Sonenshine, D. E. Insects of Virginia No. 13. Ticks of Virginia (Acari: Metastigmata). Res. Div. Bull. 139, 1–44 (1979).
Lindquist, E. E. et al. A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae) (Biological Survey of Canada, 2016).
Campbell, A. & MacKay, P. R. Distribution of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and its small-mammal hosts in relation to vegetation types in a study area in Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 57, 1950–1959 (1979).
Google Scholar
Barker, I. K. et al. Distribution of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) and isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ontario, Canada. J. Med. Entomol. 29, 1011–1022 (1992).
Google Scholar
Morshed, M. G., Scott, J. D., Fernando, K., Mann, R. B. & Durden, L. A. Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi endemic at epicenter in Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario. J. Med. Entomol. 40, 91–94 (2003).
Google Scholar
Nelder, M. P. et al. Population-based passive tick surveillance and detection of expanding foci of blacklegged ticks Ixodes scapularis and the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE 9, e105358 (2014).
Google Scholar
Clow, K. M. et al. Distribution of ticks and the risk of Lyme disease and other tick-borne pathogens of public health significance in Ontario, Canada. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 16, 215–222 (2016).
Google Scholar
Smith, K. A. et al. Tick infestations of wildlife and companion animals in Ontario, Canada, with detection of human pathogens in Ixodes scapularis ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 10, 72–76 (2019).
Google Scholar
Scott, J. D. et al. Extensive distribution of the Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in multiple tick species parasitizing avian and mammalian hosts across Canada. Healthcare 6, 131 (2018).
Google Scholar
James, A. M., Burdett, C., McCool, M. J., Fox, A. & Riggs, P. The geographic distribution and ecological preferences of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), in the USA. Med. Vet. Entomol. 29, 178–188 (2015).
Google Scholar
Blouin, E. F., Kocan, A. A., Glenn, B. L., Kocan, K. M. & Hair, J. A. Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis Kier, 1979 from bobcats, Felis rufus (Schreber), to domestic cats by Dermacentor variabilis (Say). J. Wildl. Dis. 20, 241–242 (1984).
Google Scholar
Yunik, M. E., Galloway, T. D. & Lindsay, L. R. Active surveillance of Anaplasma marginale in populations of arthropod vectors (Acari: Ixodidae; Diptera: Tabanidae) during and after an outbreak of bovine anaplasmosis in southern Manitoba, Canada. Can. J. Vet. Res. 80, 171–174 (2016).
Google Scholar
Trumpp, K. M., Parsley, A. L., Lewis, M. J., Camp, J. W. Jr. & Taylor, S. D. Presumptive tick paralysis in 2 American miniature horses in the United States. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 33, 1784–1788 (2019).
Google Scholar
Léger, E., Vourc’h, G., Vial, L., Chevillon, C. & McCoy, K. D. Changing distributions of ticks: Causes and consequences. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 59, 219–244 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ogden, N. H., Mechai, S. & Margos, G. Changing geographic ranges of ticks and tick-borne pathogens: Drivers, mechanisms and consequences for pathogen diversity. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 3, 46 (2013).
Google Scholar
Bouchard, C. et al. Increased risk of tick-borne diseases with climate and environmental changes. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 45, 83–89 (2019).
Google Scholar
Artsob, H. et al. Isolation of Francisella tularensis and Powassan virus from ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ontario, Canada. J. Med. Entomol. 21, 165–168 (1984).
Google Scholar
Gregson, J. D. The Ixodoidea of Canada. Canadian Department of Agriculture Publication 930 (Canadian Department of Agriculture, 1956).
Scholten, T. Human tick infestations in Ontario: Findings at the Toronto Public Health Laboratory, 1967–1977. Can. J. Public Health 68, 494–496 (1977).
Google Scholar
Jarvis, D. The Acarina, with a host index to the species found in Ontario. 48th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario 1909 36, 82–109 (1910).
Dergousoff, S. J., Galloway, T. D., Lindsay, L. R., Curry, P. S. & Chilton, N. B. Range expansion of Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) near their northern distributional limits. J. Med. Entomol. 50, 510–520 (2013).
Google Scholar
Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Forest resources of Ontario 2016 (Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2018).
Crins, W. J., Gray, P. A., Uhlig, P. W. C. & Wester, M. C. The ecosystems of Ontario, Part 1: Ecozones and ecoregions. (Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2009).
Nelder, M. P. et al. Human pathogens associated with the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis: A systematic review. Parasit. Vectors 9, 265 (2016).
Google Scholar
University of Toronto. FSA land area file. https://mdl.library.utoronto.ca/collections/numeric-data/census-canada/2016/geo (2018).
Lehane, A. et al. Reported county-level distribution of the American dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in the contiguous United States. J. Med. Entomol. 57, 131–155 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dennis, D. T., Nekomoto, T. S., Victor, J. C., Paul, W. S. & Piesman, J. Reported distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J. Med. Entomol. 35, 629–638 (1998).
Google Scholar
Springer, Y. P., Eisen, L., Beati, L., James, A. M. & Eisen, R. J. Spatial distribution of counties in the continental United States with records of occurrence of Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 51, 342–351 (2014).
Google Scholar
Eisen, R. J., Eisen, L. & Beard, C. B. County-scale distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the continental United States. J. Med. Entomol. 53, 349–386 (2016).
Google Scholar
Clow, K. M. et al. Northward range expansion of Ixodes scapularis evident over a short timescale in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE 12, e0189393 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rand, P. W. et al. Passive surveillance in Maine, an area emergent for tick-borne diseases. J. Med. Entomol. 44, 1118–1129 (2007).
Google Scholar
Baldwin, D., Desloges, J. & Band, L. Physical geography of Ontario in Ecology of a managed terrestrial landscape: patterns and processes of forest landscapes in Ontario (eds. Perera, A. H., Euler, D. L. & Thompson, I. D.) 12–29 (UBC Press, 2000).
Minigan, J. N., Hager, H. A., Peregrine, A. S. & Newman, J. A. Current and potential future distribution of the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis, Say) in North America. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 9, 354–362 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P. R. The distribution of Dermacentor ticks in Canada in relation to bioclimatic zones. Can. J. Zool. 45, 517–537 (1967).
Google Scholar
Bishopp, F. C. & Trembley, T. H. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31, 1–54 (1945).
Walker, E. D. et al. Geographic distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Michigan, with emphasis on Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Med. Entomol. 35, 872–882 (1998).
Google Scholar
Harlan, H. J. Observations of host seeking behaviour in American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ohio. Med. Entomol. 4, 23–33 (2003).
Dodds, D. G., Martell, A. M. & Yescott, R. E. Ecology of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 47, 171–181 (1969).
Judd, W. W. Recent records of ticks, Ixodes cookei Packard and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acarina: Ixodoidea) in southwestern Ontario. Entomol. News 86, 157–159 (1975).
Google Scholar
Snetsinger, R., Jacobs, S. B., Kim, K. C. & Tavris, D. Extension of the range of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Pennsylvania. J. Med. Entomol. 30, 795–798 (1993).
Google Scholar
Saura, S., Bodin, Ö. & Fortin, M.-J. Stepping stones are crucial for species’ long-distance dispersal and range expansion through habitat networks. J. Appl. Ecol. 51, 171–182 (2014).
Sagurova, I. et al. Predicted northward expansion of the geographic range of the tick vector Amblyomma americanum in North America under future climate conditions. Environ. Health Perspect. 127, 107014 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mierzejewska, E. J., Estrada-Peña, A., Alsarraf, M., Kowalec, M. & Bajer, A. Mapping of Dermacentor reticulatus expansion in Poland in 2012–2014. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 7, 94–106 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gray, J. S., Dautel, H., Estrada-Peña, A., Kahl, O. & Lindgren, E. Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe. Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2009, 593232 (2009).
Google Scholar
Gasmi, S. et al. Evidence for increasing densities and geographic ranges of tick species of public health significance other than Ixodes scapularis in Quebec, Canada. PLoS ONE 13, e0201924 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pak, D., Jacobs, S. B. & Sakamoto, J. M. A 117-year retrospective analysis of Pennsylvania tick community dynamics. Parasit. Vectors 12, 189 (2019).
Google Scholar
Garvie, M. B., McKiel, J. A., Sonenshine, D. E. & Campbell, A. Seasonal dynamics of American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), populations in southwestern Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 56, 28–39 (1978).
Google Scholar
Burg, J. G. Seasonal activity and spatial distribution of host-seeking adults of the tick Dermacentor variabilis. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15, 413–421 (2001).
Google Scholar
Newhouse, V. F. Variations in population density, movement, and rickettsial infection rates in a local population of Dermacentor variabilis (Acarina: Ixodidae) ticks in the Piedmont of Georgia. Environ. Entomol. 12, 1737–1746 (1983).
Mackenzie, A. M. R., Rossier, E., Polley, J. R. & Corber, S. J. Rocky Mountain spotted fever—Ontario. Can. Dis. Wkly. Rep. 5, 130–132 (1979).
Gary, A. T., Webb, J. A., Hegarty, B. C. & Breitschwerdt, E. B. The low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern Ontario and Quebec. Can. Vet. J. 47, 1194–1200 (2006).
Google Scholar
Walker, W. J. & Moore, C. A. Tularemia: Experience in the Hamilton area. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 105, 390–396 (1971).
Google Scholar
Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). 2019 tularemia data at a glance. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/diseases-and-conditions/infectious-diseases/vector-borne-zoonotic-diseases/tularemia (2020).
Wood, H. & Artsob, H. Spotted fever group rickettsiae: a brief review and a Canadian perspective. Zoonoses Public Health 59(Suppl 2), 65–79 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wood, H., Dillon, L., Patel, S. N. & Ralevski, F. Prevalence of Rickettsia species in Dermacentor variabilis ticks from Ontario, Canada. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 7, 1044–1046 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kaufman, E. L. et al. Range-wide genetic analysis of Dermacentor variabilis and its Francisella-like endosymbionts demonstrates phylogeographic concordance between both taxa. Parasit. Vectors 11, 306 (2018).
Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. Census profile. 2016 Census. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (2017).
Statistics Canada. Land use, census of agriculture historical data. Table: 32–10–0153–01. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (2022).
Source: Ecology - nature.com
