Weiner, J. Physiological limits to sustainable energy budgets in birds and mammals: ecological implications. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7, 384–388 (1992).
Google Scholar
Mcnab, B. K. Food habits, energetics, and the population biology of mammals. Am. Nat. 116, 106–124 (1980).
Google Scholar
Hovey, F. W. & Harestad, A. S. Estimating effects of snow on shrub availability for black-tailed deer in southwestern British Columbia. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 20, 308–313 (1992).
Post, E. & Stenseth, N. Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 80, 1322–1339 (1999).
Google Scholar
Moen, A. N. Seasonal changes in heart rates, activity, metabolism, and forage intake of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manag. 42, 715–738 (1978).
Google Scholar
Holand, Ø., Mysterud, A., Wannag, A. & Linnell, J. D. C. Roe deer in northern environments: physiology and behaviour. In The European Roe Deer: Biology of Success (eds Andersen, R. et al.) 117–137 (Scandinavian University Press, 1998).
Foromozov, A. N. Snow Cover as an Integral Factor of the Environment and Its Importance in the Ecology of Mammals and Birds (The University of Alberta, 1963).
Cagnacci, F. et al. Partial migration in roe deer: migratory and resident tactics are end points of a behavioural gradient determined by ecological factors. Oikos 120, 1790–1802 (2011).
Google Scholar
Dussault, C., Courtois, R., Ouellet, J.-P. & Girard, I. Space use of moose in relation to food availability. Can. J. Zool. 83, 1431–1437 (2005).
Google Scholar
Mysterud, A. & Sæther, B.-E. Climate change and implications for the future distribution and management of ungulates in Europe. In Ungulate Management in Europe: Problems and Practices (eds Putman, R. et al.) 349–375 (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Parmesan, C. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, 637–669 (2006).
Google Scholar
Scherrer, S. C., Wüthrich, C., Croci-Maspoli, M., Weingartner, R. & Appenzeller, C. Snow variability in the Swiss Alps 1864–2009. Int. J. Climatol. 33, 3162–3173 (2013).
Google Scholar
Milner, J. M., van Beest, F. M., Schmidt, K. T., Brook, R. K. & Storaas, T. To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates. J. Wildl. Manag. 78, 1322–1334 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ossi, F. et al. Plastic response by a small cervid to supplemental feeding in winter across a wide environmental gradient. Ecosphere 8, e01629 (2017).
Google Scholar
Putman, R. & Staines, B. W. Supplementary winter feeding of wild red deer Cervus elaphus in Europe and North America: justifications, feeding practice and effectiveness. Mamm. Rev. 34, 285–306 (2004).
Google Scholar
Cagnacci, F., Boitani, L., Powell, R. A. & Boyce, M. S. Animal ecology meets GPS-based radiotelemetry: a perfect storm of opportunities and challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365, 2157–2162 (2010).
Google Scholar
Peters, W. et al. Migration in geographic and ecological space by a large herbivore. Ecol. Monogr. 87, 297–320 (2017).
Google Scholar
Morellet, N. et al. Seasonality, weather and climate affect home range size in roe deer across a wide latitudinal gradient within Europe. J. Anim. Ecol. 82, 1326–1339 (2013).
Google Scholar
Johnson, D. H. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61, 65–71 (1980).
Google Scholar
Ossi, F., Gaillard, J. M., Hebblewhite, M. & Cagnacci, F. Snow sinking depth and forest canopy drive winter resource selection more than supplemental feeding in an alpine population of roe deer. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 61, 111–124 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mysterud, A. & Østbye, E. Bed-site selection by European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in southern Norway during winter. Can. J. Zool. 73, 924–932 (1995).
Google Scholar
Ramanzin, M., Sturaro, E. & Zanon, D. Seasonal migration and home range of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Italian eastern Alps. Can. J. Zool. 85, 280–289 (2007).
Google Scholar
Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., Dall’Amico, M. & Rigon, R. GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects. Geosci. Model. Dev. 7, 2831–2857 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cohen, J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 20, 37–46 (1960).
Google Scholar
Thomson, A. M. et al. RCP 4.5: a pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100. Clim. Change 109, 77–94 (2011).
Google Scholar
Riahi, K. et al. RCP 8.5—a scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions. Clim. Change 109, 33–57 (2011).
Google Scholar
Thomas, C. D. Climate, climate change and range boundaries. Divers. Distrib. 16, 488–495 (2010).
Google Scholar
Penteriani, V. et al. Evolutionary and ecological traps for brown bears Ursus arctos in human-modified landscapes. Mamm. Rev. 48, 180–193 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sorensen, A., van Beest, F. M. & Brook, R. K. Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease transmission risk: a synthesis of knowledge. Prev. Vet. Med. 113, 356–363 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mysterud, A., Viljugrein, H., Solberg, E. J. & Rolandsen, C. M. Legal regulation of supplementary cervid feeding facing chronic wasting disease. J. Wildl. Manag. 83, 1667–1675 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ceacero, F. et al. Benefits for dominant red deer hinds under a competitive feeding system: food access behavior, diet and nutrient selection. PLoS ONE 7, e32780 (2012).
Google Scholar
Beever, E. A. et al. Behavioral flexibility as a mechanism for coping with climate change. Front. Ecol. Environ. 15, 299–308 (2017).
Google Scholar
Loe, L. E. et al. Behavioral buffering of extreme weather events in a high-Arctic herbivore. Ecosphere 7, e01374 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sih, A., Ferrari, M. C. O. & Harris, D. J. Evolution and behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change. Evol. Appl. 4, 367–387 (2011).
Google Scholar
Radchuk, V. et al. Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient. Nat. Commun. 10, 3109 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mysterud, A. Still walking on the wild side? Management actions as steps towards ‘semi-domestication’ of hunted ungulates. J. Appl. Ecol. 47, 920–925 (2010).
Google Scholar
Felton, A. M. et al. Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes. Mamm. Res. 62, 1–7 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ricci, S. et al. Impact of supplemental winter feeding on ruminal microbiota of roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Wildl. Biol. 2019, wlb.00572 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lone, K. et al. Living and dying in a multi-predator landscape of fear: roe deer are squeezed by contrasting pattern of predation risk imposed by lynx and humans. Oikos 123, 641–651 (2014).
Google Scholar
Chapron, G. et al. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science (80-) 346, 1517–1519 (2014).
Google Scholar
Milanesi, P., Breiner, F. T., Puopolo, F. & Holderegger, R. European human-dominated landscapes provide ample space for the recolonization of large carnivore populations under future land change scenarios. Ecography (Cop.) 40, 1359–1368 (2017).
Google Scholar
Pascual-Rico, R. et al. Is diversionary feeding a useful tool to avoid human-ungulate conflicts? A case study with the aoudad. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 64, 1–7 (2018).
Google Scholar
van Beest, F. M., Loe, L. E., Mysterud, A. & Milner, J. M. Comparative space use and habitat selection of moose around feeding stations. J. Wildl. Manag. 74, 219–227 (2010).
Google Scholar
Jerina, K. Roads and supplemental feeding affect home-range size of Slovenian red deer more than natural factors. J. Mamm. 93, 1139–1148 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ranc, N. et al. Preference and familiarity mediate spatial responses of a large herbivore to experimental manipulation of resource availability. Scientific Reports 10, 11946 (2020).
Brown, R. D. & Robinson, D. A. Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover variability and change over 1922–2010 including an assessment of uncertainty. Cryosphere 5, 219–229 (2011).
Google Scholar
Schloss, C. A., Nuñez, T. A. & Lawler, J. J. Dispersal will limit ability of mammals to track climate change in the Western Hemisphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, 8606–8611 (2012).
Google Scholar
Gurarie, E. et al. A framework for modelling range shifts and migrations: asking when, whither, whether and will it return. J. Anim. Ecol. 86, 943–959 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rivrud, I. M. et al. Leave before it’s too late: anthropogenic and environmental triggers of autumn migration in a hunted ungulate population. Ecology 97, 1058–1065 (2016).
Google Scholar
Courtois, R., Dussault, C., Potvin, F. & Daigle, G. Habitat selection by moose (Alces alces) in clear-cut landscapes. Alces 38, 177–192 (2002).
Gilbert, S. L., Hundertmark, K. J., Person, D. K., Lindberg, M. S. & Boyce, M. S. Behavioral plasticity in a variable environment: snow depth and habitat interactions drive deer movement in winter. J. Mamm. 98, 246–259 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chevin, L. M., Lande, R. & Mace, G. M. Adaptation, plasticity, and extinction in a changing environment: towards a predictive theory. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000357 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bauer, S. & Hoye, B. J. Migratory animals couple biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. Science (80-) 344, 1242552 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mason, T. H. E., Stephens, P. A., Apollonio, M. & Willis, S. G. Predicting potential responses to future climate in an alpine ungulate: Interspecific interactions exceed climate effects. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 3872–3882 (2014).
Google Scholar
Carnevali, L., Pedrotti, L., Riga, F. & Toso, S. Banca dati ungulati: Status, distribuzione, consistenza, gestione e prelievo venatorio delle popolazioni di ungulati in Italia. Rapporto 2001–2005 Vol. 117 (Biologia e Conservazione della Fauna, 2009).
Provincia Autonoma di Trento. Analisi delle consistenze e dei prelievi di ungulati, tetraonidi e coturnice. Stagione Venatoria 2018 (Provincia Autonoma di Trento, 2018).
Rockel, B., Will, A. & Hense, A. The regional climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM). Meteorol. Z. 17, 347–348 (2008).
Google Scholar
Boyce, M. S. & McDonald, L. L. Relating populations to habitats using resource selection functions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14, 268–272 (1999).
Google Scholar
Boyce, M. S., Vernier, P. R., Nielsen, S. E. & Schmiegelow, F. K. A. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecol. Modell. 157, 281–300 (2002).
Google Scholar
Benoit, T. & Achraf, E. suncalc: compute sun position, sunlight phases, moon position and lunar phase. R package version 0.5.0. https://cran.r-project.org/package=suncalc (2019).
DeCesare, N. J. et al. Transcending scale dependece in identifying habitat with resource selection functions. Ecol. Appl. 22, 1068–1083 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kendall, M. A new measure of rank correlation. Biometrika 30, 81–89 (1938).
Google Scholar
Cohen, J. Weighted kappa: nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychol. Bull. 70, 213–220 (1968).
Google Scholar
Gamer, M., Lemon, J., Fellows, I. & Singh, P. irr: various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement. R package version 0.84.1. https://cran.r-project.org/package=irr (2019).
Lele, S. R., Keim, J. L. & Solymos, P. ResourceSelection: resource selection (probability) functions for use-availability data. R package version 0.3-5. https://cran.r-project.org/package=ResourceSelection (2019).
Bivand, R., Keitt, T. & Rowlingson, B. rgdal: bindings for the ‘Geospatial’ Data Abstraction Library. R package version 1.4-8. https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgdal (2019).
McLeod, A. I. Kendall: Kendall rank correlation and Mann-Kendall trend test. R package version 2.2. https://cran.r-project.org/package=Kendall (2011).
Bright Ross, J. G., Peters, W., Ossi, F., Moorcroft P. R., Cordano, E., Eccel, E., Bianchini, F., Ramanzin, M., and Cagnacci, F. Datasets for “Climate change and anthropogenic food manipulation interact in shifting the distribution of a large herbivore at its altitudinal range limit.” https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4637674 (2021).
Source: Ecology - nature.com