. N. & Daane, K. M. Ecosystem services in the face of invasion: the persistence of native and nonnative spiders in an agricultural landscape. Ecol. Appl. 21, 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0496.1 (2011).
Google Scholar
Galle, R., Happe, A. K., Baillod, A. B., Tscharntke, T. & Batary, P. Landscape configuration, organic management, and within-field position drive functional diversity of spiders and carabids. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13257 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pekár, S. Spiders (Araneae) in the pesticide world: An ecotoxicological review. Pest. Manage. Sci. 68, 1438–1446. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3397 (2012).
Google Scholar
Bommarco, R., Miranda, F., Bylund, H. & Bjorkman, C. Insecticides suppress natural enemies and increase pest damage in cabbage. J. Econ. Entomol. 104, 782–791. https://doi.org/10.1603/ec10444 (2011).
Google Scholar
Outhwaite, C. L., Gregory, R. D., Chandler, R. E., Collen, B. & Isaac, N. J. B. Complex long-term biodiversity change among invertebrates, bryophytes and lichens. Nature Ecol. Evol. 4, 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1111-z (2020).
Google Scholar
Rix, M. G. et al. Where have all the spiders gone? The decline of a poorly known invertebrate fauna in the agricultural and arid zones of southern Australia. Austral Entomol. 56, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12258 (2017).
Google Scholar
Nyffeler, M. & Bonte, D. Where have all the spiders gone? Observations of a dramatic population density decline in the once very abundant garden spider, Araneus diadematus (Araneae: Araneidae), in the Swiss Midland. Insects 11, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040248 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bowden, J. J., Hansen, O. L. P., Olsen, K., Schmidt, N. M. & Høye, T. T. Drivers of inter-annual variation and long-term change in High-Arctic spider species abundances. Polar Biol. 41, 1635–1649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-018-2351-0 (2018).
Google Scholar
Samu, F., Németh, J. & Kiss, B. Assessment of the efficiency of a hand-held suction device for sampling spiders: Improved density estimation or oversampling?. Ann. Appl. Biol. 130, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb06840.x (1997).
Google Scholar
Nentwig, W. et al. Spiders of Europe. Version 07.2022. https://www.araneae.nmbe.ch (2022).
Heimer, S. & Nentwig, W. Spinnen Mitteleuropas (Paul Parey, 1991).
Samu, F. & Szinetár, C. On the nature of agrobiont spiders. J. Arachnol. 30, 389–402. https://doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0389:Otnoas]2.0.Co;2 (2002).
Google Scholar
Buchar, J. & Růžička, V. Catalogue of Spiders of the Czech Republic (Peres, 2002).
Samu, F. A general data model for databases in experimental animal ecology. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 45, 273–290 (1999).
Laliberté, E., Legendre, P. & Shipley, B. FD: Measuring Functional Diversity from Multiple Traits, and Other Tools for Functional Ecology. R package version 1.0–12. (2014).
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zuur, A., Ieno, E., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. & Smith, G. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R (Springer, 2009).
Google Scholar
Vegan. Community Ecology Package. R package Version 2.5–6. The Comprehensive R Archive Network (2019).
ter Braak, C. J. F. & Smilauer, P. Canoco Reference Manual and User’s Guide: Software for Ordination, Version 5.1x. (Microcomputer Power, 2018).
McRae, L., Deinet, S. & Freeman, R. The diversity-weighted living planet index: Controlling for taxonomic bias in a global biodiversity indicator. PLoS ONE 12, e0169156. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169156 (2017).
Google Scholar
Toju, H. & Baba, Y. G. DNA metabarcoding of spiders, insects, and springtails for exploring potential linkage between above- and below-ground food webs. Zool. Lett. 4, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0088-9 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the anthropocene. Science 345, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251817 (2014).
Google Scholar
Lister, B. C. & Garcia, A. Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, E10397–E10406. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722477115 (2018).
Google Scholar
Harwood, J. D., Sunderland, K. D. & Symondson, W. O. C. Monoclonal antibodies reveal the potential of the tetragnathid spider Pachygnatha degeeri (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) as an aphid predator. Bull. Entomol. Res. 95, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1079/BER2004346 (2005).
Google Scholar
Samu, F., Beleznai, O. & Tholt, G. A potential spider natural enemy against virus vector leafhoppers in agricultural mosaic landscapes: Corroborating ecological and behavioral evidence. Biol. Control. 67, 390–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.08.016 (2013).
Google Scholar
Biteniekyté, M. & Relys, V. Epigeic spider communities of a peat bog and adjacent habitats. Rev. Iber. Aracnol. 15, 81–87 (2008).
Michalko, R., Kosulic, O., Hula, V. & Surovcova, K. Niche differentiation of two sibling wolf spider species, Pardosa lugubris and Pardosa alacris, along a canopy openness gradient. J. Arachnol. 44, 46–51 (2016).
Google Scholar
Nyffeler, M. & Birkhofer, K. An estimated 400–800 million tons of prey are annually killed by the global spider community. Naturwissenschaften 104, 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-017-1440-1 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sohlström, E. H. et al. Future climate and land-use intensification modify arthropod community structure. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 327, 107830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107830 (2022).
Google Scholar
Sallé, A. et al. Climate change alters temperate forest canopies and indirectly reshapes arthropod communities. Front. For. Glob. Change 4, 710854 (2021).
Google Scholar
Høye, T. T. et al. Nonlinear trends in abundance and diversity and complex responses to climate change in Arctic arthropods. Proc. Natl. Acas. Sci. USA 118, e2002557117 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tscharntke, T., Klein, A. M., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Thies, C. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity: Ecosystem service management. Ecol. Lett. 8, 857–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x (2005).
Google Scholar
Kleijn, D., Rundlöf, M., Scheper, J., Smith, H. G. & Tscharntke, T. Does conservation on farmland contribute to halting the biodiversity decline?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.05.009 (2011).
Google Scholar
Swinbank, A. The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 1–9 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Wissinger, S. Cyclic colonization in predictably ephemeral habitats: A template for biological control in annual crop systems. Biol. Control 10, 4–15 (1997).
Google Scholar
Samu, F., Szita, É. & Botos, E. Short- and longer-term colonization of alfalfa by spiders: A case study into the succession of perennial fields. In European Arachnology 2008 (eds Nentwig, W. et al.) 153–163 (Natural History Museum, 2010).
Samu, F., Horváth, A., Neidert, D., Botos, E. & Szita, É. Metacommunities of spiders in grassland habitat fragments of an agricultural landscape. Basic Appl. Ecol. 31, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.009 (2018).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
