Ceballos, G. et al. Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci. Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253 (2015).
Google Scholar
Edie, S. M., Huang, S., Collins, K. S., Roy, K. & Jablonski, D. Loss of biodiversity dimensions through shifting climates and ancient mass extinctions. Integr. Comp. Biol. 58, 1179–1190. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icy111 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pinsky, M. L., Eikeset, A. M., McCauley, D. J., Payne, J. L. & Sunday, J. M. Greater vulnerability to warming of marine versus terrestrial ectotherms. Nature 569, 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/S51586-019-1132-4 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ezard, T. H. G., Aze, T., Pearson, P. N. & Purvis, A. Interplay between changing climate and species’ ecology drives macroevolutionary dynamics. Science 332, 349–351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203060 (2011).
Google Scholar
Smits, P. & Finnegan, S. How predictable is extinction? Forecasting species survival at million-year timescales. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 374, 1. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0392 (2019).
Google Scholar
Aze, T. et al. A phylogeny of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera from fossil data. Biol. Rev. 86, 900–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00178.x (2011).
Google Scholar
Edgar, K. M., Hull, P. M. & Ezard, T. H. G. Evolutionary history biases inferences of ecology and environment from δ13C but not δ18O values. Nat. Commun. 8, 1106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01154-7 (2017).
Google Scholar
Knappertsbusch, M. Morphological variability of Globorotalia menardii (planktonic foraminifera) in two DSDP cores from the Caribbean Sea and the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. Carnets de Géologie/Notebooks Geol. CG2007 1–34. https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/8455 (2007).
Wade, B. S., Al-Sabouni, N., Hemleben, C. & Kroon, D. Symbiont bleaching in fossil planktonic foraminifera. Evol. Ecol. 22, 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-007-9176-6 (2008).
Google Scholar
Wade, B. S. & Olsson, R. K. Investigation of pre-extinction dwarfing in Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 284, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.026 (2009).
Google Scholar
Edgar, K. M. et al. Symbiont ‘bleaching’ in planktic foraminifera during the Middle Eocene climatic optimum. Geology 41, 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1130/G33388.1 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pearson, P. N. & Ezard, T. H. G. Evolution and speciation in the Eocene planktonic foraminifer Turborotalia. Paleobiology 40, 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1666/13004 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wade, B. S., Poole, C. R. & Boyd, J. L. Giantism in Oligocene planktonic foraminifera Paragloborotalia opima: Morphometric constraints from the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Newsl. Stratigr. 49, 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2016/0270 (2016).
Google Scholar
Brombacher, A., Wilson, P. A., Bailey, I. & Ezard, T. H. G. The breakdown of static and evolutionary allometries during climatic upheaval. Am. Nat. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8jf2k (2017).
Weinkauf, M. F. G., Moller, T., Koch, M. C. & Kučera, M. Disruptive selection and bet-hedging in planktonic Foraminifera: Shell morphology as predictor of extinctions. Front. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2014.00064 (2014).
Google Scholar
Weinkauf, M. F. G., Bonitz, F. G. W., Martini, R. & Kučera, M. An extinction event in planktonic Foraminifera preceded by stabilizing selection. PLoS ONE 14, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223490 (2019).
Google Scholar
Falzioni, F., Petrizzo, M. R. & Valagussa, M. A morphometric methodology to assess planktonic foraminiferal response to environmental perturbations: The case study of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Late Cretaceous. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 57, 103–124. https://doi.org/10.4435/BSPI.2018.07 (2018).
Google Scholar
Si, W. & Aubry, M. P. Vital effects and ecologic adaptation of photosymbiont-bearing planktonic foraminifera during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, implications for paleoclimate. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 33, 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003219 (2018).
Google Scholar
Fox, L. R., Stukins, S., Hill, T. & Miller, G. Quantifying the effect of anthropogenic climate change on calcifying plankton. Sci. Rep. 10, 1620. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58501-w (2020).
Google Scholar
Todd, C. L., Schmidt, D. N., Robinson, M. M. & De Schepper, S. Planktonic foraminiferal test size and weight response to the late Pliocene environment. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003738 (2020).
Google Scholar
Shaw, J. O. et al. Photosymbiosis in planktonic foraminifera across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Paleobiology https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2021.7 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, D. N., Thierstein, H. R. & Bollmann, J. The evolutionary history of size variation of planktic foraminiferal assemblages in the Cenozoic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 212, 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.06.002 (2004).
Google Scholar
Brierley, C. M. & Fedorov, A. V. Relative importance of meridional and zonal sea surface temperature gradients for the onset of the ice ages and Pliocene–Pleistocene climate evolution. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 25, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001809 (2010).
Google Scholar
Birch, H., Coxall, H. K., Pearson, P. N., Kroon, D. & O’Regan, M. Planktonic foraminifera stable isotopes and water column structure: Disentangling ecological signals. Mar. Micropaleontol. 101, 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.02.002 (2013).
Google Scholar
Grubbs, F. Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples. Technometrics 11, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1969.10490657 (1969).
Google Scholar
Mann, H. B. & Whitney, D. R. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann. Math. Stat. 18, 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491 (1947).
Google Scholar
Schiebel, R. & Hemleben, C. Planktic Foraminifers in the Modern Ocean 1–350 (Springer, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-66250297-6.
Google Scholar
Schmidt, D. N., Thierstein, H. R., Bollmann, J. & Schiebel, R. Abiotic forcing of plankton evolution in the Cenozoic. Science 303, 207–210. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090592 (2004).
Google Scholar
Rillo, M., Miller, G., Kučera, M. & Ezard, T. Predictability of intraspecific size variation in extant planktonic foraminifera. BioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/468165 (2018).
Google Scholar
Schmalhausen, I. I. Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection 327 (Blakiston Company, 1949).
Bull, J. J. Evolution of phenotypic variance. Evolution 41, 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05799.x (1987).
Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. Natural Selection. Domains Levels and Challenges 53–103 ( Oxford University Press, 1992).
West-Eberhard, M. J. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution 794 (Oxford University Press, 2003).
Google Scholar
Slatkin, M. Hedging one’s evolutionary bets. Nature 250, 704705. https://doi.org/10.1038/250704b0 (1974).
Google Scholar
Philippi, T. & Seger, J. Hedging one’s evolutionary bets, revisited. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(89)90138-9 (1989).
Google Scholar
Grafen, A. Formal Darwinism, the individual-as-maximising-agent analogy, and bet-hedging. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266, 799–803. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0708 (1999).
Google Scholar
Wade, B. S. & Twitchett, R. J. Extinction, dwarfing and the Lilliput effect: Extinction, dwarfing and the Lilliput effect. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 284, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.019 (2009).
Google Scholar
Wade, B. S. et al. Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and phylogeny of Oligocene and lower Miocene Dentoglobigerina and Globoquadrina. In Atlas of Oligocene Planktonic Foraminifera (eds Wade, B. S. et al.) Lawrence, KS, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication No. 46 (2018) 331–384.
Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. D. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology 35–49 (Oxford University Press, 1991).
O’Brien, C. L. et al. The enigma of Oligocene climate and global surface temperature evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 25302–25309. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003914117 (2020).
Google Scholar
Stoecker, D. K., Johnson, M. D., De Vargas, C. & Not, F. Acquired phototrophy in aquatic protists. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 57, 279–310. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01340 (2009).
Google Scholar
Takagi, H. et al. Characterizing photosymbiosis in modern planktonic foraminifera. Biogeosciences 16, 3377–3396. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3377-2019 (2019).
Google Scholar
Luciani, V., D’Onofrio, R., Dickens, G. R. & Wade, B. S. Did photosymbiont bleaching lead to the Demise planktic foraminifer Morozovella at the Early Eocene climatic optimum. Paleoceanography 32, 1115–1136. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003138 (2017).
Google Scholar
Lutz, B. P. Low-latitude northern hemisphere oceanographic and climatic responses to early shoaling of the Central American Seaway. Stratigraphy 7, 151–176 (2010).
Norris, R. D. Recognition and macroevolutionary significance of photosymbiosis in molluscs, corals, and foraminifera. Paleontol. Soc. Pap. 4, 68–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600000401 (1998).
Google Scholar
Ezard, T. H. G., Edgar, K. M. & Hull, P. M. Environmental and biological controls on size-specific δ13C and δ18O in recent planktonic foraminifera. Paleoceanography 30, 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002735 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages Nature 556, 492–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0041-2 (2018).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, C., Heinz, P., Kucera, M. & Uthicke, S. Temperature-induced stress leads to bleaching in larger benthic foraminifera hosting endosymbiotic diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 56, 1587–1602. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1587 (2011).
Google Scholar
Spezzaferri, S., El Kateb, A., Pisapia, C. & Hallock, P. In situ observations of foraminiferal bleaching in the Maldives, Indian Ocean. J. Foraminifer. Res. 48, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.48.1.75 (2018).
Google Scholar
Heron, S. F., Maynard, J. A., van Hooidonk, R. & Eakin, M. Warming trends and bleaching stress of the World’s Coral Reefs 1985–2012. Sci. Rep. 6, 38402. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38402 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sully, S., Burkepile, D. E., Donovan, M. K., Hodgson, G. & van Woesik, R. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. Nat. Commun. 10, 1264. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09238-2 (2019).
Google Scholar
Brown, B. E. Coral bleaching: Causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050249 (1997).
Google Scholar
Saravanan, R., Ranjith, L., Jasmine, S. & Joshi, K. K. Coral bleaching: Causes, consequences and mitigation. Mar. Fish. Inf. Serv. Tech. Extens. Ser. 231, 3–9 (2017).
Kucera, M. & Darling, K. F. Cryptic species of planktonic foraminifera: Their effect on palaeoceanographic reconstructions . Proc. R. Soc Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 360, 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2001.0962 (2002).
Google Scholar
Weiner, A., Aurahs, R., Kurasawa, A., Kitazato, H. & Kucera, M. Vertical niche partitioning between cryptic sibling species of a cosmopolitan marine planktonic protist. Mol. Ecol. 21, 4063–4073. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05686 (2012).
Google Scholar
Matsui, H. et al. Changes in the depth habitat of the Oligocene planktic foraminifera (Dentoglobigerina venezuelana) induced by thermocline deepening in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Paleoceanography 31, 715–731. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002950 (2016).
Google Scholar
Morard, R., Reinelt, M., Chiessi, C. M., Groeneveld, J. & Kucera, M. Tracing shifts in oceanic fronts using the cryptic diversity of the planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia inflata. Paleoceanography 31, 1193–1205. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002977 (2016).
Google Scholar
Morard, R. et al. Genetic and morphological divergence in the warm-water planktonic foraminifera genus Globigerinoides. PLoS ONE 14, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225246 (2019).
Google Scholar
Prasanna, K., Ghosh, P., Bhattacharya, S. K., Mohan, K. & Anilkumar, N. Isotopic disequilibrium in Globigerina bulloides and carbon isotope response to productivity increase in Southern Ocean. Sci. Rep. 6, 21533. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21533 (2016).
Google Scholar
Waterson, A. M., Edgar, K. M., Schmidt, D. N. & Valdes, P. J. Quantifying the stability of planktic foraminiferal physical niches between the Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography 32, 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002964 (2017).
Google Scholar
Andre, A. et al. Disconnection between genetic and morphological diversity in the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma from the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol. 144, 1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2018.10.001 (2018).
Google Scholar
Schiebel, R. et al. Advances in planktonic foraminifer research: New perspectives for paleoceanography. Rev. Micropaléontol. 61, 113–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2018.10.001 (2018).
Google Scholar
Boscolo-Galazzo, F. et al. Temperature controls carbon cycling and biological evolution in the ocean twilight zone. Science 371, 1148–1152. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6643 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pälike, H. et al. Site 1338. Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, vol 320/321. https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.101.2010 (2010).
Drury, A. J., Lee, G. P., Pennock, G. M. & John, C. M. Data report: Late Miocene to early Pliocene coccolithophore and
foraminiferal preservation at Site U1338 from scanning electron microscopy. In Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 320/321 (eds Pälike, H. et al.) https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.320321.218.2014 (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc., Tokyo, 2014).
Fox, L. R. & Wade, B. S. Systematic taxonomy of early-middle Miocene planktonic foraminifera from the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Site U1338. J. Foraminifer. Res. 43, 374–405. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.43.4.374 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wade, B. S., Pearson, P. N., Berggren, W. A. & Pälike, H. Review and revision of Cenozoic tropical planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and calibration to the geomagnetic polarity and astronomical time scale. Earth Sci. Rev. 104, 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.09.003 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kennett, J. P. & Srinivasan, M. S. Neogene Planktonic Foraminifera: A Phylogenetic Atlas 1–265 (Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., 1983).
Lyle, M., Joy Drury, A., Tian, J., Wilkens, R. & Westerhold, T. Late Miocene to Holocene high-resolution eastern equatorial pacific carbonate records: Stratigraphy linked by dissolution and paleoproductivity. Clim. Past 15, 1715–1739. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1715-2019 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kotov, S. & Pälike, H. QAnalySeries—A cross-platform time series tuning and analysis tool. AGU https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10500226.1 (2018).
Google Scholar
Brombacher, A., Wilson, P. A. & Ezard, T. H. G. Calibration of the repeatability of foraminiferal test size and shape measures with recommendations for future use. Mar. Micropaleontol. 133, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.05.003 (2017).
Google Scholar
Brombacher, A., Elder, L. E., Hull, P. M., Wilson, P. A. & Ezard, T. H. G. Calibration of test diameter and area as proxies for body size in the planktonic foraminifer Globoconella puncticulata. J. Foraminifer. Res. 48, 241–245. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.48.3.241 (2018).
Google Scholar
Silverman, B. W. Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis 176 (Chapman & Hall/CRC, 1986).
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria http://www.R-project.org (2020).
Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1988).
Google Scholar
Champely, S. pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis. R package version 1.3–0 (2020) https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pwr.
Edgar, K. M., Pälike, H. & Wilson, P. A. Testing the impact of diagenesis on the δ18O and δ13C of benthic foraminiferal calcite from a sediment burial depth transect in the equatorial Pacific. Paleoceanography 28, 468–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20045 (2013).
Google Scholar
Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Wright, J. D., Katz, M. E. & Miller, K. G. Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation. Paleoceanography https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001683 (2009).
Google Scholar
Rasmussen, T. L. & Thomsen, E. Holocene temperature and salinity variability of the Atlantic Water inflow to the Nordic seas. Holocene 20, 1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610371996 (2010).
Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. S. & Wilk, M. B. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52, 591–611. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591 (1965).
Google Scholar
Komsta, L. outliers: Tests for outliers. R package version 0.14. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=outliers (2011).
Fay, M. P. asht: Applied Statistical Hypothesis Tests. R package version 0.9.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=asht (2020).
Arnholt, A. T. & Evans, B. BSDA: Basic Statistics and Data Analysis. R package version 1.2.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BSDA (2017).
Source: Ecology - nature.com