Heyes, B. Y. C. M. Social learning in animals: Categories and mechanisms. Biol. Rev. 69(2), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1994.tb01506.x (1994).
Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Social processes influencing learning in animals: A review of the evidence. Adv. Study Behav. 38, 105–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)00003-X (2008).
Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I. & Laland, K. N. Adaptive trade-offs in the use of social and personal information. In Cognitive Ecology II (eds Dukas, R. & Ratcliffe, J. M.) 249–271 (University of Chicago Press, 2009).
Google Scholar
Marshall-Pescini, S. & Whiten, A. Social learning of nut-cracking behavior in East African sanctuary-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). J. Comp. Psychol. 122(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.122.2.186 (2008).
Google Scholar
Hobaiter, C., Poisot, T., Zuberbühler, K., Hoppitt, W. & Gruber, T. Social network analysis shows direct evidence for social transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. PLoS Biol. 12(9), e1001960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001960 (2014).
Google Scholar
Coelho, C. G. et al. Social learning strategies for nut-cracking by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Anim. Cogn. 18(4), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0861-5 (2015).
Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. Culture and the evolutionary process (University of Chicago press, 1985).
Laland, K. N. Social learning strategies. Anim. Learn. Behav. 32(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196002 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L. Animal ‘culture wars’: Evidence from the Wild?. Psychologist 21(4), 312–315 (2008).
Kendal, R. L., Kendal, J. R., Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Identifying social learning in animal populations: A new ‘option-bias’ method. PLoS ONE 4(8), e6541. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006541 (2009).
Google Scholar
Giraldeau, L. A., Valone, T. J. & Templeton, J. J. Potential disadvantages of using socially acquired information. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Series B. 357(1427), 1559–1566. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1065 (2002).
Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L., Coolen, I., van Bergen, Y. & Laland, K. N. Trade-offs in the adaptive use of social and asocial learning. Adv. Study Behav. 35, 333–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(05)35008-X (2005).
Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. Jr. Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive. Anim. Behav. 49(5), 1325–1334. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1995.0164 (1995).
Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L. et al. Social learning strategies: Bridge-building between fields. Trends Cogn. Sci. 22(7), 651–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.003 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rendell, L. et al. Cognitive culture: Theoretical and empirical insights into social learning strategies. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15(2), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.002 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dindo, M., Thierry, B. & Whiten, A. Social diffusion of novel foraging methods in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Proc. R. Soc. B 275(1631), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1318 (2008).
Google Scholar
Reader, S. M. & Biro, D. Experimental identification of social learning in wild animals. Learn. Behav. 38(3), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.265 (2010).
Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Social Learning: An Introduction to Mechanisms, Methods, and Models (Princeton University Press, 2013).
Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Russon, A. E. Learning by imitation: A hierarchical approach. Behav. Brain Sci. 21(5), 667–684. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X9833174X (1998).
Google Scholar
Kendal, R. L. et al. Evidence for social learning in wild lemurs (Lemur catta). Learn. Behav. 38(3), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.220 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lonsdorf, E. V. & Bonnie, K. E. Opportunities and constraints when studying social learning: Developmental approaches and social factors. Learn. Behav. 38(3), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.3758/LB.38.3.195 (2010).
Google Scholar
Coussi-korbel, S. & Fragaszy, M. On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Anim. Behav. 50(6), 1441–1453. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80001-8 (1995).
Google Scholar
Franz, M. & Nunn, C. L. Network-based diffusion analysis: A new method for detecting social learning. Proc. R. Soc. Lond B 276(1663), 1829–1836. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1824 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W., Boogert, N. J. & Laland, K. N. Detecting social transmission in networks. J. Theor. Biol. 263(4), 544–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.004 (2010).
Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W. & Laland, K. N. Detecting social learning using networks: A users guide. Am. J. Primatol. 73(8), 834–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20920 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hasenjager, M. J., Leadbeater, E. & Hoppitt, W. Detecting and quantifying social transmission using network-based diffusion analysis. J. Anim. Ecol. 90(1), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13307 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schnoell, A. V. & Fichtel, C. Wild red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) use social information to learn new foraging techniques. Anim. Cogn. 15(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0477-y (2012).
Google Scholar
Coelho, C. Social Dynamics and Diffusion of Novel Behaviour Patterns in Wild Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) Inhabiting the Serra da Capivara National Park. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) (Durham University, 2015).
Claidière, N., Messer, E. J., Hoppitt, W. & Whiten, A. Diffusion dynamics of socially learned foraging techniques in squirrel monkeys. Curr. Biol. 23(13), 1251–1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.036 (2013).
Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, E. J., Staes, N., Verspeek, J., Hoppitt, W. J. & Stevens, J. M. Social culture in bonobos. Curr. Biol. 30(6), R261–R262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.038 (2020).
Google Scholar
Canteloup, C., Hoppitt, W. & van de Waal, E. Wild primates copy higher-ranked individuals in a social transmission experiment. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14209-8 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kawai, M. Newly-acquired pre-cultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima Islet. Primates 6(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794457 (1965).
Google Scholar
Huffman, M. A., Leca, J. B. & Nahallage, C. A. Cultured Japanese macaques: A multidisciplinary approach to stone handling behavior and its implications for the evolution of behavioral tradition in nonhuman primates. In The Japanese Macaques (eds Nakagawa, N. et al.) 191–219 (Springer, 2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53886-8_9.
Google Scholar
Drapier, M. & Thierry, B. Social transmission of feeding techniques in Tonkean macaques?. Int. J. Primatol. 23(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013201924975 (2002).
Google Scholar
Ducoing, A. M. & Thierry, B. Tool-use learning in Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana). Anim. Cogn. 8(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-004-0240-0 (2005).
Google Scholar
Ferrari, P. F. et al. Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques. PLoS Biol. 4(9), e302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040302 (2006).
Google Scholar
Leca, J. B., Gunst, N. & Huffman, M. A. The first case of dental flossing by a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata): Implications for the determinants of behavioral innovation and the constraints on social transmission. Primates 51(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-009-0159-9 (2010).
Google Scholar
Macellini, S. et al. Individual and social learning processes involved in the acquisition and generalization of tool use in macaques. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367(1585), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0125 (2012).
Google Scholar
Redshaw, J. Re-analysis of data reveals no evidence for neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques. Biol. Let. 15(7), 20190342. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0342 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hook, M. A. et al. Inter-group variation in abnormal behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 76(2), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(02)00005-9 (2002).
Google Scholar
Watanabe, K., Urasopon, N. & Malaivijitnond, S. Long-tailed macaques use human hair as dental floss. Am. J. Primatol. 69(8), 940–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20403 (2007).
Google Scholar
Gumert, M. D., Kluck, M. & Malaivijitnond, S. The physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long-tailed macaques in the Andaman Sea region of Thailand. Am. J. Primatol. 71(7), 594–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20694 (2009).
Google Scholar
Tan, A. W., Hemelrijk, C. K., Malaivijitnond, S. & Gumert, M. D. Young macaques (Macaca fascicularis) preferentially bias attention towards closer, older, and better tool users. Anim. Cogn. 21(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1188-9 (2018).
Google Scholar
Bandini, E. & Tennie, C. Exploring the role of individual learning in animal tool-use. PeerJ 8, e9877. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9877 (2020).
Google Scholar
Leca, J. B., Gunst, N., & Huffman, M. A. Japanese macaque cultures: Inter-and intra-troop behavioural variability of stone handling patterns across 10 troops. Behaviour, 251–281. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4536445 (2007).
Tanaka, I. Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 98(2), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330980208 (1995).
Google Scholar
Tanaka, I. Social diffusion of modified louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Anim. Behav. 56(5), 1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0891 (1998).
Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & van de Waal, E. The pervasive role of social learning in primate lifetime development. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2489-3 (2018).
Google Scholar
Widdig, A., Streich, W. J. & Tembrock, G. Coalition formation among male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Am. J. Primatol. 50(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(200001)50:1%3c37::AID-AJP4%3e3.0.CO;2-3 (2000).
Google Scholar
Thierry, B. Unity in diversity: Lessons from macaque societies. Evol. Anthropol. 16(6), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20147 (2007).
Google Scholar
Berghänel, A., Ostner, J., Schröder, U. & Schülke, O. Social bonds predict future cooperation in male Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Anim. Behav. 81(6), 1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.02.009 (2011).
Google Scholar
Carne, C., Wiper, S. & Semple, S. Reciprocation and interchange of grooming, agonistic support, feeding tolerance, and aggression in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 73(11), 1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20979 (2011).
Google Scholar
Molesti, S. & Majolo, B. Cooperation in wild Barbary macaques: Factors affecting free partner choice. Anim. Cogn. 19(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0919-4 (2016).
Google Scholar
Rebout, N., Desportes, C. & Thierry, B. Resource partitioning in tolerant and intolerant macaques. Aggress. Behav. 43(5), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21709 (2017).
Google Scholar
Amici, F., Caicoya, A. L., Majolo, B. & Widdig, A. Innovation in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61558-2 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fischer, J. Emergence of individual recognition in young macaques. Anim. Behav. 67(4), 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.006 (2004).
Google Scholar
Seyfarth, R. M. & Cheney, D. L. Production, usage, and comprehension in animal vocalizations. Brain Lang. 115(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.10.003 (2010).
Google Scholar
Garcia-Nisa, I. Communication and cultural transmission in populations of semi free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). (Doctoral dissertation). Durham University, United Kingdom. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14140/ (2021).
Hoppitt, W. The conceptual foundations of network-based diffusion analysis: Choosing networks and interpreting results. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 372(1735), 20160418. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0418 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hikami, K., Hasegawa, Y. & Matsuzawa, T. Social transmission of food preferences in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) after mere exposure or aversion training. J. Comp. Psychol. 104(3), 233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.104.3.233 (1990).
Google Scholar
Deaner, R. O., Khera, A. V. & Platt, M. L. Monkeys pay per view: Adaptive valuation of social images by rhesus macaques. Curr. Biol. 15(6), 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.044 (2005).
Google Scholar
Gariépy, J. F. et al. Social learning in humans and other animals. Front. Neurosci. 8, 58. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00058 (2014).
Google Scholar
Barrett, B. J., McElreath, R. L. & Perry, S. E. Pay-off-biased social learning underlies the diffusion of novel extractive foraging traditions in a wild primate. Proc. R. Soc. B 284(1856), 20170358. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0358 (2017).
Google Scholar
Kuester, J. & Paul, A. Group fission in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem. Int. J. Primatol. 18(6), 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026396113830 (1997).
Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. Analyzing Animal Societies: Quantitative Methods for Vertebrate Social Analysis (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
Google Scholar
Hoppitt, W. (2011). NBDA User Guide V1.2. https://lalandlab.st-andrews.ac.uk/freeware/ 28 Sept 2016.
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. & Paik, M. C. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions 3rd edn. (Wiley, 2003).
Google Scholar
McHugh, M. L. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica, 22(3), 276–282. https://hrcak.srce.hr/89395 (2012).
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J. & Black, W. C. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective Vol. 7 (Pearson Education, 2010).
Campbell, L. A., Tkaczynski, P. J., Lehmann, J., Mouna, M. & Majolo, B. Social thermoregulation as a potential mechanism linking sociality and fitness: Barbary macaques with more social partners form larger huddles. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24373-4 (2018).
Google Scholar
Barrett, L., Henzi, S. P., Weingrill, T., Lycett, J. E. & Hill, R. A. Market forces predict grooming reciprocity in female baboons. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 266(1420), 665–670. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0687 (1999).
Google Scholar
Henzi, S. P. et al. Effect of resource competition on the long-term allocation of grooming by female baboons: Evaluating Seyfarth’s model. Anim. Behav. 66(5), 931–938. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2003.2244 (2003).
Google Scholar
Ueno, M. & Nakamichi, M. Grooming facilitates huddling formation in Japanese macaques. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 72(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2514-6 (2018).
Google Scholar
Carter, A. J., Tico, M. T. & Cowlishaw, G. Sequential phenotypic constraints on social information use in wild baboons. Elife 5, e13125. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13125.001 (2016).
Google Scholar
Barelli, C., Reichard, U. H. & Mundry, R. Is grooming used as a commodity in wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar?. Anim. Behav. 82(4), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.012 (2011).
Google Scholar
Schülke, O., Dumdey, N. & Ostner, J. Selective attention for affiliative and agonistic interactions of dominants and close affiliates in macaques. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62772-8 (2020).
Google Scholar
Heesen, M., Macdonald, S., Ostner, J. & Schülke, O. Ecological and social determinants of group cohesiveness and within-group spatial position in wild Assamese macaques. Ethology 121(3), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12336 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ortiz, K. M. Female feeding competition in a folivorous primate (Propithecus verreauxi) with formalized dominance hierarchies: contest or scramble? (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas, USA. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/34120 (2015).
Jurczyk, V., Fröber, K. & Dreisbach, G. Increasing reward prospect motivates switching to the more difficult task. Mot. Sci. 5(4), 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000119 (2019).
Google Scholar
Rathke, E. M. & Fischer, J. Differential ageing trajectories in motivation, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 375(1811), 20190617. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0617 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kendal, R. et al. Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: Implications for cultural diversity. Evol. Hum. Behav. 36(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.002 (2015).
Google Scholar
van de Waal, E., Claidière, N. & Whiten, A. Social learning and spread of alternative means of opening an artificial fruit in four groups of vervet monkeys. Anim. Behav. 85(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.008 (2013).
Google Scholar
Luncz, L. V. & Boesch, C. Tradition over trend: Neighboring chimpanzee communities maintain differences in cultural behavior despite frequent immigration of adult females. Am. J. Primatol. 76(7), 649–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22259 (2014).
Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, E. J., Acerbi, A., Kendal, R. L., Tennie, C. & Haun, D. B. A reappreciation of ‘conformity’. Anim. Behav. 122, e5–e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.010 (2016).
Google Scholar
Horner, V. & Whiten, A. Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). Anim. Cogn. 8(3), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-004-0239-6 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wood, L. The influence of model-based biases and observer prior experience on social learning mechanisms and strategies. (Doctoral dissertation). Durham University, United Kingdom. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7274/ (2013).
van Leeuwen, E. J., Cronin, K. A., Schütte, S., Call, J. & Haun, D. B. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly adjust their behaviour in order to maximize payoffs, not to conform to majorities. PLoS ONE 8(11), e80945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945 (2013).
Google Scholar
Vale, G. L., Flynn, E. G., Lambeth, S. P., Schapiro, S. J. & Kendal, R. L. Public information use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 128(2), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034420 (2014).
Google Scholar
Canteloup, C., Cera, M. B., Barrett, B. J. & van de Waal, E. Processing of novel food reveals payoff and rank-biased social learning in a wild primate. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88857-6 (2021).
Google Scholar
Boccaletti, S. et al. The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks. Phys. Rep. 544(1), 1–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001 (2014).
Google Scholar
Kivela, M. et al. Multilayer networks. J. Complex Netw. 2(3), 203e271. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu016 (2014).
Google Scholar
Snijders, L. & Naguib, M. Communication in animal social networks: A missing link. Adv. Study Behav. 49, 297–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.asb.2017.02.004 (2017).
Google Scholar
Finn, K. R., Silk, M. J., Porter, M. A. & Pinter-Wollman, N. The use of multilayer network analysis in animal behaviour. Anim. Behav. 149, 7–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.12.016 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
