Newmark, W. D. A land-bridge island perspective on mammalian extinctions in western North American parks. Nature 325, 430–432 (1987).
Google Scholar
Newmark, W. D. Isolation of African protected areas. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 321–328 (2008).
Google Scholar
Radeloff, V. C. et al. Housing growth in and near United States protected areas limits their conservation value. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 940–945 (2010).
Google Scholar
Jones, K. R. et al. One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure. Science 360, 788–791 (2018).
Google Scholar
Elsen, P. R., Monahan, W. B., Dougherty, E. R. & Merenlender, A. M. Keeping pace with climate change in global terrestrial protected areas. Sci. Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0814 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wasser, S. K. et al. Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa’s major poaching hotspots. Science 349, 84–87 (2015).
Google Scholar
Davis, C. R. & Hansen, A. J. Trajectories in land use change around U,S. national parks and challenges and opportunities for management. Ecol. Appl. 21, 3299–3316 (2011).
Google Scholar
Newmark, W. D. Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conserv. Biol. 9, 512–526 (1995).
Google Scholar
Newmark, W. D. Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conserv. Biol. 10, 1549–1556 (1996).
Google Scholar
Brashares, J. S., Arcese, P. & Sam, M. K. Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in West Africa. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 268, 2473–2478 (2001).
Google Scholar
Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280, 2126–2128 (1998).
Google Scholar
Turner, M. G. & Dale, V. H. Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: What have we learned?. Ecosystems 1, 493–496 (1998).
Google Scholar
Berger, J. The last mile: How to sustain long-distance migration in mammals. Conserv. Biol. 18, 320–331 (2004).
Google Scholar
Bolger, D. T., Newmark, W. D., Morrison, T. A. & Doak, D. F. The need for integrative approaches to understand and conserve migratory ungulates. Ecol. Lett. 11, 63–77 (2008).
Sawyer, H., Kauffman, M. J., Nielson, R. M. & Horne, J. S. Identifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape-level conservation. Ecol. Appl. 19, 2016–2025 (2009).
Google Scholar
Tucker, M. A. et al. Moving in the anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science 469, 466–469 (2018).
Google Scholar
Soulé, M. E. & Terborgh, J. Conserving nature at regional and continental scales-a scientific program for North America. Bioscience 49, 809–817 (1999).
Google Scholar
Hilty, J. et al. Guidelines for conserving connectivity through ecological networks and corridors. Best Pract. Prot. Area Guidel. Ser. 30, 122 (2020).
Haddad, N. & Tewksbury, J. Impacts of corridors on populations and communities. in Connectivity Conservation (eds. Crooks, K. R. & Sanjayan, M.) 390–415 (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Ramiadantsoa, T., Ovaskainen, O., Rybicki, J. & Hanski, I. Large-scale habitat corridors for biodiversity conservation: A forest corridor in Madagascar. PLoS One 10, 1–18 (2015).
Google Scholar
Newmark, W. D., Jenkins, C. N., Pimm, S. L., McNeally, P. B. & Halley, J. M. Targeted habitat restoration can reduce extinction rates in fragmented forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 114, 9635–9640 (2017).
Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. Biogeographic kinetics: Estimation of relaxation times for avifaunas of southwest Pacific islands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69, 3199–3203 (1972).
Google Scholar
Terborgh, J. Preservation of natural diversity: The problem of extinction prone species. Bioscience 24, 715–722 (1974).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D., May, R. M., Lehman, C. L. & Nowak, M. A. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt revisited. Nature 371, 65–66 (1994).
Google Scholar
Halley, J. M., Monokrousos, N., Mazaris, A. D., Newmark, W. D. & Vokou, D. Dynamics of extinction debt across five taxonomic groups. Nat. Commun. 7, 1–6 (2016).
Google Scholar
Wearn, O. R., Reuman, D. C. & Ewers, R. M. Extinction debt and windows of conservation opportunity in the Brazilian amazon. Science 337, 228–232 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hanski, I. Extinction debt and species credit in boreal forests: Modelling the consequences of different approaches to conservation. Ann. Zool. Fennici 37, 271–280 (2000).
LaBarbera, M. Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20, 97–117 (1989).
Google Scholar
Oakleaf, J. K. et al. Habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the northern Rocky mountains of the United States. J. Wildl. Manage. 70, 554–563 (2006).
Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., McKelvey, K. S. & Schwartz, M. K. Use of empirically derived source-destination models to map regional conservation corridors. Conserv. Biol. 23, 368–376 (2009).
Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. K. et al. Wolverine gene flow across a narrow climatic niche. Ecology 90, 3222–3232 (2014).
Google Scholar
McKelvey, K. S. et al. Climate change predicted to shift wolverine distributions, connectivity, and dispersal corridors. Ecol. Appl. 21, 2882–2897 (2011).
Google Scholar
Carroll, C., Mcrae, B. H. & Brookes, A. Use of linkage mapping and centrality analysis across habitat gradients to conserve connectivity of gray wolf populations in western North America. Conserv. Biol. 26, 78–87 (2012).
Google Scholar
Parks, S. A., McKelvey, K. S. & Schwartz, M. K. Effects of weighting schemes on the identification of wildlife corridors generated with least-cost methods. Conserv. Biol. 27, 145–154 (2013).
Google Scholar
Peck, C. P. et al. Potential paths for male-mediated gene flow to and from an isolated grizzly bear population. Ecosphere 8, e01969 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wild Migrations: Atlas of Wyoming’s Ungulates. (Oregon State University, 2018).
Singleton, P. H., Gaines, W. L. & Lehmkuhl, J. F. Landscape permeability for large carnivores in Washington: A geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment. (2002).
Long, R. A. et al. The Cascades carnivore connectivity project: A landscape genetic assessment of connectivity in Washington’s north Cascades ecosystem. Final report for the Seattle City Light Wildlife Research Program (2013).
Diamond, J. M. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol. Conserv. 7, 129–146 (1975).
Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. & Willis, E. O. Applied biogeography. In Ecological structure of ecological communities (eds. Cody, M. L, & Diamond, J. M.) 522–534 (Harvard University Press, 1975)
Halley, J. M. & Iwasa, Y. Neutral theory as a predictor of avifaunal extinctions after habitat loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 2316–2321 (2011).
Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., Lewis, J. S. & Landguth, E. L. Evaluating the intersection of a regional wildlife connectivity network with highways. Mov. Ecol. 1, 1–11 (2013).
Google Scholar
Singleton, P. H. & Lehmkuhl, J. F. I-90 Snoqualmie pass wildlife habitat linkage assessment. Final Report. USDA, Pacific Northwest Research Station. (2000).
Craighead, L., Craighead, A., Oeschslia, L. & Kociolek, A. Bozeman pass post-fencing wildlife monitoring. Final Report. FHWA/MT-10-006/8173 (2011).
Andis, A. Z., Huijser, M. P. & Broberg, L. Performance of arch-style road crossing structures from relative movement rates of large mammals. Front. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1–13 (2017).
Google Scholar
Millward, L. Small mammal microhabitat use and species composition at a wildlife crossing structure compared with nearby forest (Central Washington University, 2018).
Bischof, R., Steyaert, S. M. J. G. & Kindberg, J. Caught in the mesh: Roads and their network-scale impediment to animal movement. Ecography 40, 1369–1380 (2017).
Google Scholar
Balkenhol, N. & Waits, L. P. Molecular road ecology: Exploring the potential of genetics for investigating transportation impacts on wildlife. Mol. Ecol. 18, 4151–4164 (2009).
Google Scholar
Clevenger, A. P. & Wierzchowski, J. Maintaining and restoring connectivity in landscapes fragmented by roads. In Connectivity Conservation, (eds. Crooks, K. R. & Sanjayan, M.) 502–535 (Cambridge University Press, 2010.)
Sawaya, M. A., Kalinowski, S. T. & Clevenger, A. P. Genetic connectivity for two bear species at wildlife crossing structures in Banff National Park. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 281, 20131705 (2014).
Google Scholar
Sawaya, M. A., Clevenger, A. P. & Schwartz, M. K. Demographic fragmentation of a protected wolverine population bisected by a major transportation corridor. Biol. Conserv. 236, 616–625 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kamal, S., Grodzińska-Jurczak, M. & Brown, G. Conservation on private land: A review of global strategies with a proposed classification system. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 58, 576–597 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wasserman, T. N., Cushman, S. A., Littell, J. S., Shirk, A. J. & Landguth, E. L. Population connectivity and genetic diversity of American marten (Martes americana) in the United States northern Rocky Mountains in a climate change context. Conserv. Genet. 14, 529–541 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wasserman, T. N., Cushman, S. A., Shirk, A. S., Landguth, E. L. & Littell, J. S. Simulating the effects of climate change on population connectivity of American marten (Martes americana) in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Landsc. Ecol. 27, 211–225 (2012).
Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., Landguth, E. L. & Flather, C. H. Evaluating the sufficiency of protected lands for maintaining wildlife population connectivity in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains. Divers. Distrib. 18, 873–884 (2012).
Google Scholar
Beier, P., Spencer, W., Baldwin, R. F. & Mcrae, B. H. Toward best practices for developing regional connectivity maps. Conserv. Biol. 25, 879–892 (2011).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (2020).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
