Lieth, H. Phenology and Seasonality Modeling Vol. 8 (Springer, 2013).
Piao, S. et al. Plant phenology and global climate change: current progresses and challenges. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 1922–1940 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. et al. Can changes in autumn phenology facilitate earlier green-up date of northern vegetation? Agric. For. Meteorol. 291, 108077 (2020).
Google Scholar
Menzel, A. et al. Climate change fingerprints in recent European plant phenology. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 2599–2612 (2020).
Google Scholar
Shen, X. et al. Asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on spring phenology in the temperate grasslands of China. Agric. For. Meteorol. 259, 240–249 (2018).
Google Scholar
Rudolf, V. H. W. The role of seasonal timing and phenological shifts for species coexistence. Ecol. Lett. 22, 1324–1338 (2019).
Zhu, J., Zhang, Y. & Wang, W. Interactions between warming and soil moisture increase overlap in reproductive phenology among species in an alpine meadow. Biol. Lett. 12, 20150749 (2016).
Google Scholar
Chen, J. et al. Plants with lengthened phenophases increase their dominance under warming in an alpine plant community. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138891 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lian, X. et al. Summer soil drying exacerbated by earlier spring greening of northern vegetation. Sci. Adv. 6, eaax0255 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wolkovich, E. M. & Donahue, M. J. How phenological tracking shapes species and communities in non-stationary environments. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 96, 2810–2827 (2021).
Google Scholar
Xu, X., Riley, W. J., Koven, C. D., Jia, G. & Zhang, X. Earlier leaf-out warms air in the north. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, 370–375 (2020).
Google Scholar
D’Amato, G. et al. The effects of climate change on respiratory allergy and asthma induced by pollen and mold allergens. Allergy 75, 2219–2228 (2020).
Google Scholar
Garcia-Mozo, H. Poaceae pollen as the leading aeroallergen worldwide: a review. Allergy 72, 1849–1858 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ge, Q., Dai, J., Liu, J., Zhong, S. & Liu, H. The effect of climate change on the fall foliage vacation in China. Tour. Manag. 38, 80–84 (2013).
Google Scholar
Liu, J., Cheng, H., Jiang, D. & Huang, L. Impact of climate-related changes to the timing of autumn foliage colouration on tourism in Japan. Tour. Manag. 70, 262–272 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fan, B. et al. Earlier vegetation green-up has reduced spring dust storms. Sci. Rep. 4, 6749 (2014).
Google Scholar
Minoli, S. et al. Global response patterns of major rainfed crops to adaptation by maintaining current growing periods and irrigation. Earths Future 7, 1464–1480 (2019).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. et al. Plant phenological responses to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau: research status and challenges. Natl Sci. Rev. 22, 454–467 (2015).
Google Scholar
You, Q., Wang, D., Jiang, Z. & Kang, S. Diurnal temperature range in CMIP5 models and observations on the Tibetan Plateau. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 143, 1978–1989 (2017).
Google Scholar
You, Q. et al. Temperature dataset of CMIP6 models over China: evaluation, trend and uncertainty. Clim. Dyn. 57, 17–35 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zhu, Y.-Y. & Yang, S. Evaluation of CMIP6 for historical temperature and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau and its comparison with CMIP5. Adv. Clim. Change Res. 11, 239–251 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lun, Y. et al. Assessment of GCMs simulation performance for precipitation and temperature from CMIP5 to CMIP6 over the Tibetan Plateau. Int. J. Climatol. 41, 3994–4018 (2021).
Google Scholar
Song, L., Zhuang, Q., Yin, Y., Wu, S. & Zhu, X. Intercomparison of model-estimated potential evapotranspiration on the Tibetan Plateau during 1981–2010. Earth Interact. 21, 1–22 (2017).
Google Scholar
You, Q., Min, J. & Kang, S. Rapid warming in the Tibetan Plateau from observations and CMIP5 models in recent decades. Int. J. Climatol. 36, 2660–2670 (2016).
Google Scholar
He, J.-S. et al. Above-belowground interactions in alpine ecosystems on the roof of the world. Plant Soil 458, 1–6 (2020).
Google Scholar
Kuang, X. & Jiao, J. J. Review on climate change on the Tibetan Plateau during the last half century. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 3979–4007 (2016).
Google Scholar
Shen, M., Piao, S., Cong, N., Zhang, G. & Jassens, I. A. Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 3647–3656 (2015).
Google Scholar
Shen, M., Tang, Y., Chen, J., Zhu, X. & Zheng, Y. Influences of temperature and precipitation before the growing season on spring phenology in grasslands of the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151, 1711–1722 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ganjurjav, H. et al. Warming and precipitation addition interact to affect plant spring phenology in alpine meadows on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 287, 107943 (2020).
Google Scholar
Peng, J., Wu, C., Wang, X. & Lu, L. Spring phenology outweighed climate change in determining autumn phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. Int. J. Climatol. 41, 3725–3742 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chen, X., An, S., Inouye, D. W. & Schwartz, M. D. Temperature and snowfall trigger alpine vegetation green-up on the world’s roof. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 3635–3646 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zheng, Z. et al. Continuous but diverse advancement of spring-summer phenology in response to climate warming across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 223, 194–202 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhu, W. et al. Divergent shifts and responses of plant autumn phenology to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 239, 166–175 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sun, Q., Li, B., Jiang, Y., Chen, X. & Zhou, G. Declined trend in herbaceous plant green-up dates on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau caused by spring warming slowdown. Sci. Total Environ. 772, 145039 (2021).
Google Scholar
Sun, Q., Li, B., Zhou, G., Jiang, Y. & Yuan, Y. Delayed autumn leaf senescence date prolongs the growing season length of herbaceous plants on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 284, 107896 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jiang, Y. et al. Divergent shifts in flowering phenology of herbaceous plants on the warming Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 307, 108502 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cong, N., Shen, M. & Piao, S. Spatial variations in responses of vegetation autumn phenology to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. J. Plant Ecol. 10, 744–752 (2016).
Shi, C. et al. Effects of warming on chlorophyll degradation and carbohydrate accumulation of Alpine herbaceous species during plant senescence on the Tibetan Plateau. PLoS ONE 9, e107874 (2014).
Google Scholar
Morisette, J. T. et al. Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: phenological research in the 21st century. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7, 253–260 (2009).
Google Scholar
Kharouba, H. M. et al. Global shifts in the phenological synchrony of species interactions over recent decades. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 5211–5216 (2018).
Google Scholar
Vitasse, Y. et al. Phenological and elevational shifts of plants, animals and fungi under climate change in the European Alps. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 96, 1816–1835 (2021).
Google Scholar
Richardson, A. D. et al. Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system. Agric. For. Meteorol. 169, 156–173 (2013).
Google Scholar
Keenan, T. F. et al. Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 598–604 (2014).
Google Scholar
Estiarte, M. & Penuelas, J. Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 1005–1017 (2015).
Google Scholar
Penuelas, J., Rutishauser, T. & Filella, I. Ecology. Phenology feedbacks on climate change. Science 324, 887–888 (2009).
Google Scholar
Piao, S. et al. Weakening temperature control on the interannual variations of spring carbon uptake across northern lands. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 359–363 (2017).
Google Scholar
Ran, Y., Li, X. & Cheng, G. Climate warming over the past half century has led to thermal degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Cryosphere 12, 595–608 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gao, T. et al. Accelerating permafrost collapse on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 054023 (2021).
Google Scholar
Sun, R. et al. Interannual variability of the North Pacific mixed layer associated with the spring Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing. J. Clim. 32, 3109–3130 (2019).
Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Wu, L., Huang, G., Zhu, W. & Zhang, Y. The role of May vegetation greenness on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau for East Asian summer monsoon prediction. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 116, D05106 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wu, G. et al. Tibetan Plateau climate dynamics: recent research progress and outlook. Natl Sci. Rev. 2, 100–116 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Zhao, P., Yu, R. & Rasul, G. Inter-decadal variability of Tibetan spring vegetation and its associations with eastern China spring rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 30, 856–865 (2010).
Google Scholar
Yu, H., Luedeling, E. & Xu, J. Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 22151–22156 (2010).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. et al. Increasing altitudinal gradient of spring vegetation phenology during the last decade on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 189-190, 71–80 (2014).
Google Scholar
Wang, X. et al. No consistent evidence for advancing or delaying trends in spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 3288–3305 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wang, C. et al. Assessing phenological change and climatic control of alpine grasslands in the Tibetan Plateau with MODIS time series. Int. J. Biometeorol. 59, 11–23 (2015).
Google Scholar
Wang, K. et al. Snow effects on alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Int. J. Digit. Earth 8, 58–75 (2013).
Google Scholar
Meng, F., Huang, L., Chen, A., Zhang, Y. & Piao, S. Spring and autumn phenology across the Tibetan Plateau inferred from normalized difference vegetation index and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. Big Earth Data 5, 182–200 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wang, X., Wu, C., Peng, D., Gonsamo, A. & Liu, Z. Snow cover phenology affects alpine vegetation growth dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau: satellite observed evidence, impacts of different biomes, and climate drivers. Agric. For. Meteorol. 256–257, 61–74 (2018).
Google Scholar
Li, P. et al. Change in autumn vegetation phenology and the climate controls from 1982 to 2012 on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1677 (2019).
Google Scholar
Zhu, W., Zheng, Z., Jiang, N. & Zhang, D. A comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal variation in the phenologies of two herbaceous species and associated climatic driving factors on the Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 248, 177–184 (2018).
Google Scholar
Xia, J. et al. Interannual variation in the start of vegetation growing season and its response to climate change in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau derived from MODIS data during 2001 to 2016. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 13, 048506 (2019).
Google Scholar
Huang, K. et al. Impacts of snow cover duration on vegetation spring phenology over the Tibetan Plateau. J. Plant Ecol. 12, 583–592 (2019).
Google Scholar
Li, P. et al. Dynamics of vegetation autumn phenology and its response to multiple environmental factors from 1982 to 2012 on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. Sci. Total Environ. 637-638, 855–864 (2018).
Google Scholar
Liu, X. et al. Driving forces of the changes in vegetation phenology in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens. 13, 4952 (2021).
Google Scholar
Piao, S. et al. Altitude and temperature dependence of change in the spring vegetation green-up date from 1982 to 2006 in the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151, 1599–1608 (2011).
Google Scholar
Wang, Z. et al. Causes for the unimodal pattern of biomass and productivity in alpine grasslands along a large altitudinal gradient in semi-arid regions. J. Veg. Sci. 24, 189–201 (2013).
Google Scholar
Du, M. et al. in Proc. MODSIM 2007 Int. Congr. Model. Simul. (eds Oxley, L. & Kulasiri, D.) 2146–2152 (Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2007).
Wang, S. P. et al. Asymmetric sensitivity of first flowering date to warming and cooling in alpine plants. Ecology 95, 3387–3398 (2014).
Google Scholar
Che, M. et al. Spatial and temporal variations in the end date of the vegetation growing season throughout the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2011. Agric. For. Meteorol. 189–190, 81–90 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., Dong, J. & Xiao, X. Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 4309–4314 (2013).
Google Scholar
Maisongrande, P., Duchemin, B. & Dedieu, G. VEGETATION/SPOT: an operational mission for the Earth monitoring; presentation of new standard products. Int. J. Remote Sens. 25, 9–14 (2010).
Google Scholar
Didan, K., Munoz, A. B., Solano, R. & Huete, A. MODIS vegetation index user’s guide (MOD13 series) version 3.00, June 2015 (collection 6) (Univ. Arizona, 2015).
Beck, H. E. et al. Global evaluation of four AVHRR–NDVI data sets: intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 115, 2547–2563 (2011).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Song, C., Band, L. E., Sun, G. & Li, J. Reanalysis of global terrestrial vegetation trends from MODIS products: browning or greening? Remote Sens. Environ. 191, 145–155 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Joiner, J., Alemohammad, S. H., Zhou, S. & Gentine, P. A global spatially contiguous solar-induced fluorescence (CSIF) dataset using neural networks. Biogeosciences 15, 5779–5800 (2018).
Google Scholar
Ding, M. et al. Temperature dependence of variations in the end of the growing season from 1982 to 2012 on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. GISci. Remote Sens. 53, 147–163 (2015).
Google Scholar
Cheng, M., Jin, J. & Jiang, H. Strong impacts of autumn phenology on grassland ecosystem water use efficiency on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecol. Indic. 126, 107682 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pedelty, J. et al. in Proc. 2007 IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sensing Symp. 1021–1025 (IEEE, 2007).
Pinzon, J. & Tucker, C. A non-stationary 1981–2012 AVHRR NDVI3g time series. Remote Sens. 6, 6929–6960 (2014).
Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Liu, R. & Chen, J. M. Retrospective retrieval of long-term consistent global leaf area index (1981–2011) from combined AVHRR and MODIS data. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 117, G04003 (2012).
Google Scholar
Yang, B. et al. New perspective on spring vegetation phenology and global climate change based on Tibetan Plateau tree-ring data. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 6966–6971 (2017).
Google Scholar
Shishov, V. V. et al. VS-oscilloscope: a new tool to parameterize tree radial growth based on climate conditions. Dendrochronologia 39, 42–50 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Zhou, T., Zhang, W. & Li, J. Change in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau projected by weighted CMIP6 models. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1133–1150 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lalande, M., Ménégoz, M., Krinner, G., Naegeli, K. & Wunderle, S. Climate change in the High Mountain Asia in CMIP6. Earth Syst. Dyn. 12, 1061–1098 (2021).
Google Scholar
Jin, Z. et al. Temporal variability in the thermal requirements for vegetation phenology on the Tibetan plateau and its implications for carbon dynamics. Clim. Change 138, 617–632 (2016).
Google Scholar
Eyring, V. et al. Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci. Model Dev. 9, 1937–1958 (2016).
Google Scholar
Cao, R., Shen, M., Zhou, J. & Chen, J. Modeling vegetation green-up dates across the Tibetan Plateau by including both seasonal and daily temperature and precipitation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 249, 176–186 (2018).
Google Scholar
Li, P. et al. Combined control of multiple extreme climate stressors on autumn vegetation phenology on the Tibetan Plateau under past and future climate change. Agric. For. Meteorol. 308–309, 108571 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lang, W., Chen, X., Qian, S., Liu, G. & Piao, S. A new process-based model for predicting autumn phenology: how is leaf senescence controlled by photoperiod and temperature coupling? Agric. For. Meteorol. 268, 124–135 (2019).
Google Scholar
Yang, Z. et al. Phylogenetic conservatism in heat requirement of leaf-out phenology, rather than temperature sensitivity, in Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 304-305, 108413 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gao, B., Li, J. & Wang, X. Impact of frozen soil changes on vegetation phenology in the source region of the Yellow River from 2003 to 2015. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 141, 1219–1234 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jiang, H. et al. The impacts of soil freeze/thaw dynamics on soil water transfer and spring phenology in the Tibetan Plateau. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 50, e1439155 (2018).
Google Scholar
Li, G., Jiang, C., Cheng, T. & Bai, J. Grazing alters the phenology of alpine steppe by changing the surface physical environment on the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. J. Environ. Manage. 248, 109257 (2019).
Google Scholar
Du, J. et al. Interacting effects of temperature and precipitation on climatic sensitivity of spring vegetation green-up in arid mountains of China. Agric. For. Meteorol. 269–270, 71–77 (2019).
Google Scholar
Liu, L. et al. Effects of elevation on spring phenological sensitivity to temperature in Tibetan Plateau grasslands. Chin. Sci. Bull. 59, 4856–4863 (2014).
Google Scholar
Cong, N. et al. Little change in heat requirement for vegetation green-up on the Tibetan Plateau over the warming period of 1998–2012. Agric. For. Meteorol. 232, 650–658 (2017).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. et al. Strong impacts of daily minimum temperature on the green-up date and summer greenness of the Tibetan Plateau. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 3057–3066 (2016).
Google Scholar
Du, J. et al. Daily minimum temperature and precipitation control on spring phenology in arid-mountain ecosystems in China. Int. J. Climatol. 40, 2568–2579 (2020).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. Spring phenology was not consistently related to winter warming on the Tibetan Plateau. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, E91–E92 (2011).
Google Scholar
An, S. et al. Precipitation and minimum temperature are primary climatic controls of alpine grassland autumn phenology on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens. 12, 431 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zu, J. et al. Biological and climate factors co-regulated spatial-temporal dynamics of vegetation autumn phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 69, 198–205 (2018).
Qiao, C. et al. Vegetation phenology in the Qilian mountains and its response to temperature from 1982 to 2014. Remote Sens. 13, 286 (2021).
Google Scholar
Yang, Z. et al. Asymmetric responses of the end of growing season to daily maximum and minimum temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122, 13,78–13,287 (2017).
Dorji, T. et al. Plant functional traits mediate reproductive phenology and success in response to experimental warming and snow addition in Tibet. Glob. Change Biol. 19, 459–472 (2013).
Google Scholar
Li, X., Zhang, L. & Luo, T. Rainy season onset mainly drives the spatiotemporal variability of spring vegetation green-up across alpine dry ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Rep. 10, 18797 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Effects of climate change on the growing season of alpine grassland in Northern Tibet, China. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 23, e01126 (2020).
Google Scholar
Sun, Q. et al. A prognostic phenology model for alpine meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ecol. Indic. 93, 1089–1100 (2018).
Google Scholar
Zhu, J., Zhang, Y. & Jiang, L. Experimental warming drives a seasonal shift of ecosystem carbon exchange in Tibetan alpine meadow. Agric. For. Meteorol. 233, 242–249 (2017).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. et al. No evidence of continuously advanced green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau over the last decade. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, E2329 (2013).
Fu, Y. S. et al. Variation in leaf flushing date influences autumnal senescence and next year’s flushing date in two temperate tree species. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 7355–7360 (2014).
Google Scholar
Delpierre, N. et al. Modelling interannual and spatial variability of leaf senescence for three deciduous tree species in France. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149, 938–948 (2009).
Google Scholar
Keenan, T. F. & Richardson, A. D. The timing of autumn senescence is affected by the timing of spring phenology: implications for predictive models. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 2634–2641 (2015).
Google Scholar
Meng, F. D. et al. Changes in flowering functional group affect responses of community phenological sequences to temperature change. Ecology 98, 734–740 (2017).
Google Scholar
Wang, S. et al. Timing and duration of phenological sequences of alpine plants along an elevation gradient on the Tibetan plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 189–190, 220–228 (2014).
Google Scholar
Jiang, L. L. et al. Relatively stable response of fruiting stage to warming and cooling relative to other phenological events. Ecology 97, 1961–1969 (2016).
Google Scholar
Li, X. et al. Responses of sequential and hierarchical phenological events to warming and cooling in alpine meadows. Nat. Commun. 7, 12489 (2016).
Google Scholar
Meng, F. et al. Nonlinear responses of temperature sensitivities of community phenophases to warming and cooling events are mirroring plant functional diversity. Agric. For. Meteorol. 253–254, 31–37 (2018).
Google Scholar
Meng, F. et al. Divergent responses of community reproductive and vegetative phenology to warming and cooling: asymmetry versus symmetry. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1310 (2019).
Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., Niu, K., Liu, X., Jia, P. & Du, G. Linking flowering and reproductive allocation in response to nitrogen addition in an alpine meadow. J. Plant Ecol. 7, 231–239 (2013).
Google Scholar
Xi, Y. et al. Nitrogen addition alters the phenology of a dominant alpine plant in Northern Tibet. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 47, 511–518 (2018).
Google Scholar
Yin, T.-F., Zheng, L.-L., Cao, G.-M., Song, M.-H. & Yu, F.-H. Species-specific phenological responses to long-term nitrogen fertilization in an alpine meadow. J. Plant Ecol. 10, 301–309 (2016).
Liu, L. et al. Altered precipitation patterns and simulated nitrogen deposition effects on phenology of common plant species in a Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow. Agric. For. Meteorol. 236, 36–47 (2017).
Google Scholar
Liu, Y. et al. Effects of nitrogen addition and mowing on reproductive phenology of three early-flowering forb species in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Ecol. Eng. 99, 119–125 (2017).
Google Scholar
Zhu, J., Zhang, Y. & Liu, Y. Effects of short-term grazing exclusion on plant phenology and reproductive succession in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Sci. Rep. 6, 27781 (2016).
Google Scholar
Li, Y. et al. The effects of grazing regimes on phenological stages, intervals and divergences of alpine plants on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. J. Veg. Sci. 30, 134–145 (2019).
Google Scholar
Dorji, T. et al. Impacts of climate change on flowering phenology and production in alpine plants: the importance of end of flowering. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 291, 106795 (2020).
Google Scholar
Meng, F. et al. Opposite effects of winter day and night temperature changes on early phenophases. Ecology 100, e02775 (2019).
Google Scholar
Meng, F. et al. Temperature sensitivity thresholds to warming and cooling in phenophases of alpine plants. Clim. Change 139, 579–590 (2016).
Google Scholar
Suonan, J., Classen, A. T., Sanders, N. J. & He, J. S. Plant phenological sensitivity to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau and relative to other areas of the world. Ecosphere 10, e02543 (2019).
Google Scholar
Ganjurjav, H. et al. Phenological changes offset the warming effects on biomass production in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. J. Ecol. 109, 1014–1025 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jiang, Z. et al. Extreme climate events in China: IPCC-AR4 model evaluation and projection. Clim. Change 110, 385–401 (2011).
Google Scholar
Huang, X. et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of snow cover based on multi-source remote sensing data in China. Cryosphere 10, 2453–2463 (2016).
Google Scholar
Piao, S. et al. Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 14–27 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wang, C. & Tang, Y. Responses of plant phenology to nitrogen addition: a meta-analysis. Oikos 128, 1243–1253 (2019).
Google Scholar
Chen, H., Zhu, Q., Wu, N., Wang, Y. & Peng, C. H. Delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau may also be attributable to other factors than winter and spring warming. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, E93 (2011).
Zhang, L. et al. Effect of warming and degradation on phenophases of Kobresia pygmaea and Potentilla multifida on the Tibetan Plateau. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 300, 106998 (2020).
Google Scholar
Lin, X. et al. Fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O in an alpine meadow affected by yak excreta on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau during summer grazing periods. Soil Biol. Biochem. 41, 718–725 (2009).
Google Scholar
Sa, C. et al. Spatiotemporal variation in snow cover and its effects on grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau. J. Arid Land 13, 332–349 (2021).
Google Scholar
Zheng, J., Xu, X., Jia, G. & Wu, W. Understanding the spring phenology of Arctic tundra using multiple satellite data products and ground observations. Sci. China Earth Sci. 63, 1599–1612 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wu, W., Sun, Y., Xiao, K. & Xin, Q. Development of a global annual land surface phenology dataset for 1982–2018 from the AVHRR data by implementing multiple phenology retrieving methods. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 103, 102487 (2021).
Karkauskaite, P., Tagesson, T. & Fensholt, R. Evaluation of the plant phenology index (PPI), NDVI and EVI for start-of-season trend analysis of the Northern Hemisphere boreal zone. Remote Sens. 9, 485 (2017).
Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Guan, H., Shen, M., Liang, W. & Jiang, L. Changes in autumn vegetation dormancy onset date and the climate controls across temperate ecosystems in China from 1982 to 2010. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 652–665 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zhang, J. et al. Comparison of land surface phenology in the Northern Hemisphere based on AVHRR GIMMS3g and MODIS datasets. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 169, 1–16 (2020).
Google Scholar
Shen, M. et al. Earlier-season vegetation has greater temperature sensitivity of spring phenology in northern hemisphere. PLoS ONE 9, e88178 (2014).
Google Scholar
Zhang, H., Yuan, W., Liu, S., Dong, W. & Fu, Y. Sensitivity of flowering phenology to changing temperature in China. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 120, 1658–1665 (2015).
Google Scholar
Cook, B. I. et al. Sensitivity of spring phenology to warming across temporal and spatial climate gradients in two independent databases. Ecosystems 15, 1283–1294 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wang, C., Cao, R., Chen, J., Rao, Y. & Tang, Y. Temperature sensitivity of spring vegetation phenology correlates to within-spring warming speed over the Northern Hemisphere. Ecol. Indic. 50, 62–68 (2015).
Google Scholar
Gao, M. et al. Three-dimensional change in temperature sensitivity of northern vegetation phenology. Glob. Change Biol. 26, 5189–5201 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zohner, C. M., Benito, B. M., Fridley, J. D., Svenning, J. C. & Renner, S. S. Spring predictability explains different leaf-out strategies in the woody floras of North America, Europe and East Asia. Ecol. Lett. 20, 452–460 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fu, Y. H. et al. Daylength helps temperate deciduous trees to leaf-out at the optimal time. Glob. Change Biol. 25, 2410–2418 (2019).
Google Scholar
Huang, J. G. et al. Photoperiod and temperature as dominant environmental drivers triggering secondary growth resumption in Northern Hemisphere conifers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 20645–20652 (2020).
Google Scholar
Iler, A. M., CaraDonna, P. J., Forrest, J. R. K. & Post, E. Demographic consequences of phenological shifts in response to climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 52, 221–245 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chen, S., Huang, Y., Gao, S. & Wang, G. Impact of physiological and phenological change on carbon uptake on the Tibetan Plateau revealed through GPP estimation based on spaceborne solar-induced fluorescence. Sci. Total Environ. 663, 45–59 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jin, J. et al. Grassland production in response to changes in biological metrics over the Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Total Environ. 666, 641–651 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kang, X. et al. Variability and changes in climate, phenology, and gross primary production of an alpine wetland ecosystem. Remote Sens. 8, 391 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zheng, Z., Zhu, W. & Zhang, Y. Direct and lagged effects of spring phenology on net primary productivity in the alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens. 12, 1223 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wang, S. et al. Responses of net primary productivity to phenological dynamics in the Tibetan Plateau, China. Agric. For. Meteorol. 232, 235–246 (2017).
Google Scholar
Li, S., Zhang, H., Zhou, X., Yu, H. & Li, W. Enhancing protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Ecosyst. Serv. 43, 101090 (2020).
Google Scholar
Meng, F. et al. Enhanced spring temperature sensitivity of carbon emission links to earlier phenology. Sci. Total Environ. 745, 140999 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hu, G. et al. The divergent impact of phenology change on the productivity of alpine grassland due to different timing of drought on the Tibetan Plateau. Land Degrad. Dev. 32, 4033–4041 (2021).
Google Scholar
Li, P., Zhu, W. & Xie, Z. Diverse and divergent influences of phenology on herbaceous aboveground biomass across the Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslands. Ecol. Indic. 121, 107036 (2021).
Google Scholar
He, M. et al. Relationships between wood formation and cambium phenology on the Tibetan Plateau during 1960–2014. Forests 9, 86 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wang, J., Li, M., Yu, C. & Fu, G. The change in environmental variables linked to climate change has a stronger effect on aboveground net primary productivity than does phenological change in alpine grasslands. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 798633 (2022).
Google Scholar
Shen, W., Zhang, L. & Luo, T. Causes for the increase of early-season freezing events under a warmer climate at alpine treelines in southeast Tibet. Agric. For. Meteorol. 316, 108863 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ye, D.-Z. & Wu, G.-X. The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 67, 181–198 (1998).
Google Scholar
Cao, R., Feng, Y., Liu, X., Shen, M. & Zhou, J. Uncertainty of vegetation green-up date estimated from vegetation indices due to snowmelt at northern middle and high latitudes. Remote Sens. 12, 190 (2020).
Google Scholar
Zeng, L., Wardlow, B. D., Xiang, D., Hu, S. & Li, D. A review of vegetation phenological metrics extraction using time-series, multispectral satellite data. Remote Sens. Environ. 237, 111511 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cao, R. et al. A simple method to improve the quality of NDVI time-series data by integrating spatiotemporal information with the Savitzky-Golay filter. Remote Sens. Environ. 217, 244–257 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chen, J. et al. A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky–Golay filter. Remote Sens. Environ. 91, 332–344 (2004).
Google Scholar
Wang, C. et al. A snow-free vegetation index for improved monitoring of vegetation spring green-up date in deciduous ecosystems. Remote Sens. Environ. 196, 1–12 (2017).
Google Scholar
Yang, W. et al. A semi-analytical snow-free vegetation index for improving estimation of plant phenology in tundra and grassland ecosystems. Remote Sens. Environ. 228, 31–44 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wang, C., Chen, J., Tang, Y., Black, T. A. & Zhu, K. A novel method for removing snow melting-induced fluctuation in GIMMS NDVI3g data for vegetation phenology monitoring: a case study in deciduous forests of North America. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 11, 800–807 (2018).
Google Scholar
Helman, D. Land surface phenology: What do we really ‘see’ from space? Sci. Total Environ. 618, 665–673 (2018).
Google Scholar
Steltzer, H. & Post, E. Ecology. Seasons and life cycles. Science 324, 886–887 (2009).
Google Scholar
Liang, L., Schwartz, M. D. & Fei, S. Validating satellite phenology through intensive ground observation and landscape scaling in a mixed seasonal forest. Remote Sens. Environ. 115, 143–157 (2011).
Google Scholar
Li, R. et al. Leaf unfolding of Tibetan alpine meadows captures the arrival of monsoon rainfall. Sci. Rep. 6, 20985 (2016).
Google Scholar
Tang, J. et al. Emerging opportunities and challenges in phenology: a review. Ecosphere 7, e01436 (2016).
Google Scholar
Van Nuland, M. E. et al. Natural soil microbiome variation affects spring foliar phenology with consequences for plant productivity and climate-driven range shifts. New Phytol. 232, 762–775 (2021).
Google Scholar
Mutz, J., McClory, R., van Dijk, L. J. A., Ehrlen, J. & Tack, A. J. M. Pathogen infection influences the relationship between spring and autumn phenology at the seedling and leaf level. Oecologia 197, 447–457 (2021).
Google Scholar
Radville, L., McCormack, M. L., Post, E. & Eissenstat, D. M. Root phenology in a changing climate. J. Exp. Bot. 67, 3617–3628 (2016).
Google Scholar
Gao, M. et al. Divergent changes in the elevational gradient of vegetation activities over the last 30 years. Nat. Commun. 10, 2970 (2019).
Google Scholar
Source: Ecology - nature.com