Roberts, P. & Stewart, B. A. Defining the ‘generalist specialist’ niche for Pleistocene Homo sapiens. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2, 542–550 (2018).
Google Scholar
Heaney, L. R. A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in Southeast Asia. Clim. Change 19, 53–61 (1991).
Google Scholar
Morley, R. J. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests (Wiley, 2000).
Bird, M. I., Taylor, D. & Hunt, C. Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia during the last Glacial Period: a savanna corridor in Sundaland?. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 2228–2242 (2005).
Google Scholar
Wurster, C. M., Rifai, H., Zhou, B., Haig, J. & Bird, M. I. Savanna in equatorial Borneo during the late Pleistocene. Sci. Rep. 9, 6392. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42670-4 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wurster, C. M. & Bird, M. I. Barriers and bridges: early human dispersals in equatorial SE Asia. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 411, 235–250 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zaim, Y. Geological evidence for the earliest appearance of hominins in Indonesia. In Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (eds Fleagle, J. G. et al.) 97–110 (Springer, 2010).
Google Scholar
Cannon, C. H., Morley, R. J. & Bush, A. B. G. The current refugial rainforests of Sundaland are unrepresentative of their biogeographic past and highly vulnerable to disturbance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 11188–11193 (2009).
Google Scholar
Raes, N. et al. Historical distribution of Sundaland’s Dipterocarp rainforests at Quaternary glacial maxima. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 16790–16795 (2014).
Google Scholar
Suraprasit, K., Jongautchariyakul, S., Yamee, C., Pothichaiya, C. & Bocherens, H. New fossil and isotope evidence for the Pleistocene zoogeographic transition and hypothesized savanna corridor in peninsular Thailand. Quat. Sci. Rev. 221, 1055861 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pookajorn, S. Human activities and environmental changes during the late pleistocene to middle holocene in Southern Thailand and Southeast Asia. In Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the Pleistocene—Holocene Transition, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology (eds Straus, L. G. et al.) 201–213 ( Springer, 1996).
Google Scholar
Schepartz, L. A., Miller-Antonio, S. & Bakken, D. A. Upland resources and the early palaeolithic occupation of Southern China, Vietnam, Laos Thailand and Burma. World Archaeol. 32, 1–13 (2000).
Google Scholar
Mudar, K. & Anderson, D. New evidence for Southeast Asian pleistocene foraging economies: faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien Rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand. Asian Perspect. 46, 298–334 (2007).
Google Scholar
Shoocongdej, R. Late Pleistocene activities at the Tham Lod rockshelter in Highland Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son province, Norhwestern Thailand. In Uncovering Southeast Asia’s Past (eds Bacus, E. et al.) 22–37 (NUS Press, 2006).
Shoocongdej, R. et al. Final report of Highland Archaeology Project in Pang Mapha District, Mae Hong Son Province Phase 2, Vol. 2 (Thailand Research Fund, 2007).
Demeter, F. et al. Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 14375–14380 (2012).
Google Scholar
Demeter, F. et al. Early modern humans and morphological variation in Southeast Asia: fossil evidence from Tam Pa Ling. Laos. PLoS ONE 10, e0121193. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121193 (2015).
Google Scholar
Viet, N. First archaeological evidence of symbolic activities from the Pleistocene of Vietnam. In Emergence and Diversity of Human Behavior Paleolithic Asia (ed. Kaifu, Y.) 133–139 (Texas A&M University Press, 2015).
Higham, C. F. & Thosarat, R. An early hunter-gatherer site at Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand. J. Indo. Pacif. Archaeol. 43, 93–96 (2019).
Google Scholar
Gorman, C. F. Excavations at Spirit Cave, North Thailand: Some Interim Interpretations. Asian Perspect. 13, 79–107 (1970).
Tayles, N., Halcrow, S. E., Sayavongkhamdy, T. & Souksavatdy, V. A prehistoric flexed human burial from Pha Phen, Middle Mekong Valley, Laos: its context in Southeast Asia. Anthropol. Sci. 123, 1–12 (2015).
Google Scholar
Conrad, C., Higham, C., Eda, M. & Marwick, B. Palaeoecology and forager subsistence strategies during the Pleistocene—Holocene transition: A reinvestigation of the zooarchaeological assemblage from Spirit Cave, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand. Asian Perspect. 5, 2–27 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zeitoun, V. D. et al. Discovery of an outstanding Hoabinhian site from the Late Pleistocene at Doi Pha Kan (Lampang province, northern Thailand). Archaeol. Res. Asia 18, 1–16 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shoocongdej, R. Forager mobility organization in seasonal tropical environments of western Thailand. World Archaeol. 32, 14–40 (2000).
Google Scholar
Forestier, H. et al. The Hoabinhian from Laang Spean Cave in its stratigraphic, chronological, typo-technological and environmental context (Cambodia, Battambang province). J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 3, 194–206 (2015).
Chitkament, T., Gaillard, C. & Shoocongdej, R. Tham Lod rockshelter (Pang Mapha district, north-western Thailand): Evolution of the lithic assemblages during the late Pleistocene. Quat. Int. 416, 151–161 (2016).
Google Scholar
Marwick, B. The Hoabinhian of Southeast Asia and its relationship to regional Pleistocene lithic technologies. In Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change Global and Diachronic Perspectives (eds Robinson, E. & Sellet, F.) 63–78 (Springer, 2018).
Google Scholar
Marwick, B. & Gagan, M. K. Late Pleistocene monsoon variability in northwest Thailand: an oxygen isotope sequence from the bivalve Margaritanopsis laosensis excavated in Mae Hong Son province. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3088–3098 (2011).
Google Scholar
Marwick, B. Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artefact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 32, 553–564 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wattanapituksakul, A., Filoux, A., Amphansri, A. & Tumpeesuwan, S. Late Pleistocene Caprinae assemblages of Tham Lod Rockshelter (Mae Hong Son Province, Northwest Thailand). Quat. Int. 493, 212–226 (2018).
Google Scholar
Shoocongdej, R. & Wattanapituksakul, A. Faunal assemblages and demography during the Late Pleistocene (MIS 2–1) to Early Holocene in Highland Pang Mapha, Northwest Thailand. Quat. Int. 563, 51–63 (2020).
Google Scholar
DeNiro, M. J. & Epstein, S. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 495–506 (1978).
Google Scholar
Van Der Merwe, N. J. & Vogel, J. C. 13C Content of human collagen as a measure of prehistoric diet in woodland North America. Nature 276, 815–816 (1978).
Google Scholar
Cerling, T. E. & Harris, J. M. Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies. Oecologia 120, 347–363 (1999).
Google Scholar
Cerling, T. E., Hart, J. A. & Hart, T. B. Stable isotope ecology in the Ituri Forest. Oecologia 138, 5–12 (2004).
Google Scholar
Bourgon, N. et al. Zinc isotopes in Late Pleistocene fossil teeth from a Southeast Asian cave setting preserve paleodietary information. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117, 4675–4681 (2020).
Google Scholar
van Klinken, G. J. Bone Collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. J. Archaeol. Sci. 26, 687–695 (1999).
Google Scholar
Pestle, W. J. & Colvard, M. Bone collagen preservation in the tropics: a case study from ancient Puerto Rico. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39, 2079–2090 (2012).
Google Scholar
Ecker, M. et al. Middle Pleistocene ecology and Neanderthal subsistence: Insights from stable isotope analyses in Payre (Ardèche, southeastern France). J. Hum. Evol. 65, 363–373 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kohn, M. & Cerling, T. E. Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite. In Phosphates—Geochemical Geobiological and Materials Importance Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Vol. 48 (eds Kohn, M. et al.) 455–488 (Mineralogical Society of America, 2002).
Google Scholar
Biasatti, D., Wang, Y., Gao, F., Xu, Y. & Flynn, L. Paleoecologies and paleoclimates of late cenozoic mammals from Southwest China: evidence from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. J. Asian Earth Sci. 44, 48–61 (2012).
Google Scholar
Clementz, M. T., Fox-Dobbs, K., Wheatley, P.-V., Koch, P. L. & Doak, D. F. Revisiting old bones: coupled carbon isotope analysis of bioapatite and collagen as an ecological and palaeoecological tool. Geol. J. 44, 605–620 (2009).
Google Scholar
Domingo, M. S., Domingo, L., Badgley, C., Sanisidro, O. & Morales, J. Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food web. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20122138. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2138 (2013).
Google Scholar
Codron, D., Clauss, M., Codron, J. & Tütken, T. Within trophic level shifts in collagen–carbonate stable carbon isotope spacing are propagated by diet and digestive physiology in large mammal herbivores. Ecol. Evol. 8, 3983–3995 (2018).
Google Scholar
Tejada-Lara, J. V. et al. Body mass predicts isotope enrichment in herbivorous mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20181020. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1020 (2018).
Google Scholar
Cerling, T. E. et al. Stable isotope-based diet reconstructions of Turkana Basin hominins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110, 10501–10506 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ayliffe, L. K. & Chivas, A. R. Oxygen isotope composition of the bone phosphate of Australian kangaroos: potential as a palaeoenvironmental recorder. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 2603–2609 (1990).
Google Scholar
Levin, N. E., Cerling, T. E., Passey, B. H., Harris, J. M. & Ehleringer, J. R. A stable isotope aridity index for terrestrial environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11201–11205 (2006).
Google Scholar
Bocherens, H., Koch, P., Mariotti, A., Geraads, D. & Jaeger, J.-J. Isotopic biogeochemistry (13C, 18O) of mammalian enamel from African Pleistocene hominoid sites. Palaios 11, 306–308 (1996).
Google Scholar
Hambali, K., Ismail, A., Md-Zain, B. M., Amir, A. & Karim, F. A. Diet of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the entrance of Kuala Selangor Nature Park (anthropogenic habitat): food selection that leads to human-macaque conflict. Acta Biol. Malay. 3, 58–68 (2014).
Nila, S., Suryobroto, B. & Widayati, K. A. Dietary variation of long tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java. HAYATI J. Biosci. 21, 8–14 (2014).
Google Scholar
Lekagul, B. & McNeely, J. A. Mammals of Thailand: Association for the Conservation of Wildlife (Kurusapa Ladproa Press, 1988).
Suraprasit, K., Bocherens, H., Chaimanee, Y., Panha, S. & Jaeger, J.-J. Late Middle Pleistocene ecology and climate in Northeastern Thailand inferred from the stable isotope analysis of Khok Sung herbivore tooth enamel and the land mammal cenogram. Quat. Sci. Rev. 193, 24–42 (2018).
Google Scholar
Suraprasit, K. et al. Long-term isotope evidence on the diet and habitat breadth of pleistocene to holocene caprines in Thailand: implications for the extirpation and conservation of Himalayan Gorals. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8, 67. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00067 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kohn, M. J. Predicting animal δ18O: Accounting for diet and physiological adaptation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4811–4829 (1996).
Google Scholar
Kohn, M. J., Schoeninger, M. J. & Valley, J. W. Herbivore tooth oxygen isotope compositions: effects of diet and physiology. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 3889–3896 (1996).
Google Scholar
Dunbar, J. & Wilson, T. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in fruits and vegetable juices. Plant Physiol. 72, 725–727 (1983).
Google Scholar
Yakir, D. Variations in the natural abundances of oxygen-18 and deuterium in plant carbohydrates. Plant Cell Environ. 15, 1005–1020 (1992).
Google Scholar
Fricke, H. C. & O’Neil, J. R. Inter- and intra-tooth variation in the oxygen isotope composition of mammalian tooth enamel phosphate: implications for palaeoclimatological and palaeobiological research. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 126, 91–99 (1996).
Google Scholar
Fricke, H. C., Clyde, W. C. & O’Neil, J. R. Intra-tooth variations in δ18O (PO4) of mammalian tooth enamel as a record of seasonal variations in continental climate variables. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1839–1850 (1998).
Google Scholar
Balasse, M., Ambrose, S. H., Smith, A. B. & Price, T. D. The seasonal mobility model for prehistoric herders in the south-western Cape of South Africa assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep tooth enamel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 29, 917–932 (2002).
Google Scholar
Ratnam, J., Tomlinson, K. W., Rasquinha, D. N. & Sankaran, M. Savannahs of Asia: antiquity, biogeography, and an uncertain future. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 371, 2015305. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0305 (2016).
Google Scholar
Pushkina, D., Bocherens, H., Chaimanee, Y. & Jaeger, J.-J. Stable carbon isotope reconstructions of diet and paleoenvironment from the late middle Pleistocene Snake Cave in Northeastern Thailand. Naturwissenschaften 97, 299–309 (2010).
Google Scholar
Louys, J. & Roberts, P. Environmental drivers of megafauna and hominin extinction in Southeast Asia. Nature 586, 402–406 (2020).
Google Scholar
Passey, B. H. et al. Carbon isotope fractionation between diet, breath CO2, and bioapatite in different mammals. J. Archaeol. Sci. 32, 1459–1470 (2005).
Google Scholar
Dutt, S. et al. Abrupt changes in Indian summer monsoon strength during 33,800 to 5500 years B.P. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 5526–5532 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ronay, E. R., Breitenbach, S. F. M. & Oster, J. L. Sensitivity of speleothem records in the Indian Summer Monsoon region to dry season infiltration. Sci. Rep. 9, 5091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41630-2 (2019).
Google Scholar
Liu, G. et al. On the glacial-interglacial variability of the Asian monsoon in speleothem δ18O records. Sci. Adv. 6, 8eaay8189. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay8189 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y. & Sambridge, M. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15296–15303 (2014).
Google Scholar
Rabett, R. J. Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic: hominin dispersal and behaviour during the late quaternary (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
Bailey, R. C. et al. Hunting and gathering in tropical rain forest: Is it possible?. Am. Anthropol. 91, 59–82 (1989).
Google Scholar
Mercader, J. Forest people: the role of African rainforests in human evolution and dispersal. Evol. Anthropol. 11, 117–124 (2002).
Google Scholar
Mercader, J. Under the Canopy: The Archaeology of Tropical Rainforests (Rutgers University Press, 2002).
Mercader, J. Foragers of the Congo: the early settlement of the Ituri forest. In Under the Canopy: The Archeology of Tropical Rain Forests (ed. Mercader, J.) 93–116 (Rutgers University Press, London, 2003).
Perera, N. et al. People of the ancient rainforest: Late Pleistocene foragers at the Batadomba-lena rockshelter, Sri Lanka. J. Hum. Evol. 61, 254–269 (2011).
Google Scholar
Roberts, P. et al. Direct evidence for human reliance on rainforest resources in late Pleistocene Sri Lanka. Science 347, 1246–1249 (2015).
Google Scholar
Roberts, P. et al. Fruits of the forest: human stable isotope ecology and rainforest adaptations in Late Pleistocene and Holocene (~36 to 3 ka) Sri Lanka. J. Hum. Evol. 106, 102–118 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wedage, O. et al. Specialized rainforest hunting by Homo sapiens ~45,000 years ago. Nat. Commun. 10, 739. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08623-1 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ji, X. et al. The oldest Hoabinhian technocomplex in Asia (43.5 ka) at Xiaodong rockshelter, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Quat. Int. 400, 166–174 (2016).
Google Scholar
Olsen, J. W. & Ciochon, R. L. A review of evidence for postulated Middle Pleistocene occupations in Viet Nam. J. Hum. Evol. 19, 761–788 (1990).
Google Scholar
Rabett, R. et al. The Tràng An Project: Late-to-Post-Pleistocene Settlement of the Lower Song Hong Valley, North Vietnam. J. R. Asiat. Soc. 19, 83–109 (2009).
Google Scholar
Rabett, R. et al. Tropical limestone forest resilience and late Pleistocene foraging during MIS-2 in the Tràng An massif, Vietnam. Quat. Int. 448, 62–81 (2017).
Google Scholar
Barker, G. et al. The ‘Human Revolution’ in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo). J. Hum. Evol. 52, 243–261 (2007).
Google Scholar
Piper, P. & Rabett, R. Hunting in a tropical rainforest: evidence from the terminal Pleistocene at Lobang Hangus, Niah Caves, Sarawak. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 19, 551–565 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hunt, C. O., Gilbertson, D. D. & Rushworth, G. A 50,000-year record of late Pleistocene tropical vegetation and human impact in lowland Borneo. Quat. Sci. Rev. 37, 61–80 (2012).
Google Scholar
de Vos, J. The Pongo faunas from Java and Sumatra and their significance for biostratigraphical and paleoecological interpretations. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. B. 86, 417–425 (1983).
Westaway, K. E. An early modern human presence in Sumatra 73000–63000 years ago. Nature 548, 322–325 (2017).
Google Scholar
Storm, P. et al. Late Pleistocene Homo Sapiens in a tropical rainforest Fauna in East Java. J. Hum. Evol. 49, 536–545 (2005).
Google Scholar
Storm, P. & de Vos, J. Rediscovery of the late Pleistocene Punung Hominin Sites and the Discovery of a New Site Gunung Dawung in East Java. Senck. Leth. 86, 271–281 (2006).
Google Scholar
Roberts, P. et al. Isotopic evidence for initial coastal colonization and subsequent diversification in the human occupation of Wallacea. Nat. Commun. 11, 2068. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15969-4 (2020).
Google Scholar
Pasveer, J. M., Clarke, S. J. & Miller, G. H. Late Pleistocene human occupation of inland rainforest, Bird’s Head, Papua. Archaeol. Oceania 37, 92–95 (2002).
Google Scholar
Summerhayes, G. R. et al. Human adaptation and plant use in highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 Years Ago. Science 330, 78–81 (2010).
Google Scholar
Summerhayes, G. R., Field, J. H., Shaw, B. & Gaffney, D. The archaeology of forest exploitation and change in the tropics during the Pleistocene: the case of Northern Sahul (Pleistocene New Guinea). Quat. Int. 448, 14–30 (2017).
Google Scholar
Roberts, P., Gaffney, D., Lee-Thorp, J. A. & Summerhayes, G. R. Persistent tropical foraging in the highlands of terminal Pleistocene/Holocene New Guinea. Nature Ecol. Evol. 1, 1–6 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wedage, O. et al. Microliths in the South Asian rainforest ~45–4 ka: New insights from Fa-Hien Lena Cave, Sri Lanka. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222606 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bettis, E. A. et al. Way out of Africa: early Pleistocene paleoenvironments inhabited by Homo erectus in Sangiran, Java. J. Hum. Evol. 56, 11–24 (2009).
Google Scholar
Brumm, A. et al. Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores. Nature 534, 249–253 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T. & Ryan, P. D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4, 1–9 (2001).
Source: Ecology - nature.com