Loya, Y. et al. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. Ecol. Lett. 4, 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00203.x (2001).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556, 492–496 (2018).
Google Scholar
Darling, E. S., Alvarez-Filip, L., Oliver, T. A., McClanahan, T. R. & Côté, I. M. Evaluating life-history strategies of reef corals from species traits. Ecol. Lett. 15, 1378–1386 (2012).
Google Scholar
Toth, L. T. et al. The unprecedented loss of Florida’s reef-building corals and the emergence of a novel coral-reef assemblage. Ecology 100, e02781. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2781 (2019).
Google Scholar
Green, D. H., Edmunds, P. J. & Carpenter, R. C. Increasing relative abundance of Porites astreoides on Caribbean reefs mediated by an overall decline in coral cover. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 359, 1–10 (2008).
Google Scholar
Alvarez-Filip, L., Carricart-Ganivet, J. P., Horta-Puga, G. & Iglesias-Prieto, R. Shifts in coral-assemblage composition do not ensure persistence of reef functionality. Sci. Rep. 3, 3486. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03486 (2013).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543, 373–377 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. et al. Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 40–43 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Poloczanska, E. S., Skirving, W. & Dove, S. Coral reef ecosystems under climate change and ocean acidification. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gardner, T. A., Côté, I. M., Gill, J. A., Grant, A. & Watkinson, A. R. Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science 301, 958–960 (2003).
Google Scholar
Jackson, J., Donovan, M., Cramer, K. & Lam, V. Status and trends of Caribbean coral reefs. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 1970–2012 (2014).
Bruno, J. F., Sweatman, H., Precht, W. F., Selig, E. R. & Schutte, V. G. Ecosystem-based management. Ecology 90, 1478–1484 (2009).
Google Scholar
Roff, G. & Mumby, P. J. Global disparity in the resilience of coral reefs. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 404–413 (2012).
Google Scholar
Bak, R. P. M., Lambrechts, D. Y. M., Joenje, M., Nieuwland, G. & Van Veghel, M. L. J. Long-term changes on coral reefs in booming populations of a competitive colonial ascidian. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 133, 303–306 (1996).
Google Scholar
Norström, A. V., Nyström, M., Lokrantz, J. & Folke, C. Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coral–macroalgal phase shifts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 376, 295–306 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lenz, E. A., Bramanti, L., Lasker, H. R. & Edmunds, P. J. Long-term variation of octocoral populations in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 34, 1099–1109 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pawlik, J. R. & McMurray, S. E. The emerging ecological and biogeochemical importance of sponges on coral reefs. Ann. Rev. Mar Sci. 12, 315–337 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lasker, H. R., Bramanti, L., Tsounis, G. & Edmunds, P. J. in Advances in Marine Biology Vol. 87 (ed. Riegl, B. M.) 361–410 (Academic Press, 2020).
Pearson, R. Recovery and recolonization of coral reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 4, 105–122 (1981).
Google Scholar
Connell, J. H., Hughes, T. P. & Wallace, C. C. A 30-year study of coral abundance, recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time. Ecol. Monogr. 67, 461–488 (1997).
Google Scholar
França, F. M. et al. Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 375, 20190116 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ruzicka, R. et al. Temporal changes in benthic assemblages on Florida Keys reefs 11 years after the 1997/1998 El Niño. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 489, 125–141 (2013).
Google Scholar
Sánchez, J. A. et al. in Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (eds Loya, Y. et al.) 729–747 (Springer International Publishing, 2019).
Google Scholar
Tsounis, G., Edmunds, P. J., Bramanti, L., Gambrel, B. & Lasker, H. R. Variability of size structure and species composition in Caribbean octocoral communities under contrasting environmental conditions. Mar. Biol. 165, 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-018-3286-2 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kinzie, R. A. III. The zonation of West Indian gorgonians. Bull. Mar. Sci. 23, 93–155 (1973).
Yoshioka, P. M. & Yoshioka, B. B. A comparison of the survivorship and growth of shallow-water gorgonian species of Puerto Rico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 69, 253–260 (1991).
Google Scholar
De’ath, G., Fabricius, K. E., Sweatman, H. & Puotinen, M. The 27–year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109, 17995–17999 (2012).
Google Scholar
Newman, M. J., Paredes, G. A., Sala, E. & Jackson, J. B. Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecol. Lett. 9, 1216–1227 (2006).
Google Scholar
Tilman, D. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology 80, 1455–1474 (1999).
Lawton, J. H. & Brown, V. K. in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function (eds Schulze, E. D. & Mooney, H. A.) 255–270 (Springer, 1994).
Google Scholar
Loreau, M. et al. Biodiversity as insurance: from concept to measurement and application. Biol. Rev. 96(5), 2333–2354 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bellwood, D. R., Stret, R. P., Brandl, S. J. & Tebbett, S. B. The meaning of the term ‘function’ in ecology: a coral reef perspective. Funct. Ecol. 33, 948–961 (2018).
Google Scholar
Caswell, H. Construction, analysis, and interpretation. Sunderland: Sinauer 585, 258–277 (2001).
Bayer, F. M. The shallow-water Octocorallia of the West Indian region. Stud. Fauna Curacao Caribb. Isl. 12, 1–373 (1961).
Rossi, S., Bramanti, L., Gori, A. & Orejas, C. An overview of the animal forests of the world. In Marine Animal Forest (ed. Rossi, S.) 1–25 (Springer, 2017).
Google Scholar
Sánchez, J. A. Diversity and evolution of octocoral animal forests at both sides of tropical america. in Marine Animal Forests (eds Rossi, S. et al.) (Springer, 2016).
Thibaut, L. M. & Connolly, S. R. Understanding diversity–stability relationships: towards a unified model of portfolio effects. Ecol. Lett. 16, 140–150 (2013).
Google Scholar
Schindler, D. E., Armstrong, J. B. & Reed, T. E. The portfolio concept in ecology and evolution. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13, 257–263 (2015).
Google Scholar
Biggs, C. R. et al. Does functional redundancy affect ecological stability and resilience? A review and meta-analysis. Ecosphere 11, e03184 (2020).
Google Scholar
Anderson, S. C., Moore, J. W., McClure, M. M., Dulvy, N. K. & Cooper, A. B. Portfolio conservation of metapopulations under climate change. Ecol. Appl. 25, 559–572 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mellin, C., MacNeil, A. M., Cheal, A. J., Emslie, M. J. & Caley, J. M. Marine protected areas increase resilience among coral reef communities. Ecol. Lett. 19, 629–637 (2016).
Google Scholar
Webster, N. et al. Host-associated coral reef microbes respond to the cumulative pressures of ocean warming and ocean acidification. Sci. rep. 6, 1–9 (2016).
Google Scholar
Tsounis, G. & Edmunds, P. J. Three decades of coral reef community dynamics in St. John, USVI: a contrast of scleractinians and octocorals. Ecosphere 8, e01646 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hurlbert, S. H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54, 187–211 (1984).
Google Scholar
Tsounis, G., Edmunds, P. J., Bramanti, L., Gambrel, B. & Lasker, H. R. Variability of size structure and species composition in Caribbean octocoral communities under contrasting environmental conditions. Mar. Biol. 165, 1–14 (2018).
Google Scholar
Browning, T. N. et al. Widespread deposition in a coastal bay following three major 2017 hurricanes (Irma, Jose, and Maria). Sci. Rep. 9, 1–13 (2019).
Google Scholar
Edmunds, P. J. Three decades of degradation lead to diminished impacts of severe hurricanes on Caribbean reefs. Ecology 100, e02587 (2019).
Google Scholar
Clarke, K. & Warwick, R. Quantifying structural redundancy in ecological communities. Oecologia 113, 278–289 (1998).
Google Scholar
Menge, B. A., Berlow, E. L., Blanchette, C. A., Navarrete, S. A. & Yamada, S. B. The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecol. Monogr. 64, 249–286 (1994).
Google Scholar
Frost, T. M., Carpenter, S. R., Ives, A. R. & Kratz, T. K. in Linking Species & Ecosystems (eds Jones, C. G. & Lawton, J. H.) 224–239 (Springer, 1995).
Google Scholar
Lasker, H., Martínez-Quintana, Á., Bramanti, L. & Edmunds, P. J. Resilience of octocoral forests to catastrophic storms. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–8 (2020).
Google Scholar
Goffredo, S. & Lasker, H. R. Modular growth of a gorgonian coral can generate predictable patterns of colony growth. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 336, 221–229 (2006).
Google Scholar
Grigg, R. W. Growth rings: annual periodicity in two gorgonian corals. Ecology 55, 876–881 (1974).
Google Scholar
Grigg, R. W. Resource management of precious corals a review and application ton shallow water reef building corals. Mar. Ecol. 5, 57–74 (1984).
Google Scholar
Clarke, K. R. & Gorley, R. N. Primer v6: User Manual/Tutorial (PRIMER-E Ltd., 2006).
Schutte, V. G., Selig, E. R. & Bruno, J. F. Regional spatio-temporal trends in Caribbean coral reef benthic communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 402, 115–122 (2010).
Google Scholar
Edmunds, P. J. Decadal-scale changes in the community structure of coral reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 489, 107–123 (2013).
Google Scholar
Chollett, I., Mumby, P. J., Müller-Karger, F. E. & Hu, C. Physical environments of the Caribbean Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 57, 1233–1244 (2012).
Google Scholar
Fowell, S. E. et al. Historical trends in pH and carbonate biogeochemistry on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 3228–3237. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076496 (2018).
Google Scholar
Edmunds, P. J. & Lasker, H. R. Regulation of population size of arborescent octocorals on shallow Caribbean reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 615, 1–14 (2019).
Google Scholar
Borgstein, N., Beltrán, D. M. & Prada, C. Variable growth across species and life stages in Caribbean reef octocorals. Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 483 (2020).
Google Scholar
Guizien, K. & Ghisalberti, M. in Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots (eds Rossi, S. et al.) 1–22 (Springer International Publishing, 2015).
Isbell, F. I., Polley, H. W. & Wilsey, B. J. Biodiversity, productivity and the temporal stability of productivity: patterns and processes. Ecol. Lett. 12, 443–451 (2009).
Google Scholar
Simonson, W. D., Allen, H. D., Coomes, D. A. & Tatem, A. Applications of airborne lidar for the assessment of animal species diversity. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 719–729 (2014).
Google Scholar
Roscher, C. et al. Identifying population- and community-level mechanisms of diversity-stability relationships in experimental grasslands. J. Ecol. 99, 1460–1469 (2011).
Google Scholar
Yang, Z., Ruijven, V. J. & Du, G. The effects of long-term fertilization on the temporal stability of alpine meadow communities. Plant Soil 345, 315–324 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wilcox, K. R. et al. Asynchrony among local communities stabilises ecosystem function of metacommunities. Ecol. Lett. 20, 1534–1545 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, J. S. Logical fallacies in the assessment of functional redundancy. Conserv. Biol. 16, 837–839 (2002).
Google Scholar
Loreau, M. Does functional redundancy exist?. Oikos 104, 606–611 (2004).
Google Scholar
Gambrel, B. & Lasker, H. R. Interactions in the canopy among Caribbean reef octocorals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 546, 85–95 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zambrano, J. et al. Tree crown overlap improves predictions of the functional neighbourhood effects on tree survival and growth. J. Ecol. 107, 887–900 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pescador, et al. 2018 The shape is more important than we ever thought: Plant to plant interactions in a high mountain community. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 1584–1593 (2019).
Google Scholar
Cerpovicz, A. F. & Lasker, H. R. Canopy effects of octocoral communities on sedimentation: modern baffles on the shallow-water reefs of St. John, USVI. Coral Reefs 40, 295 (2021).
Google Scholar
Martinez-Quintana, Á. & Lasker, H. R. Early life-history dynamics of Caribbean octocorals: the critical role of larval supply and partial mortality. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.705563 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tsounis, G., Steele, M. A. & Edmunds, P. J. Elevated feeding rates of fishes within octocoral canopies on Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 39, 1299–1311 (2020).
Google Scholar
Girard, J. & Edmunds, P.J. Effects of arborescent octocoral assemblages on the understory benthic communities of shallow Caribbean reefs. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. (in review).
Privitera-Johnson, K., Lenz, E. A. & Edmunds, P. J. Density-associated recruitment in octocoral communities in St. John, US Virgin Islands. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 473, 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2015.08.006 (2015).
Google Scholar
Slattery, M. & Lesser, M. P. Gorgonians are foundation species on sponge-dominated Mesophotic Coral Reefs in the Caribbean. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.654268 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lasker, H. R. & Porto-Hannes, I. Population structure among octocoral adults and recruits identifies scale dependent patterns of population isolation in The Bahamas. PeerJ 3, e1019. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1019 (2015).
Google Scholar
Clark, D. A. & Clark, D. B. Getting to the canopy: tree height growth in a neotropical rain forest. Ecology 82, 1460–1472 (2001).
Google Scholar
Birkeland, C. Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene 1–15 (Springer, 2015).
Google Scholar
Petraitis, P. S. & Dudgeon, S. R. Cusps and butterflies: multiple stable states in marine systems as catastrophes. Mar. Freshw. Res. 67, 37–46 (2015).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com
