Meropol, S. B., Haupt, A. A. & Debanne, S. M. Incidence and outcomes of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Children, 2007–2015. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 7, 36–45 (2018).
Google Scholar
Moxon, C. A. & Paulus, S. Beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae infections in children. J. Infect. 72, S41–S49 (2016).
Google Scholar
Morrissey, I. et al. A review of ten years of the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011. Pharmaceuticals 6, 1335–1346 (2013).
Google Scholar
Junnila, J. et al. Changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a low endemicity area—new challenges for MRSA control. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 39, 2299–2307 (2020).
Google Scholar
Milstone, A. M. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and risk of subsequent infection in critically ill children: Importance of preventing nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53, 853–859 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lakhundi, S. & Zhang, K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 31, e00020-18 (2018).
Google Scholar
Schlesinger, Y. et al. Methicillin-resistant nasal colonization in children in Jerusalem: Community vs. chronic care institutions. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 5, 847–851 (2003).
Google Scholar
Liang, B. et al. Active surveillance, drug resistance, and genotypic profiling of Staphylococcus aureus among school-age children in China. Front. Med. 8, 701494 (2021).
Google Scholar
Del Rosal, T. et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in Spanish children. The COSACO Nationwide Surveillance Study. Infect. Drug Resist. 13, 4643–4651 (2020).
Google Scholar
Feudtner, C., Feinstein, J. A., Zhong, W., Hall, M. & Dai, D. Pediatric complex chronic conditions classification system version 2: Updated for ICD-10 and complex medical technology dependence and transplantation. BMC Pediatr. 14, 199 (2014).
Google Scholar
Climent Alcalá, F. J., García Fernández de Villalta, M., Escosa García, L., Rodríguez Alonso, A. & Albajara Velasco, L. A. Unidad de niños con patología crónica compleja. Un modelo necesario en nuestros hospitales. Anales de Pediatría 88, 12–18 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gesualdo, F. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in a department of pediatrics: A cross-sectional study. Ital. J. Pediatr. 40, 3 (2014).
Google Scholar
Yamamoto, M. et al. Effective surveillance to identify the surgical patients carrying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on admission in a pediatric ward. Osaka City Med. J. 62, 1–9 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lukac, P. J., Bonomo, R. A. & Logan, L. K. Extended-spectrum-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children: Old foe, emerging threat. Clin. Infect. Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ020 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fedler, K. A., Biedenbach, D. J. & Jones, R. N. Assessment of pathogen frequency and resistance patterns among pediatric patient isolates: Report from the 2004 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program on 3 continents. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56, 427–436 (2006).
Google Scholar
Caselli, D. et al. Incidence of colonization and bloodstream infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy in Italy. Infect. Dis. 48, 152–155 (2016).
Google Scholar
Logan, L. K. et al. Multidrug- and Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Children, United States, 1999–2012. JPIDSJ piw064 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw064.
Flokas, M. E., Alevizakos, M., Shehadeh, F., Andreatos, N. & Mylonakis, E. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonisation in long-term care facilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 50, 649–656 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bharadwaj, R. et al. Drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization is associated with healthcare utilization and antimicrobial use among inpatients in Pune, India. BMC Infect. Dis. 18, 504 (2018).
Google Scholar
Logan, L. K. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: An emerging problem in children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55, 852–859 (2012).
Google Scholar
Badal, R. E. et al. Etiology, extended-spectrum β-lactamase rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacilli causing intra-abdominal infections in patients in general pediatric and pediatric intensive care units—global data from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends 2008 to 2010. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 32, 636–640 (2013).
Google Scholar
Wang, Q. et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae nosocomial infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 35, 1679–1689 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sahbudak Bal, Z. et al. The prospective evaluation of risk factors and clinical influence of carbapenem resistance in children with gram-negative bacteria infection. Am. J. Infect. Control 46, 147–153 (2018).
Google Scholar
Simon, T. D. et al. Pediatric medical complexity algorithm: A new method to stratify children by medical complexity. Pediatrics 133, e1647–e1654 (2014).
Google Scholar
Román, F. et al. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains colonizing the nostrils of Spanish children. MicrobiologyOpen 10, e1235 (2021).
Google Scholar
EUCAST. European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. (2018).
Oteo, J. et al. Prospective multicenter study of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from 83 hospitals in Spain reveals high in vitro susceptibility to colistin and meropenem. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59, 3406–3412 (2015).
Google Scholar
Maseda, E. et al. Risk factors for colonization by carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria at admission to a Surgical ICU: A retrospective study. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 35, 333–337 (2017).
Google Scholar
Bassetti, M., Nicco, E. & Mikulska, M. Why is community-associated MRSA spreading across the world and how will it change clinical practice?. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34, S15–S19 (2009).
Google Scholar
El Cheikh, M. R., Barbosa, J. M., Caixêta, J. A. S. & Avelino, M. A. G. Microbiology of tracheal secretions: What to expect with children and adolescents with tracheostomies. Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 22, 50–54 (2018).
Google Scholar
González-Del Castillo, J. et al. BAHNG score: Predictive model for detection of subjects with the oropharynx colonized by uncommon microorganisms. Rev. Esp Quimioter. 30, 422–428 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hu, X. et al. Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Int. Med. Res. 50, 3000605211063019 (2022).
Google Scholar
Gleeson, A., Larkin, P., Walsh, C. & O’Sullivan, N. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and effects on survival of patients in a specialist palliative care unit: A prospective observational study. Palliat. Med. 30, 374–381 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hogardt, M. et al. Current prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms in long-term care facilities in the Rhine-Main district, Germany, 2013. Euro Surveill. 20, 21171 (2015).
Google Scholar
Warren, D. K. et al. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a surgical intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 27, 1032–1040 (2006).
Google Scholar
Folgori, L. et al. Healthcare-associated infections in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units: Impact of underlying risk factors and antimicrobial resistance on 30-day case-fatality in Italy and Brazil. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 37, 1302–1309 (2016).
Google Scholar
Béranger, A. et al. Early bacterial infections after pediatric liver transplantation in the era of multidrug-resistant bacteria: Nine-year single-center retrospective experience. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 39, e169–e175 (2020).
Google Scholar
Bouras, D. et al. Staphylococcus aureus osteoarticular infections in children: An 8-year review of molecular microbiology, antibiotic resistance and clinical characteristics. J. Med. Microbiol. 67, 1753–1760 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rodriguez, M., Hogan, P. G., Krauss, M., Warren, D. K. & Fritz, S. A. Measurement and impact of Staphylococcus aureus colonization pressure in households. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 2, 147–154 (2013).
Google Scholar
Messina, N. L., Williamson, D. A., Robins-Browne, R., Bryant, P. A. & Curtis, N. Risk factors for carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in healthy children in the community: A systematic review. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 39, 397–405 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dualleh, N. et al. Colonization with multiresistant bacteria in acute hospital care: The association of prior antibiotic consumption as a risk factor. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 75, 3675–3681 (2020).
Google Scholar
Daskalaki, M. et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections among children in an emergency department in Madrid, Spain. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16, 74–77 (2010).
Google Scholar
Aguilera-Alonso, D., Escosa-García, L., Saavedra-Lozano, J., Cercenado, E. & Baquero-Artigao, F. Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in children. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64, e02183-e2219 (2020).
Google Scholar
Phichaphop, C. et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infection following pediatric liver transplantation. Medicine 99, e23169 (2020).
Google Scholar
Tacconelli, E. et al. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20, 1–55 (2014).
Google Scholar
McConville, T. H., Sullivan, S. B., Gomez-Simmonds, A., Whittier, S. & Uhlemann, A.-C. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization (CRE) and subsequent risk of infection and 90-day mortality in critically ill patients, an observational study. PLoS ONE 12, e0186195 (2017).
Google Scholar
Tamma, P. D. et al. The likelihood of developing a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infection during a hospital stay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 63, e00757-e819 (2019).
Google Scholar
Detsis, M., Karanika, S. & Mylonakis, E. ICU acquisition rate, risk factors, and clinical significance of digestive tract colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care Med. 45, 705–714 (2017).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com