Hobbs, P. R. & Gupta, R. K. Problems and challenges of no-till farming for the Rice–Wheat systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in South Asia. In Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice–Wheat System (eds Lal, R. et al.) 101–119 (Ohio State University; Marcel Dekker Inc, 2004).
Saharawat, Y. S. et al. Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice–wheat rotation in north-western IGP. Field Crops Res. 116, 260–267 (2010).
Google Scholar
Jat, R. K. et al. Seven years of conservation agriculture in a rice–wheat rotation of eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia: Yield trends and economic profitability. Field Crops Res. 164, 199–210 (2014).
Google Scholar
Parihar, C. M. et al. Long-term conservation agriculture and intensified cropping systems: Effects on growth, yield, water, and energy-use efficiency of maize in north-western India. Pedosphere 28(6), 952–963 (2018).
Google Scholar
Shiferaw, B., Prasanna, B. M., Hellin, J. & Banziger, M. Crops that feed the world 6. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by maize in global food security. Food Secur. 3, 30–327 (2011).
Srinivasan, G., Zaidi, P. H., Prasanna, B. M., Gonzalez, F. & Lesnick, K. eds. Proceedings of the Eighth Asian Regional Maize Workshop: New Technologies for the New Millennium. Bangkok, Thailand, 5–8 August 2002. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT (2004).
FAO. FAOSTAT database 2019. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accessed 17 April 2021). FAO, Rome (2019).
Aulakh, M. S. & Grant, C. A. Integrated Nutrient Management for Sustainable Crop Production (The Haworth Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2008).
Google Scholar
Jat, S. L., Parihar, C. M., Singh, A. K., Jat, M. L. & Jat, R. K. Carbon sustainability and productivity of maize based cropping system under conservation agriculture practices in Indo-Gangetic plains. In: Resilient food systems for a changing world, Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Conservation Agriculture Incorporating 3rd Farming Systems Design Conference, Brisbane Australia, 26-29 September, 2011, p. 110–111 (2011).
Parihar, C. M. et al. Conservation agriculture in irrigated intensive maize-based systems of north-western India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Res. 193, 104–116 (2016).
Google Scholar
Jat, M. L. et al. Crop residue management for sustainable production of maize (Zea mays) in dryland ecosystem. Chem. Sci. Rev. Lett. 6(23), 1681–1686 (2017).
Google Scholar
Pooniya, V. et al. Six years of conservation agriculture and nutrient management in maize–mustard rotation: Impact on soil properties, system productivity and profitability. Field Crops Res. 260, 108002 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gathala, M. K. et al. Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on physical properties of a medium-textured soil under a seven-year rice–wheat rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75, 1851–1862 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ladha, J. K. et al. Integrating crop and resource management technologies for enhanced productivity, profitability and sustainability of the rice-wheat system in South Asia. p. 69–108. In J.K. Ladha et al. (ed.) Integrated crop and resource management in the rice-wheat system of South Asia. IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines (2009).
Corsi, S. & Muminjanov, H. Conservation Agriculture: Training guide for extension agents and farmers in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Rome – ISBN 978-92-5-131456-2 (FAO, 2019).
Balwinder, S., Humphreys, E., Gaydon, D. S. & Yadav, S. Options for increasing the productivity of the rice–wheat system of north-west India while reducing groundwater depletion Part 2. Is conservation agriculture the answer?. Field Crops Res. 173, 81–94 (2015).
Google Scholar
Laik, R. et al. Integration of conservation agriculture with best management practices for improving system performance of the rice–wheat rotation in eastern Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 195, 68–82 (2014).
Google Scholar
Govaerts, B. et al. Conservation agriculture as a sustainable option for the central Mexican highlands. Soil Till. Res. 103, 222–230 (2009).
Google Scholar
Jat, M. L. et al. Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Field Crop Res. 149, 291–299 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ludwig, B. et al. Effects of fertilization and soil management on crop yields and carbon stabilization in soils. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 31, 361–372 (2011).
Google Scholar
Powlson, D. S., Stirling, C. M., Thierfelder, C., White, R. P. & Jat, M. L. Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro- ecosystems?. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 220, 164–174 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kandeler, E. et al. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities to the transient elevation of carbon dioxide in semi-arid grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 38, 2448–2460 (2006).
Google Scholar
Witt, C., Pasuquin, J. M., Pampolino, M.F., Buresh, R. J. & Dobermann, A. A manual for the development and participatory evaluation of site-specific nutrient management for maize in tropical, favorable environments. International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia. http://seap.ipni.net (2009).
Pampolino, M. et al. Development and evaluation of nutrient expert for wheat in South Asia (special issue): Nutrient management for wheat. Better Crops 96(3), 29–31 (2012).
Johnston, A. M. Nutrient expert-going global with improved fertilizer recommendations. Better Crops.Plant Food. 99(3), 20, (2015).
Sapkota, T. B. et al. Precision nutrient management in conservation agriculture based wheat production system of north–west India: Profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental footprint. Field Crop Res. 155, 233–244 (2014).
Google Scholar
Pooniya, V. et al. ‘Nutrient expert’ assisted site-specific-nutrient-management: An alternative precision fertilization technology for maize–wheat cropping system in South-Asian Indo-Gangetic Plains. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 85(8), 996–1002 (2015).
Google Scholar
Budhathoki, S. et al. Assessing growth, productivity and profitability of drought tolerant rice using nutrient expert—rice and other precision fertilizer management practices in Lamjung, Nepal. Acta. Sci. Agric. 2(8), 153–158 (2018).
Satyanarayana, T. et al. Economics of nitrogen fertilizer application in rice, wheat and maize grown in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Indian J. of Fert. 8(8), 62–71 (2012).
Satyanarayana, T., Majumdar, K., Pampolino, M., Johnston, A. M. & Jat, M. L. Nutrient ExpertTM: A tool to optimize nutrient use and improve productivity of maize. Better Crops. South Asia 97(1), 21–24 (2013).
Anonymous. Annual Progress Report Kharif Maize. All India Coordinated Research Project on Maize. Eds. V. Mahajan et al. Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana-141 004, India. pp. 1082 (2016).
Abrol, I. P. & Sangar, S. Sustaining Indian agriculture-conservation agriculture the way forward. Curr. Sci. 91, 1020–2015 (2006).
Ghosh, P. K. et al. Conservation agriculture towards achieving food security in north-east India. Curr. Sci. 99, 915–921 (2010).
Parihar, C. M. et al. Soil quality and carbon sequestration under conservation agriculture with balanced nutrition in intensive cereal-based system. Soil Tillage Res. 202, 104653 (2020).
Google Scholar
Mahajan, G., Singh, K. & Gill, M. S. Scope for enhancing and sustaining rice productivity in Punjab (food bowl of India). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 7, 5611–5620 (2012).
Google Scholar
Jat, H. S. et al. Effects of tillage, crop establishment and diversification on soil organic carbon, aggregation, aggregate associated carbon and productivity in cereal systems of semi-arid Northwest India. Soil Till. Res. 190, 128–138 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jat, H. S. et al. Assessing soil properties and nutrient availability under conservation agriculture practices in a reclaimed sodic soil in cereal-based systems of North-West India. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 64, 531–545 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kaschuk, G., Alberton, O. & Hungria, M. Three decades of soil microbial biomass studies in Brazilian ecosystems: Lessons learned about soil quality and indications for improving sustainability. Soil Biol. Biochem. 42, 1–13 (2010).
Google Scholar
Sarkar, D. et al. Can sustainability of maize–mustard cropping system be achieved through balanced nutrient management?. Field Crops Res. 225, 9–21 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pooniya, V., Palta, J. A., Chen, Y., Delhaize, E. & Siddique, K. H. M. Impact of the TaMATE1B gene on above and below-ground growth of durum wheat grown on an acid and Al3+-toxic soil. Plant Soil 447, 73–84 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pasuquin, J. M. et al. Closing yield gaps in maize production in Southeast Asia through site-specific nutrient management. Field Crops Res. 156, 219–230 (2014).
Google Scholar
Choudhary, K. M. et al. Evaluating alternatives to rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains: Crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crop Res. 218, 1–10 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jat, R. K. et al. Ten years of conservation agriculture in a rice-maize rotation of Eastern Gangetic Plains of India: Yield trends, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crop Res. 232, 1–10 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jat, H. S. et al. Designing profitable, resource use efficient and environmentally sound cereal based systems for the Western Indo-Gangetic plains. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–16 (2020).
Google Scholar
Thierfelder, C., Amezquita, E. & Stahr, K. Effects of intensifying organic manuring and tillage practices on penetration resistance and infiltration rate. Soil Till. Res. 82, 211–226 (2005).
Google Scholar
Bescansa, P., Imaz, M. J., Virto, I., Enrique, A. & Hoogmoed, W. B. Soil water retention as affected by tillage and residue management in semiarid Spain. Soil Till. Res. 87, 19–27 (2006).
Google Scholar
Lal, R. Sequestering carbon and increasing productivity by conservation agriculture. JSWC. 70, 55A-62A (2015).
Page, K. L., Dang, Y. P. & Dalal, R. C. The ability of conservation agriculture to conserve soil organic carbon and the subsequent impact on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and yield. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 4, 31 (2020).
Google Scholar
Six, J., Elliott, E. T. & Paustian, K. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: A mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture. Soil Bio. Biochem. 32, 2099–2103 (2000).
Google Scholar
Tan, Z., Lal, R., Owens, L. & Izaurralde, R. C. Distribution of light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon as related to land use and tillage practice. Soil Till. Res. 92, 53–59 (2007).
Google Scholar
Blanco-Canqui, H. & Ruis, S. J. No-tillage and soil physical environment. Geoderma 326, 164–200 (2018).
Google Scholar
Somasundaram, J. et al. Conservation agriculture effects on soil properties and crop productivity in a semiarid region of India. Soil Res. 57, 187–199 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hansen, N. C., Allen, B. L., Baumhardt, R. L. & Lyon, D. J. Research achievements and adoption of no-till, dryland cropping in the semi-arid US Great Plains. Field Crops Res. 132, 196–203 (2012).
Google Scholar
Dalal, R. C., Wang, W., Allen, D. E., Reeves, S. & Menzies, N. W. Soil nitrogen and nitrogen-use efficiency under long-term no-till practice. Soil Sci. Society Am. J. 75, 2251–2261 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H. L., Lal, R., Zhao, X., Xue, J. F. & Chen, F. Opportunities and challenges of soil carbon sequestration by conservation agriculture in China. Adv. Agron. 124, 1–36 (2014).
Google Scholar
Mandal, A., Patra, A. K., Singh, D., Swarup, A. & Masto, R. E. Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Biores. Tech. 98, 3585–3592 (2007).
Google Scholar
Singh, G., Kumar, D., Marwaha, T. S., Singh, A. K. & Srinivasmurthy, K. Conservation tillage and integrated nitrogen management stimulates soil microbial properties under varying water regimes in maize–wheat cropping system in northern India. Arch. Agro. Soil Sci. 57(5), 507–521 (2011).
Google Scholar
Manning, D. A. C. & Renforth, P. Passive sequestration of atmospheric CO2 through coupled plant mineral reactions in urban soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 135–141 (2013).
Google Scholar
Mullen, M., Melhorn, C., Tyler, C. & Duck, D. Biological and biochemical soil properties in no–till corn with different cover crops. J. Soil Water Conserv. 5, 219–224 (1998).
Pooniya, V. & Shivay, Y. S. Summer green-manuring crops and zinc fertilization on productivity and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.). Arch. Agron. Soil. Sci. 58(6), 593–616 (2012).
Google Scholar
Pooniya, et al. Influence of summer legume residue–recycling and varietal diversification on productivity, energetics and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains. J. Plant Nutr. 41(12), 1491–1506 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pooniya, V., Shivay, Y. S., Rana, A., Nain, L. & Prasanna, R. Enhancing soil nutrient dynamics and productivity of Basmati rice through residue incorporation and zinc fertilization. Eur. J. Agron. 41, 28–37 (2012).
Google Scholar
Walkley, A. J. & Black, I. A. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determination of soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37, 29–38 (1934).
Google Scholar
Subbiah, B. V. & Asija, G. L. A rapid procedure for estimation of the available nitrogen in soil. Curr. Sci. 25, 259–260 (1956).
Google Scholar
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S. & Dean, L. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soil by Extraction with Sodium Carbonate (USDA, 1954).
Hanway, J. J. & Heidel, H. Soil Analysis Methods as used in Iowa State College Soil Testing Laboratory, Bulletin 57 (Iowa State College of Agriculture, 1952).
Babu, S. et al. Impact of land configuration and organic nutrient management on productivity, quality and soil properties under baby corn in Eastern Himalayas. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 1–14 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dey, A. et al. Effect of conservation agriculture on soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration and lability: A study from a rice–wheat cropping system on a calcareous soil of the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil Use Manage. 36, 429–438 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ellert, B. H. & Bettany, J. R. Calculation of organic matter and nutrients stored in soils under contrasting management regimes. Can. J. Soil Sci. 75, 529–538 (1995).
Google Scholar
Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. C. & Jenkinson, D. S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19, 703–704 (1987).
Google Scholar
Bhushan, L. et al. Saving of water and labor in a rice–wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agron. J. 99, 1288–1296 (2007).
Google Scholar
Singh, R. P., Das, S. K., Rao, U. M. B. & Reddy, N. Towards Sustainable Dryland Agricultural Practices (CRIDA, 1990).
Wanjari, R. H., Singh, M. V. & Ghosh, P. K. Sustainable yield index: An approach to evaluate the sustainability of long-term intensive cropping systems in India. J. Sustain. Agric. 24(4), 39–56 (2004).
Google Scholar
Gomez, K. A. & Gomez, A. A. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research 2nd edn, 180–209 (Wiley, 1984).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
