Nasi, R., Taber, A. & van Vliet, N. Empty forests, empty stomachs? Wild meat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins. Int. For. Rev. 13, 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554811798293872 (2011).
Google Scholar
van Vliet, N. “Bushmear crisis” and “Cultural imperialism” in wildlife management? Taking value orientations into account for a more sustainable and culturally acceptable wildmeat sector. Front. Ecol. Evol. 6, 112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00112 (2018).
Google Scholar
Nunes, A. V., Peres, C. A., Constantino, P. A. L., Santos, B. A. & Fischer, E. Irreplaceable socioeconomic value of wild meat extraction to local food security in rural Amazonia. Biol. Conserv. 236, 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.010 (2019).
Google Scholar
Peres, C. A., Emilio, T., Schietti, J., Desmoulière, S. J. & Levi, T. Dispersal limitation induces long-term biomass collapse in overhunted Amazonian forests. PNAS 113, 892–897. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516525113 (2016).
Google Scholar
Brodie, J. F. Carbon costs and bushmeat benefits of hunting in tropical forests. Ecol. Econ. 152, 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.028 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wright, I. J. et al. Relationships among ecologically important dimensions of plant trait variation in seven neotropical forests. Ann. Bot. 99, 1003–1015. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl066 (2007).
Google Scholar
Bunker, D. E. et al. Species loss and aboveground carbon storage in a tropical forest. Science 310, 1029–1031. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117682 (2005).
Google Scholar
Harrison, R. D. et al. Consequences of defaunation for a tropica tree community. Ecol. Lett. 16, 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12102 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bello, C. et al. Defaunation affects carbon storage in tropical forests. Sci. Adv. 1, e1501105. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501105 (2015).
Google Scholar
Sarti, F. M. et al. Beyond protein intake: Bushmeat as source of micronutrients in the Amazon. Ecol. Soc. 20, 22 (2015).
Google Scholar
Goelden, C. D. et al. Benefits of wildlife consumption to child nutrition in a biodiversity hotspot. PNAS 108, 19653–19656. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112586108 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fa, J. E. et al. Disentangling the relative effects of bushmeat availability on human nutrition in central Africa. Sci. Rep. 5, 8168. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08168 (2015).
Google Scholar
Peres, C. A. Conservation in sustainable-use tropical forest reserves. Conserv. Biol. 25(1124–1129), 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01770.x (2011).
Google Scholar
Ohl-Schacherer, J. et al. The sustainability of subsistence hunting by Matsigenka native communities in Manu National Park, Peru. Conserv. Biol. 21, 1174–1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00759.x (2007).
Google Scholar
Constantino, P. A. L. et al. Indigenous collaborative research for wildlife management in Amazonia: The case of the Kaxinawá, Acre, Brazil. Biol. Conserv. 141, 2718–2729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.008 (2008).
Google Scholar
Weinbaum, K. Z., Brashares, J. S., Golden, C. D. & Getz, W. M. Searching for sustainability: Are assessments of wildlife harvests behind the times?. Ecol. Lett. 16, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12008 (2013).
Google Scholar
Novaro, A. J., Redford, K. H. & Bodmer, R. E. Effect of hunting in source-sink systems in the Neotropics. Conserv. Biol. 14, 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98452.x (2000).
Google Scholar
Constantino, P. A. C., Benchimol, M. & Antunes, A. P. Designing indigenous lands in Amazonia: Securing indigenous rights and wildlife conservation through hunting management. Land Use Policy 77, 652–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.06.016 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kaimowitz, D. & Angelsen, A. Will livestock intensification help save Latin America’s tropical forests?. J. Sustain. For. 27, 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810802225168 (2008).
Google Scholar
Curtis, P. G., Slat, C. M., Harris, N. L., Tyukavina, A. & Hansen, M. C. Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science 361, 1108–1111. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445 (2018).
Google Scholar
De Sy, V. et al. Land use patterns and related carbon losses following deforestation in South America. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 124004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124004 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hosonuma, N. et al. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 044009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009 (2012).
Google Scholar
Herrero, M. et al. Livestock and the environment—What have we learned in the past decade?. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 40, 177–202. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-031113-093503 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hong, C. et al. Global and regional drivers of land-use emissions in 1961–2017. Nature 589, 554–561. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12248735 (2021).
Google Scholar
Steinfeld, H. et al. Livestock’s Long Shadow (FAO, 2006).
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/423) (2019).
IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (eds. Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. & Meyer L. A.) (IPCC, 2014).
Wolf, C., Ripple, W. J., Levi, T. & Peres, C. A. Eating plants and planting forests for the climate. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25, 3995–3995. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14835 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pan, Y. et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609 (2011).
Google Scholar
Potapov, P. et al. The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. Sci. Adv. 3, e1600821. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600821 (2017).
Google Scholar
Maxwell, S. L. et al. Degradation and forgone removals increase the carbon imáct of intact forest loss by 626%. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax2546. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2546 (2019).
Google Scholar
Walker, W. S. et al. The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas. PNAS 117, 3015–3025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913321117 (2020).
Google Scholar
Angelsen, A. et al. Environmental income and rural livelihoods: A global-comparative analysis. World Dev. 64, 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.006 (2010).
Google Scholar
UNFCCC. Adoption of the Paris Agreement-Draft Decision-/CP.21 (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015).
Hinsley, A., Entwistle, A. & Pio, D. V. Does the long-term success of REDD+ also depend on biodiversity?. Oryx 49, 216–221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000507 (2015).
Google Scholar
Krause, T. & Nielsen, M. R. Not seeing the forest for the trees: The oversight of defaunation in REDD+ and global forest governance. Forests 10, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040344 (2019).
Google Scholar
Nardoto, G. B. et al. Frozen chicken for wild fish: Nutritional transition in the Brazilian Amazon region determined by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fingernails. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 23, 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.21192 (2011).
Google Scholar
Farrel, D. The Role of Poultry in Human Nutrition. Poultry Development Review (FAO, 2013).
Poulsen, J. R., Clark, C. J. & Mavah, G. Wildlife management in a logging concession in Northern Congo: Can livelihoods be maintained through sustainable hunting? In Bushmeat and Livelihoods (eds Davies, G. & Brown, D.) 140–157 (Blackwell Publishing, 2007).
Nunes, A. V., Guariento, R. D., Santos, B. A. & Fischer, E. Wild meat sharing among non-indigenous people in the Southwestern Amazon. Behv. Ecol. Sociobiol. 73, 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2628-x (2019).
Google Scholar
WHO/FAO/UNU Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition; Report of a joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation, WHO Tech Rep Ser no. 935 (WHO, 2007).
FAO. FAOSTAT Agri-Environmental Indicators, Emissions Intensities. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EI (2019).
Opio, C. et al. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Supply Chains—A Global Life Cycle Assessment (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2013).
Poore, J. & Nemecek, T. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 360, 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216 (2018).
Google Scholar
ICAO. International Civil Aviation Organization. https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Carbonoffset/Pages/default.aspx (2016).
Searchinger, T. D. et al. Assessing the efficiency of changes in land use for mitigating climate change. Nature 564, 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0757-z (2018).
Google Scholar
Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA). Programa áreas protegidas da Amazônia ARPA-Fase II (2010).
Arensberg, W. W. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Mid-Term Review (Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, 2003).
Sistema Integrado de Planejamento e Orçamento (SIOP). Cadastro de Ações. Apoio à conservação Ambiental e à Erradicação da Extrema Pobreza Bolsa Verde (Secretaria de Orçamento Federal, Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão, 2014).
World Bank. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing (World Bank, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1586-7.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). NASA Administrator Statement on Moon to Mars Initiative, fy 2021 Budget. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-administrator-statement-on-moon-to-mars-initiative-fy-2021-budget.
Peres, C. A. Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conserv. Biol. 15, 1490–1505. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01089.x (2001).
Google Scholar
Griscom, B. W. et al. Natural climate solutions. PNAS 114, 11645–11650. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114 (2017).
Google Scholar
Reid, H., Faulkner, L. & Weiser, A. in IIED Climate Change Working Paper (eds. Fisher, S. & Reid, H.) 3–67 (2013).
Munang, R., Andrews, J., Alverson, K. & Mebratu, D. Harnessing ecosystem-based adaptation to address the social dimensions of climate change. Environ.: Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev. 56, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2014.861676 (2013).
Google Scholar
Woroniecki, S. Enabling environments? Examining social co-benefits of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change in Sri Lanka. Sustainability 11, 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030772 (2019).
Google Scholar
Seddon, N. et al. Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, Biol. Sci. 375, 20190120. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wilkie, D. S., Wieland, M. & Poulsen, J. R. Unsustainable vs. sustainable hunting for food in Gabon: Modeling short- and long- term gains and losses. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7, 357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00357 (2019).
Google Scholar
Booth, H. et al. Assessing the impact of regulations on the use and trade of wildlife: An operational framework, with a case study on manta rays. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 22, e00953 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dickman, A. et al. Trophy hunting bans imperil biodiversity. Science 365(6456), 874. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0735 (2019).
Google Scholar
Marrocoli, S. et al. Using wildlife indicators to facilitate wildlife monitoring in hunter-self monitoring schemes. Ecol. Indic. 105, 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.050 (2019).
Google Scholar
van Vliet, N. et al. Frameworks regulating hunting for meat in tropical countries leave the sectos in the limbo. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00280 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ronchail, J. et al. Interannual rainfall variability in the Amazon basin and sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific and the tropical Atlantic oceans. Int. J. Climatol. 22, 1663–1686. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.815 (2002).
Google Scholar
CSC. Climate Change Scenarios for the Congo Basin (Climate Service Centre Report No. 11, 2013).
Akkermans, T., Thiery, W. & Lipzig, N. P. M. V. The regional climate impact of a realistic future deforestation scenario in the Congo Basin. J. Clim. 27, 2714–2734. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-D13-00361.1 (2014).
Google Scholar
Siebert, A. Hydroclimate extrems in Africa: Variability, observations and modeled projectios. Geography 8, 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12136 (2014).
Google Scholar
Feldpausch, T. R. et al. Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates. Biogeosciences 9, 3381–3403. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3381-2012 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hansen, M. C. et al. High- resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342, 850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693 (2013).
Google Scholar
Mayaux, P. et al. Tropical forest cover change in the 1990s and options for future monitoring. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 360, 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1590 (2005).
Google Scholar
Zelazowski, P., Malhi, Y., Huntingford, C., Sitch, S. & Fisher, J. B. Changes in the potential distribution of humid tropical forests on a warmer planet. Philos. Trans. Soc. A 369, 137–160. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0238 (2011).
Google Scholar
Nkem, J., Idinoba, M., Brockhaus, M., Kalame, F. & Tas, A. Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa: Synergies with Biodiversity and Forest (CIFOR, 2008).
Ganzhorn, J. U., Lowry, P. P., Schatz, G. E. & Sommer, S. The biodiversity of Madagascar: One of the world’s hottest hotspots on its way out. Oryx 35, 346–348. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00201.x (2001).
Google Scholar
Kingdon, J. East African Mammals Vol. IIIA (Academic Press, 1977).
Dunning, J. B. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 2nd edn. (CRC, 2008).
Rushton, J. et al. How important is bushmeat consumption in South America: Now and in the future?. Odi Wildl. Policy Brief. 11, 1–4 (2005).
Redford, K. H. & Robinson, J. G. The game of choice: Patterns of Indian and colonist hunting in the Neotropics. Am. Anthropol. 89, 650–667. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1987.89.3.02a00070 (1987).
Google Scholar
Ojasti, J. Wildlife Utilization in Latin America: Current Situation and Prospects for Sustainable Management (FAO, 1996).
Wilson, E. D., Fisher, K. H. & Garcia, P. A. Principles of Nutrition (Wiley, 1979).
Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (2014).
Soriano-Santos, J. in Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology (ed. Guerrero-Lagarreta, I.) 467–489 (2009).
Eggleston, H. S. et al. (eds) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (IPCC, 2006).
Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition (CPLC). Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices (World Bank Group, 2017).
Annual Report. Ending Poverty, Investing in Opportunity (World Bank Group, 2019).
Avitabile, M. V. et al. An integrated pan-tropical biomass map using multiple reference datasets. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22, 1406–1420. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13139 (2016).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com