Nicholson, E., Keith, D. A. & Wilcove, D. S. Assessing the threat status of ecological communities. Conserv. Biol. 23, 259–274 (2009).
Bland, L. M. et al. Developing a standardized definition of ecosystem collapse for risk assessment. Front. Ecol. Environ. 16, 29–36 (2018).
Rockström, J. et al. Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecol. Soc. 14, 32 (2009).
The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Summary for Policy Makers (IPBES, 2019); https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2020-02/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers_en.pdf
Souter, D. et al. (eds) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 Report (International Coral Reef Initiative, 2021).
Hughes, T. P. et al. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546, 82–90 (2017).
Google Scholar
Beyer, H. L. et al. Risk-sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conserv. Lett. 109, e12587 (2018).
Miloslavich, P. et al. Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes. Glob. Change Biol. 24, 2416–2433 (2018).
Díaz-Pérez, L. et al. Coral reef health indices versus the biological, ecological and functional diversity of fish and coral assemblages in the Caribbean Sea. PLoS ONE 11, e0161812 (2016).
Obura, D. O. et al. Coral reef monitoring, reef assessment technologies, and ecosystem-based management. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 580 (2019).
Mumby, P. J., Steneck, R. S. & Hastings, A. Evidence for and against the existence of alternate attractors on coral reefs. Oikos 122, 481–491 (2013).
Ateweberhan, M., McClanahan, T. R., Graham, N. A. J. & Sheppard, C. R. C. Episodic heterogeneous decline and recovery of coral cover in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30, 739–752 (2011).
Obura, D. et al. (eds) Coral Reef Status Report for the Western Indian Ocean (International Coral Reef Initiative, 2017).
Bruno, J. F. & Selig, E. R. Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE 2, e711 (2007).
Jackson, J., Donovan, M. K., Cramer, K. & Lam, V. (eds) Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970–2012 (International Coral Reef Initiative, 2014).
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556, 492–496 (2018).
Google Scholar
McClanahan, T. R., Ateweberhan, M., Darling, E. S., Graham, N. A. J. & Muthiga, N. A. Biogeography and change among regional coral communities across the Western Indian Ocean. PLoS ONE 9, e93385 (2014).
Nicholson, E. et al. Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 5, 1338–1349 (2021).
Keith, D. A. et al. Scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 8, e62111 (2013).
Google Scholar
Rodriguez, J. P. et al. A practical guide to the application of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 370, 20140003 (2015).
Alaniz, A. J., Pérez-Quezada, J. F., Galleguillos, M., Vásquez, A. E. & Keith, D. A. Operationalizing the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems in public policy. Conserv. Lett. 12, e12665 (2019).
van Hooidonk, R. et al. Local-scale projections of coral reef futures and implications of the Paris Agreement. Sci. Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39666 (2016).
Hausfather, Z. & Peters, G. P. Emissions—the ‘business as usual’ story is misleading. Nature 577, 618–620 (2020).
Google Scholar
Gudka, M. et al. Participatory reporting of the 2016 bleaching event in the Western Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 39, 1–11 (2020).
Diaz, S. et al. Set ambitious goals for biodiversity and sustainability. Science 370, 411–413 (2020).
Steneck, R. S., Mumby, P. J., MacDonald, C., Rasher, D. B. & Stoyle, G. Attenuating effects of ecosystem management on coral reefs. Sci. Adv. 4, eaao5493 (2018).
Arnold, S., Steneck, R. & Mumby, P. Running the gauntlet: inhibitory effects of algal turfs on the processes of coral recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 414, 91–105 (2010).
Karkarey, R., Kelkar, N., Lobo, A. S., Alcoverro, T. & Arthur, R. Long-lived groupers require structurally stable reefs in the face of repeated climate change disturbances. Coral Reefs 33, 289–302 (2014).
Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y. J. et al. Valuable but vulnerable: over-fishing and under-management continue to threaten groupers so what now? Mar. Policy 116, 103909 (2020).
Garpe, K. C. & Öhman, M. C. Coral and fish distribution patterns in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania: fish–habitat interactions. Hydrobiologia 498, 191–211 (2003).
Samoilys, M., Roche, R., Koldewey, H. & Turner, J. Patterns in reef fish assemblages: insights from the Chagos Archipelago. PLoS ONE 13, e0191448 (2018).
Graham, N. A. J. et al. Human disruption of coral reef trophic structure. Curr. Biol. 27, 231–236 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bland, L. M. et al. Using multiple lines of evidence to assess the risk of ecosystem collapse. Proc. R. Soc. B 284, 20170660 (2017).
Nyström, M. Redundancy and response diversity of functional groups: implications for the resilience of coral reefs. Ambio 35, 30–35 (2006).
Uribe, E. S., Luna-Acosta, A. & Etter, A. Red List of Ecosystems: risk assessment of coral ecosystems in the Colombian Caribbean. Ocean Coast. Manag. 199, 105416 (2021).
Burns, E. L. et al. Ecosystem assessment of mountain ash forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Austral Ecol. 40, 386–399 (2015).
Roff, G. & Mumby, P. J. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 404–413 (2012).
Boitani, L., Mace, G. M. & Rondinini, C. Challenging the scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems. Conserv. Lett. 8, 125–131 (2015).
Rowland, J. A. et al. Ecosystem indices to support global biodiversity conservation. Conserv. Lett. 13, e12680 (2019).
Bland, L. M. et al. Impacts of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems on conservation policy and practice. Conserv. Lett. 12, e12666 (2019).
Brooks, T. M. et al. Harnessing biodiversity and conservation knowledge products to track the Aichi Targets and Sustainable Development Goals. Biodiversity 16, 157–174 (2015).
Keith, D. A. et al. The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology v1.0: Descriptive Profiles for Biomes and Ecosystem Functional Groups (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2020).
Camp, E. F. et al. The future of coral reefs subject to rapid climate change: lessons from natural extreme environments. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 4 (2018).
Pendleton, L. et al. Coral reefs and people in a high-CO2 world: where can science make a difference to people? PLoS ONE 11, e0164699 (2016).
Gamoyo, M., Obura, D. & Reason, C. J. C. Estimating connectivity through larval dispersal in the Western Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 124, 2446–2459 (2019).
Portner, H. O. et al. Scientific Outcome of the IPBES-IPCC Co-Sponsored Workshop Report on Biodiversity and Climate Change (IPBES, 2021); https://zenodo.org/record/5101125
Global Biodiversity Outlook 5 (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2020); https://www.cbd.int/gbo5
IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (eds Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. & Meyer L. A.) (IPCC, 2014).
Díaz, S. et al. Set ambitious goals for biodiversity and sustainability. Science 370, 411–413 (2020).
ICRI, Coral Reefs and the UN (International Coral Reef Initiative, 2021); https://www.icriforum.org/icri-coral-reefs-and-the-un/
Mahon, R. & Fanning, L. Regional ocean governance: polycentric arrangements and their role in global ocean governance. Mar. Policy 107, 103590 (2019).
Bland, L. M., Keith, D. A., Miller, R. M., Murray, N. J. & Rodríguez, J. P. Guidelines for the Application of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2015); https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.RLE.1.en
Spalding, M. D. et al. Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57, 573–583 (2007).
Veron, J., Stafford-Smith, M. G., Devantier, L. M. & Turak, E. Overview of distribution patterns of zooxanthellate Scleractinia. Front. Mar. Sci. 1, 81 (2015).
Obura, D. O. The diversity and biogeography of Western Indian Ocean reef-building corals. PLoS ONE 7, e45013 (2012).
Google Scholar
Connell, J. H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302–1310 (1978).
Google Scholar
Knowlton, N. Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. Integr. Comp. Biol. 32, 674–682 (1992).
Hughes, T. P., Carpenter, S., Rockström, J., Scheffer, M. & Walker, B. Multiscale regime shifts and planetary boundaries. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 389–395 (2013).
Jouffray, J. B. et al. Identifying multiple coral reef regimes and their drivers across the Hawaiian archipelago. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 370, 20130268 (2014).
Nyström, M. & Folke, C. Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems 4, 406–417 (2001).
Mumby, P. J. Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 28, 761–773 (2009).
Smith, J. E. et al. Re-evaluating the health of coral reef communities: baselines and evidence for human impacts across the central Pacific. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20151985 (2016).
Bellwood, D. R., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C. & Nyström, M. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429, 827–833 (2004).
Google Scholar
Mumby, P. J., Hastings, A. & Edwards, H. J. Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature 450, 98–101 (2007).
Google Scholar
Ainsworth, C. H. & Mumby, P. J. Coral–algal phase shifts alter fish communities and reduce fisheries production. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 165–172 (2015).
Wittebolle, L. et al. Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress. Nature 458, 623–626 (2009).
Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, R. D. et al. Integrating abundance and functional traits reveals new global hotspots of fish diversity. Nature 501, 539–542 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bellwood, D. R. et al. Coral reef conservation in the Anthropocene: confronting spatial mismatches and prioritizing functions. Biol. Conserv. 236, 604–615 (2019).
Cinner, J. E. et al. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs. Nature 535, 416–419 (2016).
Google Scholar
Huang, W., Mukherjee, D. & Chen, S. Assessment of Hurricane Ivan impact on chlorophyll-a in Pensacola Bay by MODIS 250m remote sensing. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62, 490–498 (2011).
Google Scholar
Chen, S. Estimating wide range total suspended solids concentrations from MODIS 250-m imageries: an improved method. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 99, 58–69 (2015).
Porter, S. N., Branch, G. M. & Sink, K. J. Changes in shallow-reef community composition along environmental gradients on the East African coast. Mar. Biol. 164, 101 (2017).
Perry, C. T. & Alvarez-Filip, L. Changing geo‐ecological functions of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Funct. Ecol. 33, 976–988 (2018).
Andrefouet, S. et al. Global assessment of modern coral reef extent and diversity for regional science and management applications: a view from space. In Proc. 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 1732–1745 (ICRS, 2006).
Maina, J., Venus, V., McClanahan, T. R. & Ateweberhan, M. Modelling susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing data and GIS models. Ecol. Model. 212, 180–199 (2008).
Maina, J., McClanahan, T. R., Venus, V., Ateweberhan, M. & Madin, J. Global gradients of coral exposure to environmental stresses and implications for local management. PLoS ONE 6, e23064 (2011).
Google Scholar
Liu, G. et al. NOAA coral reef watch’s decision support system for coral reef management. In Proc. 12th International Coral Reef Symposium (2012); https://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_5A_6.pdf
Hill, J. & Wilkinson, C. Methods for Ecological Monitoring of Coral Reefs: Version 1 (Australian Institute of Marine Science, 2004).
Wilkinson, C. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008 (International Coral Reef Initiative, 2008).
Muller-Karger, F. E. et al. Advancing marine biological observations and data requirements of the complementary essential ocean variables (EOVs) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) frameworks. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 15 (2018).
Bax, N. J. et al. Linking capacity development to GOOS monitoring networks to achieve sustained ocean observation. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 206 (2018).
Reuchlin-Hugenholtz, E., Shackell, N. L. & Hutchings, J. A. The potential for spatial distribution indices to signal thresholds in marine fish biomass. PLoS ONE 10, e0120500 (2015).
Kuempel, C. D., Adams, V. M., possingham, H. P. & Bode, M. Bigger or better: the relative benefits of protected area network expansion and enforcement for the conservation of an exploited species. Conserv. Lett. 11, e12433 (2017).
Morais, R. A., Connolly, S. R. & Bellwood, D. R. Human exploitation shapes productivity–biomass relationships on coral reefs. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 1295–1305 (2020).
Harford, W. J., Sagarese, S. R. & Karnauskas, M. Coping with information gaps in stock productivity for rebuilding and achieving maximum sustainable yield for grouper–snapper fisheries. Fish Fish. 20, 303–321 (2019).
Source: Ecology - nature.com