Possingham, H. P. et al. Limits to the use of threatened species lists. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 503–507 (2002).
Google Scholar
Duarte, C. M. et al. Rebuilding marine life. Nature 580, 39–51 (2020).
Google Scholar
Knowlton, N. Ocean optimism: Moving beyond the obituaries in marine conservation. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 13, 13 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cinner, J. E. et al. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs. Nature 535, 416–419 (2016).
Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J. et al. Status and ecological effects of the world’s largest carnivores. Science 343, 1241484 (2014).
Google Scholar
Estes, J. A. et al. Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 333, 301–306 (2011).
Google Scholar
Hammerschlag, N. et al. Ecosystem function and services of aquatic predators in the anthropocene. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34(4), 369–383 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ritchie, E. G. et al. Ecosystem restoration with teeth: What role for predators?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 265–271 (2012).
Google Scholar
Young, H. S., McCauley, D. J., Galetti, M. & Dirzo, R. Patterns, causes, and consequences of anthropocene defaunation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 47, 333–358 (2016).
Google Scholar
Marshall, K. N., Stier, A. C., Samhouri, J. F., Kelly, R. P. & Ward, E. J. Conservation challenges of predator recovery. Conserv. Lett. 9, 70–78 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gregr, E. J. et al. Cascading social-ecological costs and benefits triggered by a recovering keystone predator. Science 368, 1243–1247 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jones, K. R. et al. The location and protection status of earth’s diminishing marine wilderness. Curr. Biol. 28, 2506-2512.e3 (2018).
Google Scholar
Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the anthropocene. Science 345, 401–406 (2014).
Google Scholar
McCauley, D. J. et al. Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean. Science 347, 1255641 (2015).
Google Scholar
Nielsen, M. R., Meilby, H., Smith-Hall, C., Pouliot, M. & Treue, T. The importance of wild meat in the global south. Ecol. Econ. 146, 696–705 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ripple, W. J. et al. Are we eating the world’s megafauna to extinction?. Conserv. Lett. 12, e12627 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pacoureau, N. et al. Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays. Nature 589, 567–571 (2021).
Google Scholar
Carrizo, S. F. et al. Freshwater megafauna: Flagships for freshwater biodiversity under threat. Bioscience 67, 919–927 (2017).
Google Scholar
Luskin, M. S., Albert, W. R. & Tobler, M. W. Sumatran tiger survival threatened by deforestation despite increasing densities in parks. Nat. Commun. 8, 1783 (2017).
Google Scholar
Desforges, J.-P. et al. Predicting global killer whale population collapse from PCB pollution. Science 361, 1373–1376 (2018).
Google Scholar
Alava, J. J., Cheung, W. W. L., Ross, P. S. & Sumaila, U. R. Climate change–contaminant interactions in marine food webs: Toward a conceptual framework. Glob. Change Biol. 23, 3984–4001 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chapron, G. et al. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346, 1517–1519 (2014).
Google Scholar
House, P. H., Clark, B. L. & Allen, L. G. The return of the king of the kelp forest: Distribution, abundance, and biomass of Giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) off Santa Catalina Island, California, 2014–2015. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 115, 1–14 (2016).
Waterhouse, L. et al. Recovery of critically endangered Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) in the Cayman Islands following targeted conservation actions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 1587–1595 (2020).
Google Scholar
Balmford, A. & Knowlton, N. Why Earth Optimism? (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2017).
Google Scholar
Sutherland, W. J., Pullin, A. S., Dolman, P. M. & Knight, T. M. The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 305–308 (2004).
Google Scholar
Adams, W. M. & Sandbrook, C. Conservation, evidence and policy. Oryx 47, 329–335 (2013).
Google Scholar
Faith, J. T. & Surovell, T. A. Synchronous extinction of North America’s Pleistocene mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 20641–20645 (2009).
Google Scholar
Davis, S. J., Peters, G. P. & Caldeira, K. The supply chain of CO2 emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107409108 (2011).
Google Scholar
Visconti, P. et al. Projecting global biodiversity indicators under future development scenarios. Conserv. Lett. 9, 5–13 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lotze, H. K., Coll, M., Magera, A. M., Ward-Paige, C. & Airoldi, L. Recovery of marine animal populations and ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 595–605 (2011).
Google Scholar
Queiroz, N. et al. Global spatial risk assessment of sharks under the footprint of fisheries. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1444-4 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pimiento, C. et al. Functional diversity of marine megafauna in the anthropocene. Sci. Adv. 6, 7650 (2020).
Google Scholar
Estes, J. A., Heithaus, M., McCauley, D. J., Rasher, D. B. & Worm, B. Megafaunal impacts on structure and function of ocean ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 83–116 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hoffmann, M. et al. The impact of conservation on the status of the world’s vertebrates. Science 330, 1503–1509 (2010).
Google Scholar
Tom Gelatt (National Marine Mammal Laboratory, A. F. S. C. & Sweeney, K. IUCN red list of threatened species: Eumetopias jubatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en (2016).
Taylor, M. F. J., Suckling, K. F. & Rachlinski, J. J. The effectiveness of the endangered species act: A quantitative analysis. Bioscience 55, 360–367 (2005).
Google Scholar
Hejny, J. The Trump administration and environmental policy: Reagan redux?. J. Environ. Stud. Sci. 8, 197–211 (2018).
Google Scholar
Sanderson, F. J. et al. Assessing the performance of EU nature legislation in protecting target bird species in an era of climate change. Conserv. Lett. 9, 172–180 (2016).
Google Scholar
Donald, P. F. et al. International conservation policy delivers benefits for birds in Europe. Science 317, 810–813 (2007).
Google Scholar
Cuthbert, R. J. et al. Continuing mortality of vultures in India associated with illegal veterinary use of diclofenac and a potential threat from nimesulide. Oryx 50, 104–112 (2016).
Google Scholar
Margalida, A. & Oliva-Vidal, P. The shadow of diclofenac hangs over European vultures. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1050 (2017).
Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., Balmford, A. & Wilcove, D. S. The past and future role of conservation science in saving biodiversity. Conserv. Lett. 13, e12720 (2020).
Google Scholar
Barnes, M. D. et al. Wildlife population trends in protected areas predicted by national socio-economic metrics and body size. Nat. Commun. 7, 12747 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sala, E. & Giakoumi, S. No-take marine reserves are the most effective protected areas in the ocean. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 75, 1166–1168 (2018).
Google Scholar
Watson, J. E. M., Dudley, N., Segan, D. B. & Hockings, M. The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515, 67–73 (2014).
Google Scholar
Juffe-Bignoli, D. et al. Protected Planet Report 2014: Tracking Progress Towards Global Targets for Protected Areas (Springer, 2014).
Turnbull, J. W., Johnston, E. L. & Clark, G. F. Evaluating the social and ecological effectiveness of partially protected marine areas. Conserv. Biol. 35, 921–932 (2021).
Google Scholar
Barnosky, A. D. et al. Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of terrestrial ecosystems. Science 355, 1–10 (2017).
Google Scholar
White, T. D. et al. Assessing the effectiveness of a large marine protected area for reef shark conservation. Biol. Conserv. 207, 64–71 (2017).
Google Scholar
Geldmann, J. et al. Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. Biol. Conserv. 161, 230–238 (2013).
Google Scholar
Daskin, J. H. & Pringle, R. M. Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa’s protected areas. Nature 553, 328–332 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pringle, R. M. Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity. Nature 546, 91–99 (2017).
Google Scholar
Redpath, S. M. et al. Don’t forget to look down: Collaborative approaches to predator conservation. Biol. Rev. 92, 2157–2163 (2017).
Google Scholar
Hazzah, L. et al. Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conserv. Biol. 28, 851–860 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zarfl, C. et al. Future large hydropower dams impact global freshwater megafauna. Sci. Rep. 9, 18531 (2019).
Google Scholar
Arthington, A. H., Dulvy, N. K., Gladstone, W. & Winfield, I. J. Fish conservation in freshwater and marine realms: Status, threats and management. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 26, 838–857 (2016).
Google Scholar
Castello, L. & Macedo, M. N. Large-scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 990–1007 (2016).
Google Scholar
Safford, R. et al. Vulture conservation: The case for urgent action. Bird Conserv. Int. 29, 1–9 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ogada, D. et al. Another continental vulture crisis: Africa’s vultures collapsing toward extinction. Conserv. Lett. 9, 89–97 (2016).
Google Scholar
Buechley, E. R. & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. The avian scavenger crisis: Looming extinctions, trophic cascades, and loss of critical ecosystem functions. Biol. Conserv. 198, 220–228 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hammerschlag, N. & Gallagher, A. J. Extinction risk and conservation of the earth’s national animal symbols. Bioscience 67, 744–749 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N. & Smith, R. K. What Works in Conservation 2015 (Open Book Publishers, 2015).
Google Scholar
Dulvy, N. K. et al. Challenges and priorities in shark and ray conservation. Curr. Biol. 27, R565–R572 (2017).
Google Scholar
Finucci, B., Duffy, C. A. J., Francis, M. P., Gibson, C. & Kyne, P. M. The extinction risk of New Zealand chondrichthyans. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 29, 783–797 (2019).
Google Scholar
Creel, S. et al. Questionable policy for large carnivore hunting. Science 350, 1473–1475 (2015).
Google Scholar
González, L. M. et al. Causes and spatio-temporal variations of non-natural mortality in the Vulnerable Spanish imperial eagle Aquila adalberti during a recovery period. Oryx 41, 495–502 (2007).
Google Scholar
Morandini, V., de Benito, E., Newton, I. & Ferrer, M. Natural expansion versus translocation in a previously human-persecuted bird of prey. Ecol. Evol. 7, 3682–3688 (2017).
Google Scholar
Goodrich, J. M. et al. Panthera tigris, Tiger. IUCN Red List Threat. Species (2015).
Wikramanayake, E. et al. A landscape-based conservation strategy to double the wild tiger population. Conserv. Lett. 4, 219–227 (2011).
Google Scholar
Bhattarai, B. R., Wright, W., Morgan, D., Cook, S. & Baral, H. S. Managing human-tiger conflict: Lessons from Bardia and Chitwan National Parks, Nepal. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 65, 34 (2019).
Google Scholar
Pinsky, M. L. et al. Preparing ocean governance for species on the move. Science 360, 1189–1191 (2018).
Google Scholar
Courchamp, F. et al. The paradoxical extinction of the most charismatic animals. PLoS Biol. 16, e2003997 (2018).
Google Scholar
Nyhus, P. J. Human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 143–171 (2016).
Google Scholar
Carter, N. H. & Linnell, J. D. C. Co-adaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 575–578 (2016).
Google Scholar
Guerra, A. S. Wolves of the sea: Managing human-wildlife conflict in an increasingly tense ocean. Mar. Policy 99, 369–373 (2019).
Google Scholar
Das, C. S. Pattern and characterisation of human casualties in Sundarban by tiger attacks, India. Sustain. For. 1, 1–10 (2018).
Packer, C. et al. Conserving large carnivores: Dollars and fence. Ecol. Lett. 16, 635–641 (2013).
Google Scholar
Dudley, S. F. J. A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Ocean Coast. Manag. 34, 1–27 (1997).
Google Scholar
O’Connell, C. P., Andreotti, S., Rutzen, M., Meӱer, M. & Matthee, C. A. Testing the exclusion capabilities and durability of the Sharksafe Barrier to determine its viability as an eco-friendly alternative to current shark culling methodologies. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 28, 252–258 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gailey, G. et al. Effects of sea ice on growth rates of an endangered population of gray whales. Sci. Rep. 10, 1553 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hazen, E. L. et al. A dynamic ocean management tool to reduce bycatch and support sustainable fisheries. Sci. Adv. 4, 3001 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ingeman, K. E., Samhouri, J. F. & Stier, A. C. Ocean recoveries for tomorrow’s Earth: Hitting a moving target. Science 363, 6425 (2019).
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Hernández, J. & Amundsen, P.-A. Ecosystem type shapes trophic position and omnivory in fishes. Fish Fish. 19, 1003–1015 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gainsbury, A. M., Tallowin, O. J. S. & Meiri, S. An updated global data set for diet preferences in terrestrial mammals: testing the validity of extrapolation. Mammal Rev. 48, 160–167 (2018).
Google Scholar
Faurby, S. et al. PHYLACINE 1.2: The phylogenetic atlas of mammal macroecology. Ecology 99, 2626–2626 (2018).
Google Scholar
Costello, M. J. et al. Marine biogeographic realms and species endemicity. Nat. Commun. 8, 1057 (2017).
Google Scholar
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. Bioscience 51, 933–938 (2001).
Google Scholar
Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J. D., Lamoreux, J. F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T. M. The value of the IUCN red list for conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21, 71–76 (2006).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com