DeStefano, S. & DeGraaf, R. M. Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1, 95 (2003).
Google Scholar
Treves, A., Wallace, R. B., Naughton-Treves, L. & Morales, A. Co-managing human–wildlife conflicts: a review. Hum. Dimens. Wildl. 11, 383–396 (2006).
Google Scholar
Oberosler, V., Groff, C., Iemma, A., Pedrini, P. & Rovero, F. The influence of human disturbance on occupancy and activity patterns of mammals in the Italian Alps from systematic camera trapping. Mamm. Biol. 87, 50–61 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tyler, N. J. C. Short-term behavioural responses of Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus to direct provocation by a snowmobile. Biol. Conserv. 56, 179–194 (1991).
Google Scholar
Tolvanen, A. & Kangas, K. Tourism, biodiversity and protected areas—review from northern Fennoscandia. J. Environ. Manage. 169, 58–66 (2016).
Google Scholar
Ballantyne, M. & Pickering, C. M. Tourism and recreation: a common threat to IUCN red-listed vascular plants in Europe. Biodivers. Conserv. 22, 3027–3044 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pickering, C. M., Hill, W., Newsome, D. & Leung, Y. F. Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America. J. Environ. Manage. 91, 551–562 (2010).
Google Scholar
Coppes, J., Ehrlacher, J., Thiel, D., Suchant, R. & Braunisch, V. Outdoor recreation causes effective habitat reduction in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus: a major threat for geographically restricted populations. J. Avian Biol. 48, 1583–1594 (2017).
Google Scholar
Siikamäki, P., Kangas, K., Paasivaara, A. & Schroderus, S. Biodiversity attracts visitors to national parks. Biodivers. Conserv. 24, 2521–2534 (2015).
Google Scholar
Gerstenberg, T., Baumeister, C. F., Schraml, U. & Plieninger, T. Hot routes in urban forests: the impact of multiple landscape features on recreational use intensity. Landsc. Urban Plan. 203, 103888 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fischer, L. K. & Kowarik, I. Dogwalkers’ views of urban biodiversity across five European cities. Sustain. 12, 1–11 (2020).
Lundgren, J. O. Polar tourism: tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. in The tourism space penetration processes in northern Canada and Scandinavia: a comparison 43–61 (1995).
Balmford, A. et al. Walk on the wild side: estimating the global magnitude of visits to protected areas. PLoS Biol. 13, 1–6 (2015).
Google Scholar
George, S. L. & Crooks, K. R. Recreation and large mammal activity in an urban nature reserve. Biol. Conserv. 133, 107–117 (2006).
Google Scholar
Zhong, L., Zhang, X., Deng, J. & Pierskalla, C. Recreation ecology research in China’s protected areas: progress and prospect. Ecosyst. Heal. Sustain. 6 (2020).
Mancini, F., Leyshon, B., Manson, F., Coghill, G. M. & Lusseau, D. Monitoring tourists’ specialisation and implementing adaptive governance is necessary to avoid failure of the wildlife tourism commons. Tour. Manag. 81, 104160 (2020).
Google Scholar
Abate, M., Christidis, P. & Purwanto, A. J. Government support to airlines in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Air Transp. Manag. 89, 101931 (2020).
Google Scholar
Castanho, R. A. et al. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the accommodation selection of Azorean tourists. A study based on the assessment of the Azores population’s attitudes. Sustainability 12, 9990 (2020).
Google Scholar
Neupane, D. How conservation will be impacted in the COVID-19 pandemic. Wildlife Biol. 2020, 19–21 (2020).
Google Scholar
Herrero, C. & Villar, A. A synthetic indicator on the impact of COVID-19 on the community’s health. PLoS ONE 15, 1–14 (2020).
World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports Updates 27 September 2020. World Health Organization Technical Report Series (2020).
da Silva, F. C. T. & Neto, M. L. R. Psychological effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in health professionals: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 104, 110 (2021).
Google Scholar
Sohrabi, C. et al. World health organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int. J. Surg. 76, 71–76 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hellewell, J. et al. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob. Heal. 8, e488–e496 (2020).
Google Scholar
Steidtmann, D., McBride, S. & Mishkind, M. C. Experiences of mental health clinicians and staff in rapidly converting to full-time telemental health and work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Telemed. e-Health 27(7), 785–791 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chiu, W. A., Fischer, R. & Ndeffo-Mbah, M. L. State-level needs for social distancing and contact tracing to contain COVID-19 in the United States. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4, 1080–1090 (2020).
Google Scholar
Rutz, C. et al. COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1156–1159 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zellmer, A. J. et al. What can we learn from wildlife sightings during the COVID-19 global shutdown?. Ecosphere 11, e03215 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ghahremanloo, M., Lops, Y., Choi, Y. & Mousavinezhad, S. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on air pollution levels in East Asia. Sci. Total Environ. 754, 142226 (2021).
Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, D. & Markard, J. A COVID-19 recovery for climate. Science 368, 447–447 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lokhandwala, S. & Gautam, P. Indirect impact of COVID-19 on environment: a brief study in Indian context. Environ. Res. 188, 109807 (2020).
Google Scholar
Manenti, R. et al. The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife conservation: insights from the first European locked down country. Biol. Conserv. 249, 108728 (2020).
Google Scholar
Corlett, R. T. et al. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv. 246, 8–11 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bates, A. E., Primack, R. B., Moraga, P. & Duarte, C. M. COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a “Global Human Confinement Experiment” to investigate biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv. 248, 108665 (2020).
Google Scholar
Arias, M., Jurado, C., Gallardo, C., Fernández-Pinero, J. & Sánchez-Vizcaíno, J. M. Gaps in African swine fever: analysis and priorities. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 65, 235–247 (2018).
Google Scholar
Galindo, I. & Alonso, C. African swine fever virus: a review. Viruses 9, 103 (2017).
Google Scholar
Taylor, R. A. et al. Predicting spread and effective control measures for African swine fever—should we blame the boars?. Transbound Emerg. Dis. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13690 (2020).
Google Scholar
Mason-D’Croz, D. et al. Modelling the global economic consequences of a major African swine fever outbreak in China. Nat. Food. 1, 221–228 (2020).
Google Scholar
Podgórski, T. & Śmietanka, K. Do wild boar movements drive the spread of African Swine Fever?. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 65, 1588–1596 (2018).
Google Scholar
Petit, K. et al. Assessment of the impact of forestry and leisure activities on wild boar spatial disturbance with a potential application to ASF risk of spread. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 67, 1164–1176 (2020).
Google Scholar
Watanabe, S. & Wahlqvist, M. L. Covid-19 and dietary socioecology: Risk minimisation. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 29, 207–219 (2020).
Google Scholar
Geng, D., Innes, J., Wu, W. & Wang, G. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on urban park visitation: a global analysis. J. For. Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01249-w (2020).
Google Scholar
Godbersen, H., Hofmann, L. A. & Ruiz-Fernández, S. How people evaluate anti-corona measures for their social spheres: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Front. Psychol. 11, 1–20 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cukor, J. et al. Wild boar deathbed choice in relation to ASF : Are there any differences between positive and negative carcasses? Prev. Vet. 177, 1–7 (2020).
McGinlay, J. et al. The impact of COVID-19 on the management of European protected areas and policy implications. Forests 11, 1–15 (2020).
Google Scholar
Derks, J., Giessen, L. & Winkel, G. COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. For. Policy Econ. 118, 102253 (2020).
Google Scholar
Venter, Z. S., Barton, D. N., Gundersen, V., Figari, H., Nowell, M. Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 1–11 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jůza, R., Jarský, V., Riedl, M., Zahradník, D. & Šišák, L. Possibilities for harmonisation between recreation services and their production within the forest sector—a case study of municipal forest enterprise hradec Králové (CZ). Forests 12, 13 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dellicour, S. et al. Unravelling the dispersal dynamics and ecological drivers of the African swine fever outbreak in Belgium. J. Appl. Ecol. 57, 1619–1629 (2020).
Google Scholar
Carnol, M. et al. Ecosystem services of mixed species forest stands and monocultures: comparing practitioners and scientists perceptions with formal scientific knowledge. Forestry 87, 639–653 (2014).
Google Scholar
Dušek, D., Kacálek, D., Novák, J. & Slodičák, M. Public perception of recreation needs—a questionnaire study from Ostrava urban forests (Czech Republic). Zpravy Lesn. Vyzk Rep. For. Res. 62, 174–181 (2017).
Meo, I. D., Paletto, A. & Cantiani, M. G. The attractiveness of forests: Preferences and perceptions in a mountain community in Italy. Ann. For. Res. 58, 145–156 (2015).
Sadecký, D., Pejcha, J. & Šišák, L. Analysis of the public opinion on forest and forest management in the žďárské vrchy protected landscape area, czech republic [Analýza názorů veřejnosti na les a lesní hospodářství v chráněné krajinné oblasti žďárské vrchy]. Zpravy Lesn. Vyzk. 59, 11–17 (2014).
Ciuti, S. et al. Effects of Humans on Behaviour of Wildlife Exceed Those of Natural Predators in a Landscape of Fear. PLoS ONE 7, 1–16 (2012).
Google Scholar
Palacios, M. G., D’Amico, V. L. & Bertellotti, M. Ecotourism effects on health and immunity of Magellanic penguins at two reproductive colonies with disparate touristic regimes and population trends. Conserv. Physiol. 6, 1–13 (2018).
Google Scholar
Schuttler, S. G. et al. Deer on the lookout: how hunting, hiking and coyotes affect white-tailed deer vigilance. J. Zool. 301, 320–327 (2017).
Google Scholar
Preisser, E. L., Bolnick, D. I. & Benard, M. F. Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86, 501–509 (2005).
Google Scholar
Creel, S., Winnie, J., Maxwell, B., Hamlin, K. & Creel, M. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response to wolves. Ecology 86, 3387–3397 (2005).
Google Scholar
French, S. S., Denardo, D. F., Greives, T. J., Strand, C. R. & Demas, G. E. Human disturbance alters endocrine and immune responses in the Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). Horm. Behav. 58, 792–799 (2010).
Google Scholar
Beehner, J. C. & Bergman, T. J. The next step for stress research in primates: to identify relationships between glucocorticoid secretion and fitness. Horm. Behav. 91, 68–83 (2017).
Google Scholar
Dhabhar, F. S. Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunol. Res. 58, 193–210 (2014).
Google Scholar
Almasi, B., Béziers, P., Roulin, A. & Jenni, L. Agricultural land use and human presence around breeding sites increase stress-hormone levels and decrease body mass in barn owl nestlings. Oecologia 179, 89–101 (2015).
Google Scholar
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M. & Munck, A. U. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr. Rev. 21, 55–89 (2000).
Google Scholar
Szwagrzyk, J. et al. Effects of species and environmental factors on browsing frequency of young trees in mountain forests affected by natural disturbances. For. Ecol. Manage. 474, 1–13 (2020).
Google Scholar
Möst, L., Hothorn, T., Müller, J. & Heurich, M. Creating a landscape of management: unintended effects on the variation of browsing pressure in a national park. For. Ecol. Manage. 338, 46–56 (2015).
Google Scholar
Cukor, J. et al. Effects of bark stripping on timber production and structure of Norway Spruce forests in relation to climatic factors. Forests 10, 13–17 (2019).
Google Scholar
Vacek, Z. et al. Bark stripping, the crucial factor affecting stem rot development and timber production of Norway spruce forests in Central Europe. For. Ecol. Manage. 474, 118360 (2020).
Google Scholar
Barrueto, M., Ford, A. T. & Clevenger, A. P. Anthropogenic effects on activity patterns of wildlife at crossing structures. Ecosphere 5, 1–19 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ignatavičius, G. et al. Temporal patterns of ungulate-vehicle collisions in a sparsely populated country. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 66, 1–9 (2020).
Google Scholar
Price, M. V., Strombom, E. H. & Blumstein, D. T. Human activity affects the perception of risk by mule deer. Curr. Zool. 60, 693–699 (2014).
Google Scholar
Romero, L. M., Dickens, M. J. & Cyr, N. E. The reactive scope model—a new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress. Horm. Behav. 55, 375–389 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cukor, J., Havránek, F., Rohla, J. & Bukovjan, K. Estimation of red deer density in the west part of the Ore Mts (Czech Republic). Zpravy Lesn. Vyzk. Rep. For. Res. 62, 288–295 (2017).
Carpio, A. J., Apollonio, M. & Acevedo, P. Wild ungulate overabundance in Europe: contexts, causes, monitoring and management recommendations. Mamm. Rev. 51, 95–108 (2021).
Google Scholar
Iacolina, L., Corlatti, L., Buzan, E., Safner, T. & Šprem, N. Hybridisation in European ungulates: an overview of the current status, causes, and consequences. Mamm. Rev. 49, 45–59 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kangas, K., Luoto, M., Ihantola, A., Tomppo, E. & Siikamäki, P. Recreation-induced changes in boreal bird communities in protected areas. Ecol. Appl. 20, 1775–1786 (2010).
Google Scholar
Tost, D., Strauß, E., Jung, K. & Siebert, U. Impact of tourism on habitat use of black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) in an isolated population in northern Germany. PLoS ONE 15, e0238660 (2020).
Google Scholar
Köppen, W. Das Geographische System der Klimate, Handbuch der Klimatologie (Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1936).
Rob, F. et al. Compliance, safety concerns and anxiety in patients treated with biologics for psoriasis during the COVID-19 pandemic national lockdown: a multicenter study in the Czech Republic. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 76, jdv.16771 (2020).
Government of the Czech Republic. Measures adopted by the Czech Government against the coronavirus. (2021). Available at: https://www.vlada.cz/en/media-centrum/aktualne/measures-adopted-by-the-czech-government-against-coronavirus-180545/. (Accessed: 5th February 2021).
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. (2016).
Source: Ecology - nature.com