Lawrence, J.M. Sea urchins: biology and ecology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier B.V. (2020)
Purcell, S.W., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. Rome, Italy: FAO. (2012)
Yorke, C. E., Page, H. M. & Miller, R. J. Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers. Proc. R. Soc. B. 286(1906), 20190846 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dethier, M. N. et al. Feces as food: The nutritional value of urchin feces and implications for benthic food webs. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 514, 95–102 (2019).
Google Scholar
Purcell, S. W. et al. Ecological roles of exploited sea cucumbers. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 54, 367–386 (2017).
Hamel, J. F. & Mercier, A. Early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53(2), 253–271 (1996).
Google Scholar
Grosso, L. et al. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system combining the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, as primary species, and the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa as extractive species. Aquaculture 534, 736268 (2021)
Gabara, S.S., Konar, B.H. & Edwards, M.S. Biodiversity loss leads to reductions in community-wide trophic complexity. Ecosphere 12(2), e03361 (2021)
Duffy, J. E. et al. The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems: Incorporating trophic complexity. Ecol. Lett. 10(6), 522–538 (2010).
Google Scholar
Miller, R. J. et al. Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, increases faunal diversity through physical engineering. Proc. R. Soc. B. 285(1874), 20172571 (2018).
Google Scholar
Soulsby, P. G., Lowthion, D. & Houston, M. Effects of macroalgal mats on the ecology of intertidal mudflats. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13(5), 162–166 (1982).
Google Scholar
Filbee-Dexter, K. & Scheibling, R.E. Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 495(1), 1–25 (2014)
Hendler, G., Miller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier, P. M. Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995).
James, D. B. Sea cucumber and sea urchin resources. CMFRI Bull. 34, 85–93 (1983).
Muthiga, N.A. & Kawaka, J.A. The effects of temperature and light on the gametogenesis and spawning of four sea urchin and one sea cucumber species on coral reefs in Kenya. Proceedings of the 11th international coral reef symposium. Fort Lauderdale, Florida pp 356–360 (2008)
Byrnes, J., Cardinale, B. & Reed, D. Interactions between sea urchin grazing and prey diversity on temperate rocky reef communities. Ecology 94(7), 1636–1646 (2013).
Google Scholar
Vanderklift, M.A. & Kendrick, G.A. Contrasting influence of sea urchins on attached and drift macroalgae. Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 299, 101–110 (2005)
Duggins, D. O. Interspecific facilitation in a guild of benthic marine herbivores. Oecologia 48(2), 157–163 (1981).
Google Scholar
Bonaviri, C. et al. Fish versus starfish predation in controlling sea urchin populations in Mediterranean rocky shores. Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 382(1), 129–138 (2009)
Purcell, S. W. & Simutoga, M. Spatio-temporal and size-dependent variation in the success of releasing cultured sea cucumbers in the wild. Rev. Fish. Sci. 16, 204–214 (2008).
Google Scholar
Scheibling, R. E. & Robinson, M. C. Settlement behaviour and early post-settlement predation of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 365(1), 59–66 (2008).
Google Scholar
Francour, P. Predation on holothurians: a literature review. Invertebr. Biol. 116(1), 52–60 (1997).
Google Scholar
Scheibling, R. E. & Hamm, J. Interactions between sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and their predators in field and laboratory experiments. Mar. Biol. 110(1), 105–116 (1991).
Google Scholar
Bartumeus, F., Romero, J. & Alcoverro, T. The scent of fear makes sea urchins go ballistic. Mov. Ecol. 9(1), 1–12 (2021).
Google Scholar
Campbell, A.C. & Coppard, S., Tudor-Thomas CD. Escape and aggregation responses of three echinoderms to conspecific stimuli. Biol. Bull. 201(2), 175–185 (2001)
Chi, X. et al. Conspecific alarm cues are a potential effective barrier to regulate foraging behavior of the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus. Mar. Environ. Res. 171(8), 105476 (2021)
Chi, X. et al. Foraging behavior of the sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus exposed to conspecific alarm cues in various conditions. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1–6 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zhadan, P.M. & Vaschenko, M.A. Long-term study of behaviors of two cohabiting sea urchin species, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, under conditions of high food quantity and predation risk in situ. PeerJ 7(1), e8087 (2019)
Bshary, R. & Noë, R. Red colobus and Diana monkeys provide mutual protection against predators. Anim. Behav. 54(6), 1461–1474 (1997).
Google Scholar
Peres, C. A. Anti-predation benefits in a mixed-species group of Amazonian tamarins. Folia Primatol. 61(2), 61–76 (1993).
Google Scholar
Fuji, A. Ecological studies on the growth and food consumption of Japanese common littoral sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius (A. Agassiz). Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 15(2), 83–160 (1967)
Chang, Y., Ding, J., Song, J. & Yang, W. Biology and aquaculture of sea cucumbers and sea urchins (Ocean Press, 2004).
Yang, H., Hamel, J. F. & Mercier, A. The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: history, biology and aquaculture (Elsevier Inc., 2015).
Zhao, C. et al. Carryover effects of short-term UV-B radiation on fitness related traits of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 164, 659–664 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhang, L. et al. Effects of long-term elevated temperature on covering, sheltering and righting behaviors of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. PeerJ 5, e3122 (2017)
Zhao, C. et al. Effects of covering behavior and exposure to a predatory crab Charybdis japonica on survival and HSP70 expression of juvenile sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius. PloS One 9(5), e97840 (2014)
Kawai, T. & Agatsuma, Y. Predators on released seed of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius at Shiribeshi, Hokkaido, Japan. Fish. Sci. (Tokyo, Jpn.) 62(2), 317–318 (1996)
Hatanaka, H. Experimental studies on the predation of juvenile sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus by sea star Asterina pectinifera. Aquacult. Sci. 42(4), 563–566 (1994).
Guidetti, P. & Mori, M. Morpho-functional defences of Mediterranean sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, against fish predators. Mar. Biol. 147(3), 797–802 (2005).
Google Scholar
Moitoza, D.J & Phillips, D.W. Prey defense, predator preference, and nonrandom diet: the interactions between Pycnopodia helianthoides and two species of sea urchins. Mar. Biol. 53(4), 299–304 (1979)
Williams, J.P. et al. Sea urchin mass mortality rapidly restores kelp forest communities. Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 664, 117–131 (2021)
Pearse, J. Ecological role of purple sea urchins. Science 314(5801), 940–941 (2006).
Google Scholar
Vadas, R. L. Preferential feeding: an optimization strategy in sea urchins. Ecol. Monogr. 47(4), 337–371 (1977).
Google Scholar
Lowe, A. T. et al. Sedentary urchins influence benthic community composition below the macroalgal zone. Mar. Biol. 36(2), 129–140 (2015).
Layton, C. et al. Kelp Forest Restoration in Australia. Front. Mar. Sci. 7(74) (2020)
Eger, A.M. et al. Global Kelp forest restoration: Past lessons, status, and future goals. Preprint. EcoEvoRxiv. https://doi.org/10.32942/osf.io/emaz2 (2021)
Ritson-Williams, R. & Paul, V. J. Marine benthic invertebrates use multimodal cues for defense against reef fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 340, 29–39 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hu, F. et al. Effects of artificial reefs on selectivity and behaviors of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas: New insights into the pond culture. Aquacult. Rep. 21(3), 100842 (2021)
Sun, J. et al. Light intensity regulates phototaxis, foraging and righting behaviors of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. PeerJ 7, e8001 (2019)
Bi, S., Shi, J. & Liu, A. Exploitation and utilization of Ulva lactuca L. Mod. Fish. Inf. 11, 21–23 (1993).
Chang, Y. Q., Wang, Z. C. & Wang, G. J. Effect of temperature and algae on feeding and growth in sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. J. Fish. China 23(1), 69–76 (1999).
Dumont, C., Himmelman, J.H. & Russell, M.P. Size-specific movement of green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis on urchin barrens in eastern Canada. Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 276, 93–101 (2004)
Sun, J. et al. Interaction among sea urchins in response to food cues. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1–9 (2021).
Google Scholar
Węglarczyk, S. Kernel density estimation and its application. ITM Web Conf. 23(2), 00037 (2018).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
